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Nikon Corporation (株式会社ニコン, Kabushiki-gaisha Nikon) (UK: /ˈnɪkɒn/, US: /ˈnaɪkɒn/; Japanese: [ɲiꜜkoɴ] ⓘ) is a Japanese optics and photographic equipment manufacturer. Nikon's products include cameras, camera lenses, binoculars, microscopes, ophthalmic lenses, measurement instruments, rifle scopes, spotting scopes, and equipment related to semiconductor fabrication, such as steppers used in the photolithography steps of such manufacturing. Nikon is the world's second largest manufacturer of such equipment.[3][unreliable source?]

Key Information

Since July 2024, Nikon has been headquartered in Nishi-Ōi, Shinagawa, Tokyo where the plant has been located since 1918.

The company is the eighth-largest chip equipment maker as reported in 2017.[4] Also, it has diversified into new areas like 3D printing and regenerative medicine to compensate for the shrinking digital camera market.[5][6][7][8]

Among Nikon's many notable product lines are Nikkor imaging lenses (for F-mount cameras, large format photography, photographic enlargers, and other applications), the Nikon F-series of 35 mm film SLR cameras, the Nikon D-series of digital SLR cameras, the Nikon Z-series of digital mirrorless cameras, the Coolpix series of compact digital cameras, and the Nikonos series of underwater film cameras.

Nikon's main competitors in camera and lens manufacturing include Canon, Sony, Fujifilm, Panasonic, Pentax, and Olympus.

Founded on July 25, 1917 as Nippon Kōgaku Kōgyō Kabushikigaisha (日本光学工業株式会社 "Japan Optical Industries Co., Ltd."), the company was renamed to Nikon Corporation, after its cameras, in 1988. At least since 2022 Nikon is a member of the Mitsubishi group of companies (keiretsu).[9]

On March 7, 2024, Nikon announced its acquisition of Red Digital Cinema.[10]

History

[edit]

The Nikon Corporation was established on 25 July 1917 when three leading optical manufacturers merged to form a comprehensive, fully integrated optical company known as Nippon Kōgaku Tōkyō K.K. Over the next sixty years, this growing company became a manufacturer of optical lenses (including those for the first Canon cameras) and equipment used in cameras, binoculars, microscopes and inspection equipment.

During World War II, the company operated thirty factories with 2,000 employees, manufacturing binoculars, lenses, bomb sights, and periscopes for the Japanese military.

Reception outside Japan

[edit]

After the war, Nippon Kōgaku reverted to producing its civilian product range in a single factory. In 1948, the first Nikon-branded camera was released, the Nikon I.[11] Nikon lenses were popularised by the American photojournalist David Douglas Duncan.

Duncan was working in Tokyo when the Korean War began. Duncan had met a young Japanese photographer, Jun Miki, who introduced Duncan to Nikon lenses. From July 1950 to January 1951, Duncan covered the Korean War.[12] Fitting Nikon optics (especially the NIKKOR-P.C 1:2 f=8,5 cm)[13] to his Leica rangefinder cameras allowed him to produce high contrast negatives with very sharp resolution at the centre field.[14]

Names and brands

[edit]
Nikko parent company brand, from which the Nikkor brand evolved

Founded in 1917 as Nippon Kōgaku Kōgyō Kabushikigaisha (日本光学工業株式会社 "Japan Optical Industries Corporation"), the company was renamed Nikon Corporation, after its cameras, in 1988. The name Nikon, which dates from 1946, was originally intended only for its small-camera line, spelled as "Nikkon", with an addition of the "n" to the "Nikko" brand name.[15] The similarity to the Carl Zeiss AG brand "ikon", would cause some early problems in Germany as Zeiss complained that Nikon violated its trademarked camera. From 1963 to 1968 the Nikon F in particular was therefore labeled 'Nikkor'.[16]

The Nikkor brand was introduced in 1932, a westernised rendering of an earlier version Nikkō (日光), an abbreviation of the company's original full name[17] (Nikkō also means "sunlight" and is the name of a famous Japanese onsen town.). Nikkor is the Nikon brand name for its lenses.

Another early brand used on microscopes was Joico,[18] an abbreviation of "Japan Optical Industries Co".[citation needed] Expeed is the brand Nikon uses for its image processors since 2007.

Rise of the Nikon F series

[edit]
Nikon F FTN Camera

The Nikon SP and other 1950s and 1960s rangefinder cameras competed directly with models from Leica and Zeiss. However, the company quickly ceased developing its rangefinder line to focus its efforts on the Nikon F single-lens reflex line of cameras, which was successful[19] upon its introduction in 1959.

For nearly 30 years, Nikon's F-series SLRs were the most widely used small-format cameras among professional photographers,[citation needed] as well as by some U.S. space programs, the first in 1971 on Apollo 15 (as a lighter and smaller alternative to the Hasselblad, used in the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo programs, 12 of which are still on the Moon) and later once in 1973 on the Skylab and later again on it in 1981.

Nikon popularized many features in professional SLR photography,[citation needed] such as the modular camera system with interchangeable lenses, viewfinders, motor drives, and data backs; integrated light metering and lens indexing; electronic strobe flashguns instead of expendable flashbulbs; electronic shutter control; evaluative multi-zone "matrix" metering; and built-in motorized film advance. However, as auto focus SLRs became available from Minolta and others in the mid-1980s, Nikon's line of manual-focus cameras began to seem out of date.[citation needed]

Despite introducing one of the first autofocus models, the slow and bulky F3AF, the company's determination to maintain lens compatibility with its F-mount prevented rapid advances in autofocus technology. Canon introduced a new type of lens-camera interface with its entirely electronic Canon EOS cameras and Canon EF lens mount in 1987.

The much faster lens performance permitted by Canon's electronic focusing and aperture control prompted many professional photographers (especially in sports and news) to switch to the Canon system through the 1990s.[20]

Post-millennium film camera production

[edit]

Once Nikon introduced affordable consumer-level DSLRs such as the Nikon D70 in the mid-2000s, sales of its consumer and professional film cameras fell rapidly, following the general trend in the industry. In January 2006, Nikon announced it would stop making most of its film camera models and all of its large format lenses, and focus on digital models.[21]

Nevertheless, Nikon remained the only[citation needed] major camera manufacturer still making film SLR cameras for a long time. The high-end Nikon F6 and the entry-level FM10[21] remained in production all the way up until October 2020.[22]

Digital photography

[edit]

Digital single-lens reflex and point and shoot cameras

[edit]
Nikon NASA F4 front view with DA-20 action finder, electronics box, and lenses. Launched September 1991 on board the Space Shuttle Discovery, mission STS-48

Nikon created some of the first digital SLRs (DSLRs, Nikon NASA F4) for NASA, used in the Space Shuttle since 1991.[23] After a 1990s partnership with Kodak to produce digital SLR cameras based on existing Nikon film bodies, Nikon released the Nikon D1 SLR under its own name in 1999. Although it used an APS-C-size light sensor only 2/3 the size of a 35 mm film frame (later called a "DX sensor"), the D1 was among the first digital cameras to have sufficient image quality and a low enough price for some professionals (particularly photojournalists and sports photographers) to use it as a replacement for a film SLR. The company also has a Coolpix line which grew as consumer digital photography became increasingly prevalent through the early 2000s. Nikon also never made any phones.

Through the mid-2000s, Nikon's line of professional and enthusiast DSLRs and lenses including their back compatible AF-S lens line remained in second place behind Canon in SLR camera sales, and Canon had several years' lead in producing professional DSLRs with light sensors as large as traditional 35 mm film frames.[24] All Nikon DSLRs from 1999 to 2007, by contrast, used the smaller DX size sensor.

Then, 2005 management changes at Nikon led to new camera designs such as the full-frame Nikon D3 in late 2007, the Nikon D700 a few months later, and mid-range SLRs. Nikon regained much of its reputation among professional and amateur enthusiast photographers as a leading innovator in the field, especially because of the speed, ergonomics, and low-light performance of its latest models.[25][unreliable source?] The mid-range Nikon D90, introduced in 2008, was also the first SLR camera to record video.[26][27] Since then video mode has been introduced to many more of the Nikon and non-Nikon DSLR cameras including the Nikon D3S, Nikon D3100, Nikon D3200, Nikon D5100, and Nikon D7000.[28][29][30][31][32]

More recently, Nikon has released a photograph and video editing suite called ViewNX to browse, edit, merge and share images and videos.[33][34][35] Despite the market growth of Mirrorless Interchangeable Lens Cameras, Nikon did not neglect their F-mount Single Lens Reflex cameras and have released some professional DSLRs like the D780,[36] or the D6[37] in 2020.

Mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras

[edit]
logo of a Nikon international ad campaign, "I AM Nikon"

In reaction to the growing market for Mirrorless cameras, Nikon released their first Mirrorless Interchangeable Lens Cameras and also a new lens mount in 2011. The lens mount was called Nikon 1, and the first bodies in it were the Nikon 1 J1 and the V1. The system was built around a 1 inch (or CX) format image sensor, with a 2.7x crop factor. This format was pretty small compared to their competitors. This resulted in a loss of image quality, dynamic range and fewer possibilities for restricting depth of field depth of field range. In 2018, Nikon officially discontinued the 1 series, after three years without a new camera body.[38] (The last one was the Nikon 1 J5).

Also in 2018, Nikon introduced a new mirrorless system in their lineup: the Nikon Z system. The first cameras in the series were the Z6 and the Z7, both with a Full Frame (FX) sensor format, In-Body Image Stabilization and a built-in electronic viewfinder. The Z-mount is not only for FX cameras though, as in 2019 Nikon introduced the Z50 with a DX format sensor, without IBIS but with the compatibility to every Z-mount lens. The handling, the ergonomics and the button layout are similar to the Nikon DSLR cameras, which is friendly for those who are switching from them. This shows that Nikon is putting their focus more on their MILC line.

In 2020, Nikon updated both the Z6 and the Z7. The updated models are called the Z6II and the Z7II. The improvements over the original models include the new EXPEED 6 processor, an added card slot, improved video and AF features, higher burst rates, battery grip support and USB-C power delivery.[39]

In 2021, Nikon released 2 mirrorless cameras, the Zfc and the Z9. The Nikon Zfc is the second Z-series APS-C (DX) mirrorless camera in the line up, designed to evoke the company's famous FM2 SLR from the '80s. It offers manual controls, including dedicated dials for shutter speed, exposure compensation and ISO.[40] The Z9 became Nikon's new flagship product succeeding the D6, marking the start of a new era of Nikon cameras. It includes a 46 megapixel Full Frame (FX) format stacked CMOS sensor which is stabilized and has a very fast readout speed, making the mechanical shutter not only unneeded, but also absent from the camera. Along with the sensor, the 3.7 million dot, 760 nit EVF, the 30 fps continuous burst at full resolution with a buffer of 1000+ compressed raw photos, 4K 120 fps ProRes internal recording, the 8K 30 fps internal recording and the 120 hz subject recognition AF system make it one of the most advanced cameras on the market with its main rivals being the Canon EOS R3 and the Sony α1.[41] (As of February 2022)

Mirrorless fixed-lens cameras, the cancelled release of DL series

[edit]

Before the introduction of the Z-series, on February 23, 2016 Nikon announced its DL range of fixed-lens compact cameras. The series comprised three 20 megapixel 1"-type CMOS sensor cameras with Expeed 6A image processing engines: DL18-50 f/1.8-2.8, DL24-85 f/1.8-2.8 black and silver and DL24-500 f/2.8-5.6. Nikon described the range as a premium line of compact cameras, which combines the high performance of Nikkor lenses with always-on smart device connectivity.[42] All three cameras were showcased at CP+ 2016.[43] One year after the initial announcement, on February 13, 2017, Nikon officially cancelled the release and sale of DL-series, which was originally planned for a June 2016 release. They cited design issues (with the integrated circuit for image processing) and profitability as main issues causing the cancellation.[44]

Movie camera production

[edit]

Although few models were introduced, Nikon made movie cameras as well. The R10 and R8 SUPER ZOOM Super 8 models (introduced in 1973) were the top of the line and last attempt for the amateur movie field. The cameras had a special gate and claw system to improve image steadiness and overcome a major drawback of Super 8 cartridge design. The R10 model has a high speed 10X macro zoom lens.

Contrary to other brands, Nikon never attempted to offer projectors or their accessories.

Thai operations

[edit]

Nikon has shifted much of its manufacturing facilities to Thailand, with some production (especially of Coolpix cameras and some low-end lenses) in Indonesia. The company constructed a factory in Ayuthaya north of Bangkok in Thailand in 1991. By 2000, it had 2,000 employees. Steady growth over the next few years and an increase of floor space from the original 19,400 square meters (209,000 square feet) to 46,200 square meters (497,000 square feet) enabled the factory to produce a wider range of Nikon products. By 2004, it had more than 8,000 workers.

The range of the products produced at Nikon Thailand include plastic molding, optical parts, painting, printing, metal processing, plating, spherical lens process, aspherical lens process, prism process, electrical and electronic mounting process, silent wave motor and autofocus unit production.

As of 2009, all of Nikon's Nikon DX format DSLR cameras and the D600, a prosumer FX camera, are produced in Thailand, while their professional and semi-professional Nikon FX format (full frame) cameras (D700, D3, D3S, D3X, D4, D800 and the retro-styled Df) are built in Japan, in the city of Sendai. The Thai facility also produces most of Nikon's digital "DX" zoom lenses, as well as numerous other lenses in the Nikkor line.

Nikon-Essilor Co. Ltd.

[edit]

In 1999, Nikon and Essilor have signed a Memorandum of understanding to form a global strategic alliance in corrective lenses by forming a 50/50 joint venture in Japan to be called Nikon-Essilor Co. Ltd.

The main purpose of the joint venture is to further strengthen the corrective lens business of both companies. This will be achieved through the integrated strengths of Nikon's strong brand backed up by advanced optical technology and strong sales network in Japanese market, coupled with the high productivity and worldwide marketing and sales network of Essilor, the world leader in this industry.[45]

Nikon-Essilor Co. Ltd. started its business in January 2000, responsible for research, development, production and sales mainly for ophthalmic optics.[46]

Recent development

[edit]

Revenue from Nikon's camera business has dropped 30% in three years prior to fiscal 2015.[47] In 2013, it forecast the first drop in sales from interchangeable lens cameras since Nikon's first digital SLR in 1999.[48] The company's net profit has fallen from a peak of ¥75.4 billion (fiscal 2007) to ¥18.2 billion for fiscal 2015.[47] Nikon plans to reassign over 1,500 employees resulting in job cuts of 1,000, mainly in semiconductor lithography and camera business, by 2017 as the company shifts focus to medical and industrial devices business for growth.[49][47][50]

In March 2024, it was announced Nikon had acquired Red Digital Cinema, an American camera manufacturer specializing in digital cinematography.[51]

Film cameras

[edit]

In January 2006, Nikon announced the discontinuation of all but two models of its film cameras, focusing its efforts on the digital camera market.[52] It continues to sell the fully manual FM10, and still offers the high-end fully automatic F6.[53][54] Nikon has also committed to service all the film cameras for a period of ten years after production ceases.[55]

Nikon F2SB SLR camera with DP-3 finder and GN Auto Nikkor 1:2,8 f=45mm lens
Nikon F3 Giugiaro Camera Design
Nikon F4 F4s Giugiaro Design
Nikon F4 Giugiaro Design
Nikon F4 F4s
Nikon N2020
Nikon 28ti
Nikon 28ti camera
Nikon ZOOM retro camera
Nikon KeyMission 360

Film 35 mm SLR cameras with manual focus

[edit]

High-end (Professional – Intended for professional use, heavy duty and weather resistance)

  • Nikon F series (1959, known in Germany for legal reasons as the Nikkor F)
  • Nikon F2 series (1971)
  • Nikon F3 series (1980)

Midrange

Midrange with electronic features

Entry-level (Consumer)

Film APS SLR cameras

[edit]
  • Nikon Pronea 600i / Pronea 6i (1996)[56]
  • Nikon Pronea S (1997)[57]
  • The Nikon Pronea 600i
    The Nikon Pronea 600i
  • The Nikon Pronea S
    The Nikon Pronea S

Film 35 mm SLR cameras with autofocus

[edit]
Nikon AC-2E Data Link System (1993)

High-end (Professional – Intended for professional use, heavy duty and weather resistance)

  • Nikon F3AF (1983, modified F3 body with Autofocus Finder DX-1)
  • Nikon F4 (1988) – (World's first professional auto-focus SLR camera and world's first professional SLR camera with a built-in motor drive)
  • Nikonos RS (1992) (Professional when reviewed in underwater conditions) – (World's first underwater auto-focus SLR camera)[58]
  • Nikon F5 (1996)
  • Nikon F6 (2004)

High-end (Prosumer – Intended for pro-consumers who want the main mechanic/electronic features of the professional line but don't need the same heavy duty/weather resistance)

  • Nikon F-501 (1986, known in North America as the N2020)
  • Nikon F-801 (1988, known in the U.S. as the N8008)
  • Nikon F-801S (1991, known in the U.S. as the N8008S)
  • Nikon F90 (1992, known in the U.S. as the N90)
  • Nikon F90X (1994, known in the U.S. as the N90S)
  • Nikon F80 (2000, known in the U.S. as the N80)
  • Nikon F100 (1999)

Mid-range (Consumer)

Entry-level (Consumer)

  • Nikon F-401 (1987, known in the U.S. as the N4004)
  • Nikon F-401S (1989, known in the U.S. as the N4004S)
  • Nikon F-401X (1991, known in the U.S. as the N5005)
  • Nikon F50 (1994, known in the U.S. as the N50)
  • Nikon F60 (1999, known in the U.S. as the N60)
  • Nikon F65 (2000, known in the U.S. as the N65)
  • Nikon F55 (2002, known in the U.S. as the N55)

Professional Rangefinder cameras

[edit]

Compact cameras

[edit]

Between 1983 and the early 2000s[69] a broad range of compact cameras were made by Nikon. Nikon first started by naming the cameras with a series name (like the L35/L135-series, the RF/RD-series, the W35-series, the EF or the AW-series). In later production cycles, the cameras were double branded with a series-name on the one and a sales name on the other hand. Sales names were for example Zoom-Touch for cameras with a wide zoom range, Lite-Touch for ultra compact models, Fun-Touch for easy to use cameras and Sport-Touch for splash water resistance. After the late 1990s, Nikon dropped the series names and continued only with the sales name. Nikon's APS-cameras were all named Nuvis.

The cameras came in all price ranges from entry-level fixed-lens-cameras to the top model Nikon 35Ti and 28Ti with titanium body and 3D-Matrix-Metering.

Movie cameras

[edit]
Double 8 (8mm)
  • NIKKOREX 8 (1960)
  • NIKKOREX 8F (1963)
Super 8
  • Nikon Super Zoom 8 (1966)
  • Nikon 8X Super Zoom (1967)
  • Nikon R8 Super Zoom (1973)
  • Nikon R10 Super Zoom (1973)

Professional Underwater cameras

[edit]
Main article: Nikonos
  • Nikonos I Calypso (1963, originally known in France as the Calypso/Nikkor)
  • Nikonos II (1968)
  • Nikonos III (1975)
  • Nikonos IV-A (1980)
  • Nikonos V (1984)
  • Nikonos RS (1992)[70] (World's first underwater Auto-Focus SLR camera)[58]

Digital cameras

[edit]
Nikon COOLPIX P7700

Nikon's raw image format is NEF, for Nikon Electronic File. The "DSCN" prefix for image files stands for "Digital Still Camera – Nikon."

Digital compact cameras

[edit]
Main article: Nikon Coolpix series

The Nikon Coolpix series are digital compact cameras produced in many variants: Superzoom, bridge, travel-zoom, miniature compact and waterproof/rugged cameras. The top compact cameras are several "Performance" series indicated by a "P...".

Larger sensor compact cameras

[edit]

Coolpix series since 2008 listed.

Nikon Coolpix P310 digital compact camera
Light-weight fast lens compact cameras
[edit]

Bridge cameras

[edit]
  • Nikon Coolpix L810, Feb, 2012–16 MP, 26x optical zoom, no wi-fi, fixed LCD, ISO 80–1600
  • Nikon Coolpix L820, Jan, 2013–16 MP, 30x optical zoom, no wi-fi, fixed LCD, ISO 125-3200
  • Nikon Coolpix L830, Jan, 2014–16 MP, 34x optical zoom with 68x Dynamic Fine Zoom, no wi-fi, tilting LCD, ISO 125-1600 (3200 in Auto)
  • Nikon Coolpix L840 Feb, 2015–16 MP, 38x optical zoom with 76x Dynamic Fine Zoom, built-in Wi-Fi and NFC (Near Field Communication), 3 inch high-resolution tilting LCD, ISO 125 – 1600, ISO 3200, 6400 (available when using Auto mode)
  • Nikon Coolpix P500, Feb, 2011–12.1 MP, 36x optical zoom, tilt LCD, ISO 160–3200
  • Nikon Coolpix P510, Feb, 2012–16.1 MP, 41.7x optical zoom (24–1000mm), no wi-fi, vari-angle LCD, ISO 100–3200
  • Nikon Coolpix P520, Jan, 2013–18.1 MP, 42x optical zoom, optional wi-fi, vari-angle LCD, ISO 80–3200
  • Nikon Coolpix P530, Feb, 2014–16.1 MP, 42x optical zoom & 84x Dynamic Fine Zoom, opt wi-fi, fixed LCD, ISO 100–1600 (ISO 3200, 6400 in PASM mode)
  • Nikon Coolpix P600, Feb, 2014–16.1 MP, 60x optical zoom and 120 Dynamic Fine Zoom, built in wi-fi, vari-angle LCD, ISO 100–1600 (ISO 3200, 6400 in PASM mode)
  • Nikon Coolpix P610
  • Nikon Coolpix B500, Feb, 2016-16 MP, 40x optical zoom, tilt LCD, ISO 160–6400
  • Nikon Coolpix P900
  • Nikon Coolpix P950
  • Nikon Coolpix P1000
  • Nikon Coolpix P1100

Mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras

[edit]
Nikon Z6 with a Nikkor Z 24-70/4S

Nikon Z series – Nikon Z-mount lenses

Nikon 1 series – CX sensor, Nikon 1 mount lenses

Nikon 1 V1 with lenses and flash SB-N5, GPS GP-N100 and microphone ME-1
Nikon Expeed, a system on a chip used as image processor in all Nikon DSLRs since 2007 and in some digital compact cameras
Nikon D3 full frame DSLR body
Nikon D4 full frame DSLR body

Digital single lens reflex cameras

[edit]
Nikon D600 body, back view

High-end (Professional – Intended for professional use, heavy duty and weather resistance)

  • Nikon D1, DX sensor, June 15, 1999 – Discontinued
  • Nikon D1X, DX sensor, February 5, 2001 – Discontinued
  • Nikon D1H, DX sensor, high speed, February 5, 2001 – Discontinued
  • Nikon D2H, DX sensor, high speed, July 22, 2003 – Discontinued
  • Nikon D2X, DX sensor, September 16, 2004 – Discontinued
  • Nikon D2HS, DX sensor, high speed, February 16, 2005 – Discontinued
  • Nikon D2XS, DX sensor, June 1, 2006 – Discontinued
  • Nikon D3, FX/Full Frame sensor, August 23, 2007 – Discontinued
  • Nikon D3X, FX/Full Frame sensor, December 1, 2008 – Discontinued
  • Nikon D3S, FX/Full Frame sensor, October 14, 2009 – Discontinued
  • Nikon D4, FX/Full Frame sensor, January 6, 2012 – Discontinued[73]
  • Nikon D4S, FX/Full Frame sensor, February 25, 2014 – Discontinued (In U.S.A. only)
  • Nikon D5, FX/Full Frame sensor, January 5, 2016
  • Nikon D6, FX/Full Frame sensor, February 12, 2020
D700 with AF-S 24-85mm f/3.5-4.5G

High-end (Prosumer – Intended for pro-consumers who want the main mechanical/weather resistance and electronic features of the professional line but don't need the same heavy duty)

Nikon D810

Midrange and professional usage cameras with DX sensor

Upper-entry-level (Consumer) – DX sensor

Along with the D750 and D500 above, these are the only Nikon DSLR's with the articulated (tilt-and-swivel) display.

Entry-level (Consumer) – DX sensor

Nikon AF-S Nikkor 70-200mm F2.8G ED VR II lens and AF-S Nikkor 85mm F1.4G lens with lens hoods

Photo optics

[edit]

Lenses for Nikon Z-mount

[edit]
Main article: Nikon Z-mount § Z-mount lenses

Nikon introduced the Z-mount in 2018 for their system of digital full-frame and APS-C (DX) mirrorless cameras.

Lenses for F-mount cameras

[edit]
Main article: Nikon F-mount § Nikkor
See also: List of Nikon F-mount lenses with integrated autofocus motors

The Nikon F-mount is a type of interchangeable lens mount developed by Nikon for its 35 mm Single-lens reflex cameras. The F-mount was first introduced on the Nikon F camera in 1959.

Other lenses for photography and imaging

[edit]
Main article: Nikkor

Electronic flash units

[edit]
Main article: Speedlight

Nikon uses the term Speedlight for its electronic flashes. Recent models include the SB-R200, SB-300, SB-400, SB-600, SB-700, SB-800, SB-900, SB-910, SB-5000 and R1C1.

Film scanners

[edit]
Nikon Coolscan V film scanner

Nikon's digital capture line also includes a successful range of dedicated scanners for a variety of formats, including Advanced Photo System (IX240), 35 mm, and 60 mm film.

  • (1988) LS-3500 (4096x6144, 4000 dpi, 30 bits per pixel) HP-IB (requires a third-party NuBus card; intended for Mac platforms, for which there is a Photoshop plug-in).[90]
  • (1992) Coolscan LS-10 (2700 dpi) SCSI. First to be named "Coolscan" to denote LED illumination.[91]
  • (1994) LS-3510AF (4096x6144, 4000 dpi, 30 bits per pixel) Auto-focus SCSI (usually employed on Mac platforms with a Photoshop plug-in; TWAIN is available for PC platforms).[92]
  • (1995) LS-4500AF (4 x 5 inch and 120/220 formats, 1000x2000 dpi, 35mm format 3000x3000). 12bit A/D. SCSI. Fitted with auto-focus lens.[93]
  • (1996) Super Coolscan LS-1000 (2592x3888, 2700 dpi) SCSI. scan time cut by half[94]
  • (1996) Coolscan II LS-20 E (2700 dpi) SCSI[95]
  • (1998) Coolscan LS-2000 (2700 dpi, 12-bit) SCSI, multiple sample, "CleanImage" software[96]
  • (1998) Coolscan III LS-30 E (2700 dpi, 10-bit) SCSI[97]
  • (2001) Coolscan IV LS-40 ED (2900 dpi, 12-bit, 3.6D) USB, SilverFast, ICE, ROC, GEM[98]
  • (2001) Coolscan LS-4000 ED (4000 dpi, 14-bit, 4.2D) Firewire[99]
  • (2001) Coolscan LS-8000 ED (4000 dpi, 14-bit, 4.2D) Firewire, multiformat[100]
  • (2003) Coolscan V LS-50 ED (4000 dpi, 14-bit, 4.2D) USB
  • (2003) Super Coolscan LS-5000 ED (4000 dpi, 16bit, 4.8D) USB
  • (2004) Super Coolscan LS-9000 ED (4000 dpi, 16bit, 4.8D) Firewire, multiformat

Nikon introduced its first scanner, the Nikon LS-3500 with a maximum resolution of 4096 x 6144 pixels, in 1988. Prior to the development of 'cool' LED lighting this scanner used a halogen lamp (hence the name 'Coolscan' for the following models). The resolution of the following LED based Coolscan model didn't increase but the price was significantly lower. Colour depth, scan quality, imaging and hardware functionality as well as scanning speed was gradually improved with each following model. The final 'top of the line' 35mm Coolscan LS-5000 ED was a device capable of archiving greater numbers of slides; 50 framed slides or 40 images on film roll. It could scan all these in one batch using special adapters. A single maximum resolution scan was performed in no more than 20 seconds as long as no post-processing was also performed. With the launch of the Coolscan 9000 ED Nikon introduced its most up-to-date film scanner which, like the Minolta DiMAGE scanners were the only film scanners that, due to a special version of Digital ICE, were able to scan Kodachrome film reliably both dust and scratch free. In late 2007 much of the software's code had to be rewritten to make it Mac OS 10.5 compatible. Nikon announced it would discontinue supporting its Nikon Scan software for the Macintosh as well as for Windows Vista 64-bit.[101] Third-party software solutions like SilverFast or Vuescan provide alternatives to the official Nikon drivers and scanning software, and maintain updated drivers for most current operating systems. Between 1994 and 1996 Nikon developed three flatbed scanner models named Scantouch, which couldn't keep up with competitive flatbed products and were hence discontinued to allow Nikon to focus on its dedicated film scanners.

Sport optics

[edit]

Binoculars

[edit]
  • Sprint IV
  • Sportstar IV
  • Travelite V
  • Travelite VI
  • Travelite EX
  • Mikron
  • Action VII
  • Action VII Zoom
  • Aculon
  • Action EX
  • Sporter I
  • Venturer 8/10x32
  • Venturer 8x42
  • Prostaff 5
  • Prostaff 7
  • Monarch ATB
  • Monarch 3
  • Monarch 5
  • Monarch 7
  • Monarch HG
  • Monarch M5
  • Monarch M7
  • StabilEyes
  • Superior E
  • Marine
  • EDG II

Spotting scopes

[edit]
  • Prostaff 3 16-48x60
  • Prostaff 5 60
  • Prostaff 5 80
  • Spotter XL II WP
  • Spotting Scope R/A II
  • Spotting Scope 80
  • Fieldscope 60mm
  • Fieldscope ED78/ EDII
  • Fieldscope III/EDIII
  • Fieldscope ED82
  • Fieldscope ED50
  • Fieldscopes EDG 65 /85
  • Fieldscope EDG 85 VR

Rifle scopes

[edit]
  • BLACK
  • Monarch 7
  • Monarch 5
  • Monarch 3
  • Monarch
  • Laser IRT
  • Prostaff 5
  • Encore
  • Coyote Special
  • Slughunter
  • Inline
  • Buckmaster II
  • Buckmaster
  • AR
  • ProStaff II
  • Prostaff
  • Team REALTREE
  • Rimfire
  • Handgun

Nikon Metrology

[edit]

Overview

[edit]

Nikon Metrology, a division of Nikon, produces hardware and software products for 2D & 3D measurement from nano to large scale measurement volumes. Products include Optical Laser Probes, X-ray computed tomography, Coordinate-measuring machine (CMM), Laser Radar Systems (LR), Microscopes, Portable CMMs, Large Volume Metrology, Motion Measurement and Adaptive Robotic Controls, Semiconductor Systems, Metrology Software including CMM-Manager, CAMIO Studio, Inspect-X, Focus, and Automeasure. Measurements are performed using tactile and non-contact probes, measurement data is collected in software and processed for comparison to nominal CAD (Computer-aided design) or part specification or for recreating / reverse engineering physical work pieces.

Origins

[edit]

The origins of Nikon go back to 1917 when three Japanese optical manufacturers joined to form Nippon Kogaku KK ('Japan Optics'). In 1925 the microscope having revolving nosepiece and interchangeable objectives was produced. Significant growth for the microscopy division occurs over the next 50 years as Nikon pioneers development of polarising and stereo microscopes along with new products for measuring and inspection (Metrology) markets. These new products include devices targeted for industrial use such as optical comparators, autocollimators, profile projector and automated vision based systems. Continued effort through the next three decades yield the release of products including the Optiphot and Labophot microscopes, Diaphot microscope, the Eclipse range of infinity optics, and finally the DS camera series and the Coolscope with the advent of digital sensors. With the acquisition of Metris in 2009 the Nikon Metrology division was born. Nikon Metrology products include a full range of both 2D & 3D, optical, tactile, non-contact, and X-Ray Metrology solutions ranging from nanometer resolution on microscopic samples to μm resolution in volumes large enough to house a commercial airliner.[102]

Products

[edit]
  • Coordinate-Measuring-Machines
    • Bridge, Gantry and Horizontal Arm CMMs
    • Digital / Analog Tactile and / or Non-Contact Optical sensors
  • Portable arms – 6 and 7 axis models
  • Laser Scanning – Optical Line Scanners in single Line and Multi-line (Cross Scanner) configurations
  • X-ray-and-CT-Inspection[103]
  • Video-Microscope-Measuring – Optical Probe and Multi-Sensor options available
  • Microscope-Systems
  • Large Volume Systems[104]
  • Application Software – several options available depending on specific application and hardware.
    • CMM-Manager – Multi-sensor 3D Metrology software for third party CMMs, Articulated Arms, and Nikon video-measurement systems[105]
    • Automeasure, NIS Elements, E-Max, Automeasure Eyes – 2D / 3D imaging software for use on Nikon video-measurement systems[106]
    • Focus, CMM-Manager, CAMIO – Software for 3D Metrology[107]

Lithography equipment

[edit]

Overview

[edit]

Nikon manufactures scanners and steppers for the manufacture of integrated circuits and flat panel displays, and semiconductor device inspection equipment. The steppers and scanners represent about one third of the income for the company as of 2008.[108]

Nikon developed the first lithography equipment from Japan. The equipment from Nikon enjoyed high demand from global chipmakers, the Japanese semiconductor companies and other major companies such as Intel, and Nikon was the world's leading producer of semiconductor lithography systems from the 1980s to 2002.[109] Nikon saw a sharp drop in its market share from less than 40 percent in early 2000s to no more than 20 percent as of 2013.[48][50] The company has been losing an estimated ¥17 billion a year in its precision instruments unit.

In contrast, ASML, a Dutch company, has grabbed over 80 percent of the lithography systems market as of 2015 by adopting an open innovation method of product development, which includes the acquisition of US-based light source manufacturer Cymer.[110] In 2017, Nikon announced that it would cut nearly 1,000 jobs mainly in the lithography systems business and halt its development of next-generation equipment.[111][112]

[edit]

In February 2019, Nikon, ASML and Carl Zeiss AG, a leading supplier to ASML, have entered into a definitive settlement and cross-license agreement relating to multiple disputes over patents for lithography equipment that had been underway since 2001 and agreed to drop all the world-wide lawsuits regarding the issue.[113]

By the latest settlement, ASML and Zeiss paid approximately $170 million to Nikon.[114] The two companies had paid a total of $87 million to Nikon in 2004 for similar legal dispute.[115]

Market position and products

[edit]

As of February 2018, Nikon held 10.3 percent revenue share in the semiconductor lithography market while the share of ASML was over 80 percent.[116]

As of 2019, Nikon develops and sells the following lithography-related equipment:

  • Cutting-edge flat panel display lithography equipment (The FX series)
  • i-line steppers
  • KrF steppers
  • ArF steppers
  • ArF immersion steppers
  • Inspection and alignment equipment

Other products

[edit]

Nikon also manufactures eyeglasses, sunglasses, and glasses frames, under the brands Nikon, Niji, Nobili-Ti, Presio, and Velociti VTI.[117] Other Nikon's products include ophthalmic equipment, loupes, monoculars, binocular telescopes, metal 3D printers, material processing equipment, regenerative medicine contract manufacturing, cell sorting equipment, and cell culture observation systems.[5][6][7][8]

Nikon no longer manufactures its own image sensors as it outsources the manufacturing to Sony.[118]

Since 2019, Sendai Nikon, a Nikon group company, manufactures Lidar sensors for Velodyne as part of a partnership between the two companies.[119]

Sponsorship

[edit]

Awards and exhibitions

[edit]
Inside the Nikon Salon

In Japan, Nikon runs the Nikon Salon exhibition spaces, the Nikkor Club for amateur photographers (to whom it distributes the series of Nikon Salon books), the Nikon Small World Photomicrography Competition and the Nikon Small World in Motion Competition, and arranges the Ina Nobuo Award, Miki Jun Award and Miki Jun Inspiration Awards.

Others

[edit]

As of November 19, 2013, Nikon is the "Official Camera" of Walt Disney World Resort and Disneyland Resort.[120]

Nikon is the official co-sponsor of Galatasaray SK Football Team.[121][122][123]

In 2014 Nikon sponsored the Copa Sadia do Brasil 2014 and the AFC Champions League.[124]

The company sponsors the Nikon-Walkley Press Photographer of the Year award, as well as the Nikon Photography Prizes, which are administered by the Walkley Foundation in Australia.[125]

Cultural references

[edit]

Awards and recognition

[edit]

Nikon was ranked 134th among India's most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report 2012, a study conducted by Trust Research Advisory. In the Brand Trust Report 2013, Nikon was ranked 28th among India's most trusted brands and subsequently, according to the Brand Trust Report 2014, Nikon was ranked 178th among India's most trusted brands.[128]

Nikon school

[edit]

Nikon branches around the world runs photography courses behind the brand Nikon School. The official website of Nikon School[129] offers online photography course since 2016.[130]

See also

[edit]

Notes and references

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Nikon

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Nikon Corporation is a Japanese multinational corporation specializing in the development, manufacture, and sale of optical instruments, imaging products, and precision technologies. Headquartered in , the company operates through five primary business segments—Imaging Products, Precision Equipment, Healthcare, Components, and Digital Manufacturing—and is globally recognized for its innovations in , , production, and medical devices. Founded on July 25, 1917, as Nippon Kogaku K.K. through the merger of three leading Japanese optical manufacturers—the optical instruments division of Keiki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha, the mirror division of Iwaki Garasu Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha, and Fujii Lens Seizo Sho—the enterprise was created to establish a comprehensive, vertically integrated optical operation in . Initially focused on military during , Nikon transitioned to consumer products postwar, introducing its first 35mm , the Nikon I, in 1948, followed by the groundbreaking Nikon F single-lens reflex (SLR) camera system in 1959, which set industry standards for professional with its modular design and reliability. The company adopted its current name, Nikon Corporation, in 1988 to emphasize its global brand identity. Throughout its over century-long history, Nikon has pioneered key technological advancements, including the world's first practical SLR camera for professionals and early digital SLRs like the in 1999, which helped transition the industry from to . Beyond consumer cameras and NIKKOR lenses, the firm has diversified into industrial applications, such as steppers for in the and advanced biological microscopes for and healthcare. Guided by its corporate of "Trustworthiness and Creativity", Nikon supports sustainable societal growth through ultraprecise technologies, employing 20,069 people worldwide and generating net sales of 715.285 billion yen, as of the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025. With subsidiaries and operations across the , , , and beyond, Nikon continues to innovate in areas like mirrorless cameras, additive manufacturing, and eye care solutions, maintaining its position as a leader in optical excellence.

Corporate Overview and History

Founding and Early Development

Nippon Kogaku K.K., the predecessor to Nikon Corporation, was established on July 25, 1917, through the merger of the optical divisions of three Japanese companies: Iwaki Glass Manufacturing Company (mirror division), Fujii Lens Manufacturing, and Tokyo Keiki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha (optical instruments department). This consolidation, supported by investment from Koyata Iwasaki, president of , aimed to create a domestic optical industry capable of producing high-precision instruments independently of foreign imports, particularly from . The new entity, based in , initially employed around 200 people and focused on building technical expertise through collaborations, including hiring German engineers in 1919 to train Japanese staff in optical manufacturing techniques. During the and , Nippon Kogaku concentrated on optics to meet the demands of Japan's expanding armed forces, producing rangefinders, periscopes, and sighting devices for naval vessels such as battleships and cruisers. By the early , the company had expanded into aviation optics, developing lenses and cameras for , including the Aero-Nikkor series introduced in 1933, which marked the debut of the Nikkor brand for photographic objectives. These products were critical for applications, with Nippon Kogaku becoming a key supplier to the and Army, benefiting from government sponsorship that funded research and production facilities. The company's first major civilian-oriented product was the Mikron 6× compact released in 1921, followed by the JOICO precision in 1925, which utilized advanced Japanese-made and earned acclaim for its accuracy. Key engineer Heinrich Acht, one of the German consultants, contributed to early lens designs, while Japanese figures like those in the design team advanced domestic capabilities. Post-World War II, under Allied occupation, Nippon Kogaku was prohibited from military production and pivoted to , beginning with and medical instruments in 1946. That same year, the company adopted "Nikon" as its export brand name, derived from "Nippon Kogaku," to facilitate entry into consumer markets.

Key Milestones in Japan and Global Expansion

Following , Nippon Kogaku K.K. (later Nikon) pivoted toward consumer camera production amid Japan's economic recovery, launching the Nikon I in March 1948 as its first post-war model. This 35mm featured innovative components like radial ball bearings in the film advance mechanism and marked the company's initial foray into photographic instruments for civilian use. By 1950, the company adopted the "Nikon" brand exclusively for export markets to simplify international recognition, coinciding with growing global demand for Japanese optics; that December, highlighted the quality of Nikon cameras and NIKKOR lenses in a feature article. Export efforts accelerated with the introduction of refined models like the Nikon S in 1951, featuring flash synchronization, and solidified Nikon's reputation among professionals. U.S. market entry began in 1953 when Joseph Ehrenreich's Photo-Optical Industries became the exclusive distributor, aggressively marketing Nikon products to American photographers and contributing to rapid sales growth. In 1961, Nikon established its U.S. subsidiary, Nikon Inc., in New York to oversee direct operations, sales, and service, further embedding the brand in the North American professional photography ecosystem. A pivotal milestone came in 1959 with the launch of the , Nikon's first single-lens reflex (SLR) camera, which introduced the enduring F-mount system—a 44mm flange distance design that enabled interchangeable lenses and accessories, revolutionizing modular camera systems. The quickly became the standard for photojournalists and professionals worldwide, powering iconic coverage of events like the and outselling competitors due to its robust titanium shutter and modular finders. This success propelled Nikon's global expansion, with production scaling at facilities like the Sendai Nikon plant opened in 1972 to meet international demand. In the 1980s, Nikon advanced technology with the 1983 introduction of the Nikon F3AF, the first TTL (through-the-lens) SLR in its lineup, compatible with dedicated AF NIKKOR lenses like the 80mm f/2.8 and 200mm f/3.5 ED-IF. This innovation addressed growing demands for faster focusing in dynamic shooting scenarios, bridging manual precision with automation and maintaining Nikon's lead in professional gear. In 1988, the company officially changed its name to Nikon Corporation to better reflect its international identity. Global manufacturing expanded with the 1991 opening of a factory in Ayutthaya, , which by the early employed over 2,000 workers and handled assembly of cameras and lenses for Asian and export markets, optimizing costs while upholding quality standards. These developments up to the early cemented Nikon's dominance in film-based imaging before the digital shift.

Recent Corporate Developments (2010s–2025)

In the late 2000s, Nikon accelerated its transition from film to , building on the introduction of its first in-house , the D1, in June 1999, which featured a 2.7-megapixel and marked a pivotal shift toward digital professional photography. By 2006, the company discontinued production of seven film-camera models, retaining only the high-end F6 and a basic manual-focus model, as digital sales surged and film demand declined sharply. This pivot intensified throughout the , with Nikon fully phasing out most film production to focus resources on digital SLR and mirrorless systems amid evolving market dynamics. The rise of cameras in the 2010s posed significant challenges, eroding Nikon's compact camera sales by up to 80% by 2018 and contributing to financial losses, including $136 million in 2010 and $66 million in 2017. In response, Nikon implemented a fundamental company-wide restructuring in 2017, reporting an extraordinary net loss of 831 million yen for the nine months ended December 2016, and launched a Medium-Term Management Plan in 2019 to streamline operations, emphasize mirrorless innovation, and diversify beyond consumer imaging. These efforts helped Nikon return to profitability in fiscal year 2024 through cost reductions and a renewed focus on professional and industrial applications. On February 5, 2026, Nikon announced a revised consolidated financial forecast for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2026, projecting a net loss attributable to owners of the parent of 85 billion yen, a significant downward revision from the previous forecast of 20 billion yen profit. This revision was primarily attributable to a 90.6 billion yen impairment loss on goodwill and intangible assets in the Digital Manufacturing Business, stemming from underperformance in the metal 3D printer operations acquired from SLM Solutions. The projected loss marks the largest in Nikon's history and is driven by slower-than-expected market growth, intensifying competition (particularly from Chinese firms), and reduced sales across segments. Nikon also navigated legal challenges in its precision equipment division, particularly a protracted patent dispute with ASML over immersion lithography technology for semiconductor manufacturing. Initiated in 2017 with multiple infringement suits in Europe, Japan, and the US, the conflict involved 11 cases in the Netherlands alone and centered on optical exposure systems. The disputes were fully resolved in January 2019 through a binding Memorandum of Understanding among Nikon, ASML, and Carl Zeiss SMT, settling all pending litigation across jurisdictions and allowing Nikon to refocus on core technologies without ongoing legal burdens. Advancing its imaging expertise beyond consumer products, Nikon introduced firmware enhancements for its Z-series mirrorless cameras, such as the version 2.00 update for the Z8 in February , which added pixel-shift shooting to generate high-resolution images up to 180 megapixels by combining multiple exposures. This was further evolved in the June 2025 firmware version 3.00, enabling pixel-shift integration with focus shift and auto-exposure bracketing for enhanced and in professional applications. Complementing these developments, Nikon collaborated with Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation on an innovative in-vehicle camera system, leveraging AI and dual wide/telephoto optics for improved driver safety in trucks and buses; the system was co-developed since 2020 and showcased at CES 2025. A major strategic move came in March 2024 when Nikon acquired for an undisclosed sum, integrating RED's high-end cinema expertise to expand into professional . This enabled the development of Z-mount compatible cinema cameras, including the V-RAPTOR [X] and KOMODO-X models announced on February 13, 2025, which support Nikon's large-diameter, short-flange Z mount for seamless lens . Building on this, Nikon launched its first dedicated full-frame cinema camera, the ZR, on September 10, 2025, co-developed with to bridge stills and motion imaging markets.

Film-Based Imaging Products

Manual Focus 35mm SLR Cameras

Nikon introduced its first professional 35mm single-lens reflex (SLR) camera, the , in 1959, marking the company's entry into the modular SLR market and establishing a benchmark for interchangeable components in professional . The featured a revolutionary F-mount lens system, 100% coverage, interchangeable focusing screens, and detachable viewfinders, allowing photographers to customize the camera for various shooting conditions. Its robust die-cast aluminum body supported accessories like motor drives for high-speed shooting, contributing to its adoption by photojournalists and setting the foundation for Nikon's enduring F series. The , launched in 1971, refined the modular design with a foil offering speeds up to 1/2000 second and a flash sync of 1/80 second, enhancing reliability in demanding environments. It expanded with six types of interchangeable viewfinders and 17 focusing screens, while the MD-1 enabled automatic advance at up to 4 frames per second. Production of the F2 continued until 1980, with its mechanical precision and compatibility with the growing F-mount lens lineup solidifying Nikon's reputation among professionals. In 1980, the Nikon F3 debuted as the series' first electronically controlled model, incorporating TTL through-the-lens metering and an electromagnetic shutter release for precise exposures from 8 seconds to 1/2000 second. The F3 maintained the modular ethos with interchangeable viewfinders, including the high-eyepoint DE-2 for easier composition, and supported motor drives like the MD-4 for 3.5 frames per second. A titanium-bodied variant, the F3/T, arrived in 1982, reducing weight to 760 grams while preserving durability for extended field use. The F3's production extended until 2001, reflecting its versatility across professional applications. For enthusiasts seeking lighter alternatives, Nikon released the compact FM in 1977 as a mechanical manual-focus SLR with a reliable cloth and center-weighted metering, appealing to those desiring professional quality in a smaller package weighing just 590 grams. The FE followed in 1978, adding aperture-priority autoexposure via electronic control while retaining manual override and compatibility with F-mount accessories, thus bridging amateur and pro needs. These models featured built-in hot shoes and self-timers, fostering their popularity among hobbyists for and . The F series evolution culminated in the 1980s with the , introduced in 1988, which offered manual focus operation alongside emerging capabilities and remained in production through the 1990s, with manual variants like the F-601M released in 1990. By the mid-1990s, the last manual-focus F4 configurations were phased out around 1997. These cameras' mechanical robustness and accessory ecosystem ensured their continued use in professional studios well into the digital era, valued for controlled lighting scenarios where manual precision outperformed early systems.

Autofocus 35mm SLR and APS Cameras

Nikon introduced autofocus technology to its 35mm single-lens reflex (SLR) cameras in the early 1980s, marking a significant evolution from its manual-focus predecessors like the F3 series. The company's initial foray was the F3AF prototype, released in April 1983 as a modified version of the professional-grade Nikon F3, equipped with the DX-1 Autofocus Finder for in-viewfinder focusing. This model utilized a phase-detection autofocus system integrated into the viewfinder, capable of detecting focus across a central area, but it was limited to two dedicated AF lenses: the AF Nikkor 80mm f/2.8 and AF Nikkor 200mm f/3.5 ED-IF. Although innovative, the F3AF saw limited production and was not a commercial success due to its specialized design and compatibility constraints, serving primarily as a proof-of-concept for Nikon's AF ambitions. The first production autofocus 35mm SLR from Nikon arrived in 1988 with the F801 (known as the N8008 in ), which employed an in-body screw-drive mechanism powered by the Multi-CAM 900 module for phase-detection focusing. This system enabled single central autofocus area, supporting continuous autofocus tracking at up to 3.8 frames per second. The F801 also featured advanced 5-segment matrix metering and a top film advance speed of 5.7 fps with the optional MB-4 , establishing it as a versatile semi-professional tool that bridged manual and automated workflows. Its success helped popularize autofocus among enthusiasts. Building on this foundation, Nikon's flagship autofocus SLRs advanced rapidly through the and , incorporating increasingly sophisticated metering and drive systems. The F4, launched in 1988 shortly after the F801, introduced a high-precision with a single wide-area central AF supporting dynamic autofocus tracking and focus priority modes. It offered 5-segment matrix metering for precise exposure in varied lighting, alongside a base film advance of 4.5 fps (up to 5.7 fps with ), making it a robust professional instrument for and . The F5, released in 1996, elevated performance with a five-area autofocus system using the Multi-CAM 1300 , enabling group-area focusing and rear-curtain sync, paired with color matrix metering that analyzed RGB data for scene recognition. Its 8 fps continuous shooting (with MB-5 pack) and 100-ISO sensitivity range set new benchmarks for speed and reliability in demanding environments. Finally, the F6 in 2004 featured an 11-point autofocus array with nine cross-type sensors via the Multi-CAM 2000 module, offering modes like dynamic-area AF for subject tracking and a low-light sensitivity down to -1 EV, complemented by 3D color matrix metering III and 8 fps drive, solidifying its role as Nikon's last film-based professional SLR until production ended in 2020. In the mid-1990s, Nikon briefly explored the (APS) format with the Pronea series, adapting its technology to the smaller IX240 standard (16.7 x 30.2 mm frame size) for consumer appeal. The Pronea 600i (Pronea 6i internationally), introduced in 1996, was Nikon's inaugural APS SLR, featuring a five-point phase-detection system compatible with IX-Nikkor lenses on a modified F-mount, along with 3D matrix metering and 2.5 fps advance. Subsequent models like the Pronea S (1997) added a pancake and title-index print (TIP) support for magnetic data encoding on cassettes, enabling features such as automatic print format selection (H, C, or P aspect ratios). Production continued until 2000 with variants like the IX and IX 240, but the APS ecosystem faltered due to the format's higher cost per exposure compared to 35mm, limited availability, processing complexities from magnetic data requirements, and the rapid rise of affordable digital cameras that rendered innovations obsolete by the early 2000s.

Rangefinder, Compact, and Specialized Film Cameras

Nikon entered the market with the Nikon I in 1948, marking the company's first 35mm camera production following post-war development efforts that began in 1946. This model featured a coupled and was followed by the Nikon M in 1949 and the Nikon S in 1951, which introduced improvements like a built-in in later variants and became popular among professionals for its robust construction and compatibility with Nikkor lenses. The , launched in 1957, represented the pinnacle of the rangefinder line with its advanced viewfinder offering framelines for multiple focal lengths, including 28mm, and features like a self-timer and compatibility, establishing it as a professional tool used in and scientific imaging. The original Nikon S3, introduced in 1958, simplified the SP's design with fixed framelines for 35mm, 50mm, and 105mm lenses while retaining high-speed capabilities up to 1/1000 second , appealing to users seeking a more affordable yet precise . In the compact 35mm camera segment, Nikon pioneered technology with the L35AF in 1977, nicknamed "Pikaichi" in for its top-tier performance, featuring a sharp 35mm f/2.8 lens designed in-house and fully automatic exposure control that simplified operation for everyday users. This model paved the way for the One Touch series, starting with the L35AF2 in 1982, which added a protective lens cover that slid open automatically and enhanced loading mechanisms, making it a for its portability and reliability in casual photography. The series evolved through models like the One Touch AF3 in 1987, incorporating a date back option and refined for closer focusing distances, emphasizing Nikon's focus on user-friendly . By the 1990s, the Lite Touch line, such as the Lite Touch 70 in 1991, introduced ultra-compact designs with zoom capabilities up to 38-70mm and weather-resistant bodies weighing under 200 grams, targeting active lifestyles with features like mode and red-eye reduction. Nikon specialized in underwater photography through the Nikonos series, beginning with the Nikonos I in 1963, an amphibious 35mm camera adapted from the French Calypso design and rated for depths up to 50 meters, equipped with interchangeable Nikkor lenses for sharp underwater imagery. Subsequent models included the Nikonos II (1968) with meter integration, Nikonos III (1975) adding a for external flash, Nikonos IV (1980) introducing and aperture-priority automation, and Nikonos V (1984) with TTL flash metering, all maintaining the series' reputation for durability until production ended in 2001. In parallel, Nikon ventured into cine with 8mm movie cameras like the Nikkorex 8 in 1960, a compact electric model with a 10mm f/1.8 lens for home use, followed by advanced Super 8 variants such as the R10 in 1977 featuring 6x zoom and sound recording capabilities. These were complemented by Cine-Nikkor lenses for 8mm and 16mm formats, including high-speed primes like the 25mm f/1.4 for 16mm , produced through the 1970s to support documentary and educational productions.

Digital Imaging Products

Digital SLR Cameras

Nikon entered the digital SLR market with the D1 in 1999, marking the company's first professional compatible with its longstanding F-mount lens system. This model featured a 2.74-megapixel CCD in a DX-format size (23.7 x 15.6 mm), delivering 2,012 x 1,324-pixel images and supporting 4.5 frames per second continuous shooting, which established a benchmark for rugged, professional-grade integrated with film-era . The D2 series, launched from 2003 to 2007, built on the D1's foundation with enhanced professional construction, including bodies and improved weather sealing for demanding field use. Key models included the D2H (2003, 4.1-megapixel DX-format sensor for high-speed action) and the D2X (2004, 12.4-megapixel DX-format emphasizing resolution and color accuracy), with later variants like the D2Xs (2006) refining and burst rates up to 8 frames per second. These cameras prioritized durability and speed, appealing to photojournalists and sports photographers while maintaining full F-mount compatibility. Nikon expanded its DSLR lineup with the introduction of distinct DX (APS-C) and FX (full-frame) sensor formats, catering to entry-level and professional users alike. The D70 (2004) served as an accessible DX-format entry point with a 6.1-megapixel sensor, intuitive controls, and affordable pricing, making digital SLRs viable for enthusiasts. The D3 (2007) pioneered FX-format adoption in Nikon's pro line, featuring a 12.1-megapixel full-frame CMOS sensor for superior low-light performance and dynamic range, alongside the debut of the EXPEED image-processing engine for faster data handling and noise reduction. Advancements continued through the with higher-resolution sensors and multimedia capabilities, exemplified by the D850 (2017), a 45.7-megapixel FX-format flagship that leveraged the 5 processor for ISO ranges up to 25,600 and 7-9 frames per second shooting. This model integrated F-mount seamlessly, supporting extensive lens ecosystems while introducing full-frame 4K UHD video at 30p for hybrid workflows. Similarly, the DX-format D7500 (2017) incorporated 5 and 4K UHD video recording up to 30p, bridging needs with 20.9-megapixel resolution and 8 frames per second bursts in a compact body. The D6 (2020) solidified Nikon's sports and action-oriented DSLR leadership as the final major F-mount flagship, equipped with a 20.8-megapixel FX-format sensor, EXPEED 6 processor, and 105-point all-cross-type autofocus system optimized for tracking fast subjects at up to 14 frames per second. Designed for extreme reliability, it includes built-in GPS and dual card slots for redundancy in professional environments. In 2024, firmware version 1.60 enhanced the D6's connectivity by updating the GNSS module for better quasi-zenith satellite acquisition and refining wireless settings for improved network stability. These developments underscore Nikon's focus on sensor evolution, processing power, and F-mount versatility in DSLRs, even as the industry shifted toward mirrorless systems.

Mirrorless Interchangeable-Lens Cameras

Nikon entered the mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera market in August 2018 with the introduction of the Z-mount system, featuring the Z6 and Z7 as its inaugural full-frame models. The Z7 utilized a 45.7-megapixel back-illuminated paired with a 493-point hybrid system, enabling 9 frames per second continuous shooting and 4K UHD video recording at up to 30 frames per second. Both cameras incorporated 5-axis in-body (IBIS) offering up to 5 stops of compensation, a first for Nikon's full-frame lineup, which significantly enhanced handheld shooting stability for both stills and video. The Z6, positioned as a more versatile all-purpose option, employed a 24.5-megapixel with a native ISO range of 100-51200, supporting 12 frames per second bursts and full-pixel readout 4K video without cropping. These models established the Z-mount's larger 55mm inner diameter, designed to accommodate wider light paths for superior optical performance compared to the legacy F-mount. The Z-series evolved rapidly to address demands, culminating in the Z9 flagship released in October 2021 as Nikon's first without a mechanical shutter. Featuring a 45.7-megapixel and the 7 processor, the Z9 delivered blackout-free 20 frames per second raw shooting with advanced 3D tracking , alongside 8K raw video capabilities at 60 frames per second. Its electronic shutter design eliminated vibration and shutter shock, enabling reliable high-speed capture for sports and . In May 2023, Nikon launched the Z8 as a compact hybrid model, sharing the Z9's 45.7-megapixel but in a smaller magnesium-alloy body weighing about 40% less. The Z8 supported 20 frames per second raw bursts, internal 8K N-RAW video, and up to 6 stops of IBIS with compatible lenses, positioning it as a versatile tool for both and cinematic production. Building on this, the Z6III arrived in June 2024 with a 24.3-megapixel partially that accelerated readout speeds to minimize distortion. This upgrade enabled 14 frames per second raw shooting, 6K/60p video, and enhanced low-light down to -10 EV, making it a high-performance mid-range option with improved video oversampling for sharper 4K output. By 2025, Nikon continued refining its mirrorless lineup with the Z5II, an updated entry-level full-frame camera announced in April and released shortly thereafter. The Z5II retained a 24.5-megapixel BSI CMOS sensor but integrated the EXPEED 7 processor for faster processing, adding 4K/30p uncropped video, 7.5 stops of IBIS, and subject-detection autofocus inherited from higher-end models. Priced at $1,699 body-only, it offered professional-grade features like dual card slots in an accessible package, appealing to enthusiasts transitioning from APS-C systems. In September 2025, Nikon released the ZR, its first dedicated full-frame cinema camera in the Z series, featuring a 24.5-megapixel CMOS sensor, Z-mount for interchangeable lenses, and advanced video capabilities including 6K RAW recording in R3D NE format at up to 59.97p, 32-bit float audio, and over 15 stops of dynamic range. Priced at around $2,200 body-only and available from late October 2025, the ZR targets professional filmmakers with compact design and integration of RED color science. Rumors of a Z9II successor persisted throughout the year, suggesting minor enhancements such as refined autofocus algorithms and extended battery life, though no official release occurred by November 2025, with speculation pointing to a potential announcement in late 2025 or early 2026. These developments underscored Nikon's commitment to advancing sensor technology and hybrid functionality within the Z ecosystem, emphasizing video prowess alongside stills excellence.

Compact, Bridge, and Fixed-Lens Digital Cameras

Nikon entered the digital compact camera market in the early 2000s with the Coolpix series, targeting consumer photographers seeking portable, easy-to-use devices with fixed lenses. The series began with models like the Coolpix 990, released in 2000, which featured a 3.34-megapixel 1/1.8-inch CCD and a 3x optical zoom NIKKOR lens equivalent to 38-115mm, marking Nikon's first foray into high-resolution digital compacts capable of raw image capture. This model set the stage for subsequent Coolpix iterations, emphasizing user-friendly interfaces, built-in flash, and compact designs suitable for everyday . The Coolpix S-series evolved as Nikon's lineup of stylish, slim compact cameras, prioritizing portability and advanced features for casual users. Introduced around 2007, these models incorporated slim profiles with resolutions progressing from 7 megapixels in early units like the S50 to 16 megapixels in later ones such as the S9300 (2012), which offered an 18x optical zoom, GPS tagging, and video recording. The series highlighted innovations like connectivity in models such as the S6800 (2014) with 12x zoom and Glamour Retouch effects, alongside image processing for enhanced low-light performance and vibrant colors, appealing to social media-savvy consumers. In the bridge camera segment, Nikon extended the Coolpix line with superzoom models blending DSLR-like ergonomics and fixed lenses for versatile shooting without interchangeable optics. The Coolpix P1000, launched in , exemplified this category with its groundbreaking 125x optical equivalent to 24-3000mm, paired with a 16-megapixel 1/2.3-inch and 4K UHD video capabilities, enabling extreme telephoto reach for and . Its robust build, electronic viewfinder, and vibration reduction system provided stability at full zoom, though the small limited low-light performance compared to larger-sensor rivals. Nikon ventured into premium compact territory with the in 2016, aiming to compete in the large-sensor fixed-lens market. Announced with three models—DL18-50, DL24-500, and DL24-85—the series promised 1-inch sensors for superior image quality, fast hybrid , and high-resolution EVFs, with zoom ranges from 18-50mm equivalent on the compact DL18-50 to 24-500mm on the superzoom variant. However, development delays arose from integration issues, pushing back the planned June 2016 launch; ultimately, Nikon canceled the entire lineup in February 2017, citing escalated development costs and profitability concerns amid a shrinking premium compact market. By 2025, Nikon's fixed-lens efforts had largely paused, with the company redirecting resources toward mirrorless systems, though rumors circulated about an updated Z30 II vlogging camera, building on the original Z30's compact form for video creators, potentially incorporating enhancements for content production. These developments reflect Nikon's ongoing adaptation to consumer trends favoring integrated, all-in-one designs over modular interchangeable-lens setups.

Photographic Optics and Accessories

Lenses for F-Mount and Z-Mount

The , introduced in 1959 with the camera, represents one of the longest-lived lens mounts in history, enabling a vast of interchangeable lenses for single-lens reflex cameras. Over the decades, Nikon has developed an extensive lineup, with approximately 360 F-mount NIKKOR lenses compatible with modern Z-series bodies via adapters, spanning primes, zooms, and specialized optics designed for professional and enthusiast use. Key innovations include the integration of Vibration Reduction (VR) technology starting in 2000, first implemented in the AF 80-400mm f/4.5-5.6D ED VR lens to counteract camera shake and enable sharper handheld images at slower shutter speeds. A flagship example is the AF-S NIKKOR 70-200mm f/2.8E FL ED VR, a professional telephoto zoom renowned for its constant f/2.8 , fluorite and extra-low dispersion elements for minimized , and advanced VR offering up to 4 stops of stabilization, making it ideal for sports, , and portraiture. In contrast, the Z-mount, launched in 2018 with the Nikon Z6 and Z7 mirrorless cameras, features a wider 55mm inner and shorter 16mm distance compared to the F-mount's 44mm and 46.5mm, allowing for larger optical elements and reduced aberrations in lens designs. Native Z-mount lenses, particularly the premium S-line series, emphasize superior resolving power and compactness; for instance, the NIKKOR Z 24-70mm f/2.8 S, released in 2019, delivers a standard zoom range with nano crystal and ARNEO coatings for flare resistance, multi-focus for rapid performance, and an f/2.8 throughout, catering to professional photo and video applications. is maintained through the Mount Adapter FTZ (and its FTZ II variant), which preserves full , control, and VR functionality for over 90 AF-S, AF-I, and AF-P F-mount lenses while extending support to manual-focus AI-series optics in a limited capacity. Nikon also offers specialized F-mount lenses like the Micro-NIKKOR series for , exemplified by the PC-E Micro NIKKOR 45mm f/2.8D ED, which combines extra-low dispersion glass for sharpness, and a maximum ratio of 1:2 without extension tubes. Tilt-shift capabilities are addressed in the PC-E lineup, such as the PC-E NIKKOR 24mm f/3.5D ED, providing ±11.5mm shift and ±8.5° tilt for perspective correction in and product shots, along with ±90° rotation for flexible orientation. For the Z-mount, ongoing developments include cinema-oriented primes announced in 2025 through collaboration with , aiming to expand the ecosystem with optics optimized for video production on Z-series bodies like the ZR camera. Third-party lenses for both mounts face occasional compatibility challenges, such as inconsistencies or update disruptions on Z bodies with adapters, particularly affecting brands like and due to proprietary communication protocols.

Electronic Flash Units and Film Scanners

Nikon has developed a range of electronic flash units under its Speedlight , which integrate with the company's Creative Lighting System (CLS) to provide photographers with advanced control over lighting through i-TTL balanced fill-flash metering and wireless communication protocols between compatible cameras and flashes. The CLS enables features such as automatic exposure adjustments, color information exchange for white balance correction, and multi-flash setups for creative off-camera lighting without requiring line-of-sight optical triggers. A key model in this lineup is the SB-900, released on , 2008, as Nikon's flagship Speedlight at the time, offering a maximum guide number of 48 (ISO 200, meters) and full support for i-TTL metering within the CLS framework. It introduced versatile zoom coverage from 17mm to 200mm (in 35mm equivalent), thermal protection to prevent overheating, and functionality to control up to three remote Speedlight groups for complex lighting scenarios. This unit emphasized creative control by allowing precise manual adjustments alongside automated TTL modes, making it suitable for both studio and location photography. Building on this foundation, the SB-5000 arrived in January as the first Nikon Speedlight with integrated for Advanced (AWL), operating at 2.4 GHz to support reliable triggering up to 98 feet away, even through obstacles. It retained i-TTL compatibility while adding a cooling system that dissipates heat 20% faster than predecessors, enabling up to 100 consecutive full-power flashes in a session. The SB-5000's radio capabilities expanded CLS protocols to include mixed optical and radio modes, facilitating multi-flash configurations with up to six groups of remote units for enhanced creative flexibility in professional workflows. These Speedlights maintain compatibility with Nikon's Z-series mirrorless cameras through i-TTTL flash control, supporting seamless wireless multi-flash setups that leverage the system's balanced fill-flash for natural-looking results in diverse shooting conditions. Nikon entered the film scanning market with the Coolscan series in , marking an early milestone in accessible tools for 35mm film by combining LED illumination with high-precision to capture detailed negatives and slides. The lineup evolved through the and , focusing on professional-grade resolution and automated corrections to preserve analog image quality in digital formats. Representative of the series' advancements is the LS-50 (Coolscan V ED), introduced in early 2004, which provided an of 4,000 dpi, 14-bit analog-to-digital conversion for 48-bit internally, and scan speeds as low as 20 seconds per frame with optional holders for strips or mounted slides. It incorporated Digital ICE4 technology for infrared-based dust and scratch removal, along with features like multi-sample scanning for , enabling high-fidelity suitable for archival and printing purposes. Production of the Coolscan series, including the LS-50, ended in 2007 as Nikon shifted focus from dedicated film scanners amid the rise of . Although official support for Nikon's proprietary Nikon Scan software was later discontinued, users can continue operating these devices with third-party alternatives like SilverFast, which provides updated drivers, IT8 , and enhanced for modern operating systems. This software integration has sustained the Coolscans' relevance for film enthusiasts seeking precise control over tonal curves, , and output formats such as TIFF or .

Sport and Precision Optics

Binoculars and Spotting Scopes

Nikon has long been recognized for its sport optics designed for birding, , and general outdoor viewing, with a strong emphasis on durable, weather-resistant construction to withstand harsh environmental conditions. The company's and spotting scopes incorporate advanced magnification technologies, such as extra-low dispersion (ED) glass elements that reduce for sharper, more color-accurate images, making them ideal for identifying distant subjects in natural settings. The series represents Nikon's premium line of tailored for demanding outdoor activities like and . For instance, the Monarch 8x42 model features ED glass lenses that enhance color fidelity and contrast, delivering bright, high-resolution views even in low-light conditions common during dawn or dusk birding. These are fully waterproof and fogproof, filled with nitrogen gas to prevent internal fogging, and include rubber armoring for a secure grip in wet or rugged terrain. Complementing the premium offerings, Nikon's Action Extreme series provides robust, entry-to-mid-level optimized for versatility in outdoor viewing. The 10x50 Action Extreme model, for example, offers powerful suitable for scanning wide landscapes or tracking moving , while maintaining a waterproof and fogproof design that submerges up to 3.3 feet for five minutes. This series prioritizes lightweight portability without sacrificing optical clarity, with multilayer-coated lenses ensuring reliable performance in rain, fog, or marine environments. In the realm of spotting scopes, the Fieldscope ED50 stands out as a compact, high-performance option for birders and nature enthusiasts seeking portable long-range viewing. Equipped with a 50mm ED objective lens, it minimizes color fringing for exceptional sharpness across the field of view, available in both straight and angled eyepiece configurations to accommodate user preference—straight for precise targeting and angled for comfortable extended observation from a prone or seated position. The scope supports zoom magnifications from 13x to 30x, with a wide that aids in locating and following subjects like migratory birds. Nikon enhances the utility of its Fieldscope series through dedicated digiscoping adapters, allowing users to attach compatible cameras for photographic documentation of wildlife sightings. The FSA-L1 adapter, for instance, connects Nikon F-mount DSLR cameras directly to the Fieldscope , enabling high-magnification without additional , ideal for capturing detailed shots of birds in their habitat. These adapters are designed for seamless integration, maintaining the scope's weatherproof integrity during field use. Key innovations in Nikon's sport optics include the adoption of phase-correction coatings on roof prisms, introduced in the company's during the 1990s to counteract phase shifts in waves, thereby improving resolution and contrast for clearer images in roof-prism designs favored for . More recently, in the 2020s, Nikon has incorporated lightweight carbon fiber bodies into models like the Travelite VI series, reducing weight to approximately 265 grams for the 8x25 model while enhancing durability and resistance to impacts—crucial for mobile birding excursions. In 2025, Nikon introduced new color variants for the 4x10D CF , continuing its advancements in sport optics. Nikon entered the rifle scope market in the late , focusing on precision for and tactical applications, with products emphasizing durability, clear imaging, and ballistic compensation features. The company's scopes were designed to withstand harsh field conditions, featuring waterproof and fogproof construction using purging, alongside fully multi-coated lenses for enhanced light transmission and reduced glare. The series, introduced in the early and updated in subsequent models like the Monarch 3, included popular configurations such as the 3-12x42mm variant equipped with a BDC (Bullet Drop Compensator) . This system allows shooters to estimate holdover for bullet trajectory at various ranges without manual adjustments, calibrated primarily for common hunting calibers like in the M-223 sub-model. The Monarch 3-12x42 featured a 4x zoom ratio, spring-loaded instant zero-reset turrets for 1/4 adjustments, and an Ultra ClearCoat optical system that provided sharp, high-contrast images even in low light. These scopes were built with a 1-inch main tube and offered a generous eye relief of 3.7 to 4 inches, making them suitable for recoil-heavy rifles. The ProStaff and BLACK series expanded Nikon's offerings for tactical and precision shooting, incorporating advanced features like illuminated reticles and zero-stop elevation turrets. The ProStaff 5 line, launched in the , utilized a bright optical system with precise hand-turn adjustments in 1/4 increments, and select models included illuminated reticles with red or green options at five intensity levels for better visibility in dim conditions. These scopes often featured MIL or reticles, side-focus adjustment starting at 50 yards, and a quick-focus for rapid targeting. The BLACK series, introduced in 2017, targeted AR-platform rifles with models like the BLACK 100 (1-6x24mm illuminated) and X1000 (4-16x50mm), featuring 30mm aircraft-grade aluminum tubes with hard-anodized matte finishes for corrosion resistance, zero-stop turrets to prevent over-dialing, and first focal plane reticles that maintained scale across magnifications. Both series emphasized ruggedness, with the BLACK line specifically designed for semi-automatic firearms and offering MIL/ adjustment options for long-range accuracy. In addition to standalone rifle scopes, Nikon developed related products like spotting scope adapters for range estimation, allowing integration with their handheld spotting scopes for hybrid tactical setups during shooting sessions. However, following a strategic shift, Nikon discontinued its entire riflescope lineup in late 2019, ceasing production by 2020 while maintaining other sport optics such as and . As of 2025, Nikon continues to service existing rifle scopes where parts are available but has not resumed production. This withdrawal marked the end of several lines, including and ProStaff models introduced post-2010, amid a refocus on core imaging technologies.

Industrial and Scientific Divisions

Nikon Metrology

Nikon Metrology is the precision measurement division of Nikon Corporation, specializing in industrial inspection and tools that leverage the company's longstanding optical expertise. Established in 2010, the division was formed by integrating Nikon Instruments Inc.'s industrial instruments business with the assets of Metris N.V., a Belgian firm acquired by Nikon in 2009. This acquisition expanded Nikon's capabilities into advanced 3D measurement technologies, including coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), which became a core focus for contact and non-contact inspection in environments. The division's product portfolio includes high-precision industrial microscopes for detailed surface analysis and integrated software solutions such as CMM-Manager, which supports multi-sensor 3D on manual and CNC CMMs. CMM-Manager enables seamless integration of vision measuring, , and touch probing to facilitate accurate of complex geometries. These tools emphasize non-contact methods to minimize part handling and enhance throughput in production settings. (Nikon previously offered scanners for rapid 3D data capture until divesting the business to LK Metrology in 2024.) In 2018, Nikon sold its CMM hardware business to ASF Metrology to concentrate on optical and non-contact innovations, while retaining software and related technologies. In 2025, Nikon integrated its Industrial Solutions Business Unit to strengthen B2B offerings in . Nikon Metrology's solutions are widely applied in quality control for the automotive and industries, where they ensure dimensional accuracy and defect detection in components like parts and airframes. In the , the division has advanced AI-enhanced vision systems, including AI Reconstruction software for computed (CT) scans that uses to improve image clarity and reduce scan times for internal inspections (released in 2024). These AI-driven tools support high-volume manufacturing by enabling faster analysis of intricate structures, such as lithium-ion batteries and additive-manufactured parts, while maintaining sub-micron precision.

Lithography and Semiconductor Equipment

Nikon has been a key player in semiconductor since the 1980s, developing the NSR (Nikon Step and Repeat) series of steppers and scanners essential for patterning circuits on wafers. These systems utilize projection optics to expose photoresist-coated wafers with ultraviolet light, enabling the production of advanced integrated circuits. Notable examples include the NSR-S635E, an ArF tool featuring a (NA) of 1.35, which supports high-resolution patterning for nodes down to 10 nm and below, and the NSR-SF155 i-line stepper optimized for high-throughput applications with overlay accuracy of ≤25 nm. Nikon's equipment also integrates with solutions for precise alignment and process control, though detailed measurement technologies are addressed in the Nikon Metrology division. In 2025, Nikon began accepting orders for the Digital System DSP-100, designed for back-end manufacturing processes. During the , Nikon held a significant market position in equipment, competing closely with ASML in dry and early immersion systems, but its share began declining in the as ASML advanced in (EUV) technology and captured over 80% of the overall market by 2023. By the , Nikon shifted focus to ArF (argon fluoride) immersion tools, which remain critical for logic and fabrication at mature and leading-edge nodes, with plans for a new ArF immersion system targeted for 2028 to regain competitiveness against ASML's dominance in advanced processes. This emphasis on supports the industry's transition to EUV by providing reliable deep (DUV) solutions for multi-patterning techniques. Nikon engaged in prolonged patent disputes with ASML and over technologies starting in the early , with initial lawsuits filed in 2004 alleging infringement on projection and liquid immersion methods. The conflicts escalated in 2017 when Nikon initiated multiple infringement cases in the , , and other jurisdictions, targeting ASML's use of Nikon's patents in scanner systems. These battles, spanning the and , were resolved in January 2019 through a comprehensive settlement agreement that included a €150 million payment from ASML to Nikon, mutual royalty rates of 0.8% on immersion system sales, and a 10-year cross-license covering all relevant patents.

Global Operations and Initiatives

International Subsidiaries and Partnerships

Nikon has expanded its manufacturing footprint internationally to optimize production efficiency and meet global demand. A key facility is the Nikon (Thailand) Co., Ltd. plant in Ayutthaya Province, established in October 1990 with operations commencing in 1991, initially focused on producing film cameras and later digital SLRs and lenses. By the early 2020s, the plant underwent significant expansion to accommodate production, with Z-series models like the Z6 and Z7 shifting there around late 2020, followed by full DSLR relocation by 2021; today, it serves as the primary site for most Nikon imaging products. In the realm of precision optics for eyewear, Nikon formed a 50/50 joint venture with Essilor in 2000, creating Nikon-Essilor Co., Ltd., to develop and manufacture eyeglass lenses, leveraging Nikon's optical expertise. This partnership remains active as of 2025, with EssilorLuxottica (Essilor's parent) increasing its stake in Nikon to 11.84% as of November 2025 and securing approval to reach up to 20%, further deepening ties in optical R&D and production. Complementing these efforts, Nikon maintains sales and service subsidiaries in major markets, including Nikon Imaging (China) Sales Co., Ltd. in Shanghai for regional distribution and support since the early 2000s, and Nikon Inc. in Melville, New York, as its U.S. headquarters handling operations across North America. Strategic alliances have bolstered Nikon's diversification into automotive and cinema sectors. Since 2020, Nikon has collaborated with Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation on advanced in-vehicle camera systems, integrating wide-angle and telephoto optics for enhanced driver assistance; this partnership culminated in a demonstration at CES 2025, showcasing applications like VR-enabled views for commercial vehicles. In 2024, Nikon acquired , a U.S.-based pioneer in high-end cinema cameras, in a move completed by April that integrates RED's sensor technology with Nikon's imaging pipeline, forming a robust to capture growing video markets. These initiatives reflect Nikon's adaptive supply chain, balancing in-house production with targeted global partnerships amid evolving industry demands up to 2025.

Sponsorships, Education, and Cultural Engagement

Nikon has long supported photography education through its Nikon School programs, established in 1993 with seminars and workshops aimed at enhancing technical skills and creative expression among photographers worldwide. By the 1980s, these initiatives expanded globally, offering hands-on training in camera operation, , and composition, with a focus on Nikon's evolving product lines. In the , Nikon School introduced comprehensive online courses, including modules dedicated to the Z-series mirrorless cameras, making advanced instruction accessible to a broader audience during periods of restricted in-person gatherings. The company has maintained a prominent role in sports sponsorships, particularly with the , where its cameras first gained widespread use among press photographers at the 1952 Helsinki Olympics and continued through special equipment provisions for the 1964 Tokyo Games. Nikon's involvement persists to the present, providing and gear like the Z9 and Z8 bodies to support high-speed event coverage at recent Olympics, such as Paris . In , Nikon became the headline sponsor of the Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards starting in , highlighting humorous and conservation-focused images to engage global audiences. Cultural engagement efforts include longstanding exhibitions at Nikon Salon venues, which began in Tokyo's district in 1968 to commemorate the company's 50th anniversary and promote photographic arts through displays of prominent Japanese and international works. Additional salons opened in in 1971 and in 1974, hosting ongoing exhibits that blend historical retrospectives with contemporary themes to foster public appreciation of imaging culture. The annual Nikon Photo Contest, established in 1969, further advances this mission by inviting global submissions in categories like single photos and photo stories, awarding works that inspire societal reflection and providing exhibition opportunities for winners. Nikon's products have permeated cultural narratives, notably in space exploration where modified cameras equipped with 55mm lenses were used aboard Apollo missions starting with for in-flight and lunar surface documentation. In cinema, Nikon SLRs appear in iconic films such as (1979), where they equip war correspondents, and (1987), capturing authentic Vietnam-era imagery. These references underscore Nikon's enduring influence on visual storytelling across scientific and artistic domains.

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