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Round barrow
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A round barrow is a type of tumulus and is one of the most common types of archaeological monuments. Although concentrated in Europe, they are found in many parts of the world, probably because of their simple construction and universal purpose.[citation needed]
In Britain, most of them were built between 2200BC and 1100BC.[1] This was the Late Neolithic period to the Late Bronze Age. Later Iron Age barrows were mostly different, and sometimes square.[2]
Description
[edit]At its simplest, a round barrow is a hemispherical mound of earth and/or stone raised over a burial placed in the middle. Beyond this there are numerous variations which may employ surrounding ditches, stone kerbs or flat berms between ditch and mound. Construction methods range from a single creation process of heaped material to a complex depositional sequence involving alternating layers of stone, soil and turf with timbers or wattle used to help hold the structure together.
The center may be placed a stone chamber or cist or in a cut grave. Both intact inhumations and cremations placed in vessels can be found.
Many round barrows attract surrounding satellite burials or later ones inserted into the mound itself. In some cases these occur hundreds or even thousands of years after the original barrow was built and were placed by entirely different cultures.
Numerous subtypes include the bell barrow, bowl barrow, saucer barrow and disc barrow.
Examples
[edit]Scandinavia
[edit]Denmark
[edit]Denmark has many tumuli, including round barrows. The round barrows here were built over a very broad span of time and culture, from the Neolithic Stone Age to the Viking Age. They show a large variation of construction design while sharing a common exterior look.[3] Tumuli were protected by law in 1937.
-
Loddenhøj near Aarhus. Many smaller round barrows in Denmark are encircled by agricultural fields. -
Tinghøjen near Randers. Many barrows are overgrown by shrubs or trees. -
The two round barrows at Jelling from the Viking Age, are the youngest in Denmark.
Britain
[edit]In Britain round barrows generally date to the Early Bronze Age although Neolithic examples are also known. Later round barrows were also sometimes used by Roman, Viking and Saxon societies. Examples include Rillaton barrow and Round Loaf. Where several contemporary round barrows are grouped together, the area is referred to as a barrow cemetery.
England
[edit]
Lincolnshire
[edit]- Beacon Hill, near Cleethorpes
- Bully Hill, near Tealby
- Bully Hills, Gräberfeld near Tathwell
- Burgh on Bain, Barrows near Burgh on Bain
- Burwell Wood, Barrows near Muckton
- Buslingthorpe, near Buslingthorpe
- Butterbumps, Gräberfeld near Willoughby
- Cleatham Barrow, near Manton
- Donnington-on-Bain, near Donington on Bain
- Folk Moot & Butt Mound, near Silk Willoughby
- Fordington Barrows, near Ulceby
- Grim's Mound, near Burgh on Bain
- Hagworthingham, near Hagworthingham
- Hatcliffe Barrow, near Hatcliffe
- Howe Hill, near Ulceby
- King's Hill, Barrow/Mound near Bardney
- Ludford Barrow, near Ludford
- Mill Hill, near Claxby
- Revesby Barrows, near Revesby
- Ring Holt, near Dalby
Ireland
[edit]
- Blessington demesne barrow, County Wicklow[4]
- Gaulstown Barrow, County Meath
- Mullyash Kerbed Cairn (bowl barrow), County Monaghan
- Wattstown Barrows, County Westmeath
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "A Brief Introduction to Bronze Age Barrows". 10 July 2015.
- ^ Two Iron Age round barrows and a Bronze Age round barrow
- ^ Dictionary: Rundhøj Archived 2019-12-25 at the Wayback Machine Alt om Fortidsminder (Denmark's Cultural Heritage agency) (in Danish)
- ^ "Eire > County Wicklow > Blessington Demesne 1 - Round Barrow". 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2025-06-09.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Round barrows at Wikimedia Commons
- Round barrow and barrow cemetery search results from The Megalithic Portal.
- Chart of Neolithic, Bronze Age and Celtic structures from Pretanic World.
Round barrow
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Definition and Characteristics
Physical Features
Round barrows are prehistoric monuments distinguished by their circular mounds, which are typically hemispherical, bowl-shaped, or bell-shaped, with diameters ranging from 5 to over 50 meters and heights up to 6 meters.[1] The mound's profile often features a flat or rounded top, and variations include low, saucer-like forms or disc-shaped platforms with minimal elevation.[1] These structures, dating primarily from the Neolithic to Bronze Age periods, were constructed to cover central burials.[1] At the core of the mound lies a central burial chamber or cist, commonly formed by stone slabs arranged to create a rectangular or polygonal enclosure for inhumation or cremated remains.[6] These cists, often capped with large flat stones, were placed directly beneath or within the mound material to protect the interred body or ashes.[7] Surrounding the mound, a concentric ditch—typically 1 to 2 meters wide and up to 1 meter deep—provided the earth or stone for construction, with the upcast material sometimes forming an outer bank.[8] In certain variants, kerb circles composed of standing stones or earthfast boulders encircle the base of the mound, serving as a retaining or delineating feature.[9] The composition of the mound varies regionally and by type, incorporating layers of turf, soil, chalk, gravel, sand, or larger stones such as sarsens, often stabilized with timber stakes or wattle revetments.[1] Bowl barrows, for instance, may consist primarily of earth piled in a simple dome, while bell barrows feature a more structured profile with turf or stone cappings.[1]Distinction from Other Barrows
Round barrows are distinguished from long barrows primarily by their circular plan form and association with Bronze Age burials, in contrast to the elongated rectangular or trapezoidal shapes of long barrows, which served as communal tombs during the Neolithic period.[1] Long barrows, dating to around 3800–3500 BC, typically measure up to 100 meters in length and 20 meters in width, often featuring segmented chambers for collective inhumations or cremations of multiple individuals over generations.[10] In comparison, round barrows, peaking in construction between 2000 and 1500 BC, enclose single or small group interments, reflecting a shift toward individualized burial practices.[1] Within the broader category of round barrows, the basic form—often termed a bowl barrow—differs from specialized subtypes such as bell, disc, and saucer barrows through the absence of distinctive surrounding features like berms, platforms, or elaborate ditch configurations.[1] Bell barrows include a flat berm separating the mound from the encircling ditch, creating a bell-like profile, while disc barrows feature a large central platform with smaller satellite mounds inside an outer bank and ditch.[1] Saucer barrows, by contrast, have a low, shallow mound surrounded by a broad ditch and pronounced external bank, giving a saucer-shaped appearance from above.[1] These subtypes, while sharing the circular mound core, incorporate additional earthwork elements that the simpler bowl barrow lacks, often indicating variations in ritual emphasis or status display.[8] Round barrows exhibit evolutionary connections to earlier Neolithic monuments, particularly henge enclosures and passage graves, as some examples incorporate or overlie these prehistoric structures, suggesting continuity in ceremonial landscapes.[1] Disc barrows, in particular, show morphological links to henges through their large diameters and internal divisions, potentially adapting circular ritual spaces for funerary use.[1] This development marks a transition from collective Neolithic traditions, exemplified by passage graves within long barrows, to the more focused Bronze Age mound burials.[10]Historical and Chronological Context
Origins and Timeline
The earliest round barrows in Britain date to the Late Neolithic period (around 3000 BC), becoming more widespread during the Early Bronze Age from around 2400 BCE, coinciding with the introduction of single inhumation burials under mounds.[11] These structures marked a shift from earlier Neolithic communal long barrows to more individualized memorials, often containing grave goods like pottery and metalwork.[12] In Scandinavia, similar round tumuli emerged on a large scale during the Early Bronze Age, building on Neolithic traditions but expanding significantly with the arrival of new cultural practices around 1700 BCE.[13] The construction of round barrows is closely linked to the migrations associated with the Bell Beaker culture, which originated on the continental European mainland around 2800 BCE and spread westward, reaching Britain by approximately 2450 BCE.[14] This movement introduced distinctive inverted-bell pottery, archery equipment, and single-grave burial rites that influenced the development of round barrow traditions in Britain, where Beaker-associated mounds became widespread.[11] Evidence from genetic and isotopic studies supports substantial population influx from the Continent, altering local practices and integrating with indigenous groups to shape barrow-building customs.[14] These Beaker influences extended indirectly to Scandinavian regions through trade and cultural exchanges across northern Europe, contributing to the adoption of round tumuli in the Nordic Bronze Age.[15] Round barrow construction peaked between 2000 and 1500 BCE across both regions, reflecting heightened social complexity and investment in funerary monuments during the height of Bronze Age societies.[12] In Britain, this period saw the proliferation of elaborate barrows, often in clusters, while in Scandinavia, thousands of tumuli dotted the landscape, particularly in Denmark where around 20,000 Bronze Age examples survive.[13] Usage continued sporadically into the Middle Bronze Age, but by 1000 BCE, the tradition declined sharply due to evolving burial practices, including the rise of urnfield cemeteries with flat cremation graves in central and northern Europe.[16] This shift marked a broader transition toward less monumental forms of commemoration in the Late Bronze Age.[17]Cultural Associations
Round barrows in Bronze Age Europe, particularly during the Early Bronze Age (c. 2500–1500 BC), often served as burial sites for elite individuals such as chieftains or high-status warriors, underscoring emerging social hierarchies within prehistoric communities.[18] These monuments typically featured central graves for prominent figures, accompanied by satellite burials of lower-status kin, reflecting a chiefly society where authority was demonstrated through elaborate funerary rites like cremation spectacles.[18] Variability in barrow size and construction, such as larger mounds with prestige items like jet or gold, further indicated status differentiation, though elite burials remained relatively rare compared to communal practices.[19] Beyond marking social rank, round barrows played a key role in ancestor veneration, acting as enduring repositories of communal memory and power tied to genealogical claims.[19] Prehistoric groups revisited and modified these sites over generations, depositing offerings to honor the dead and reinforce ancestral connections to the land, which helped structure social order and knowledge transmission.[19] This ritual reuse transformed barrows into focal points for community gatherings, where the living negotiated identity and continuity with forebears.[8] Round barrows also functioned in territorial marking, strategically placed on prominent ridges or boundaries to delineate community domains and assert claims over landscapes.[19] Clusters of barrows often framed natural features like rivers, symbolizing group territories and integrating the dead into the living's spatial practices.[19] Their visibility from afar reinforced communal boundaries in an era of increasing regionalization.[20] In some instances, round barrows exhibited connections to solar or celestial alignments, suggesting astronomical significance in ritual contexts.[19] Orientations toward solstices or equinoxes, observed in about 30 of 75 studied sites, linked burials to cosmic cycles, potentially symbolizing transitions between life, death, and seasonal renewal.[19] These alignments, such as midwinter sunrise views from certain barrows, integrated celestial events into funerary cosmology.[19]Construction and Design
Building Techniques
The construction of round barrows during the Bronze Age typically began with the excavation of a central grave pit, often rectangular or oval in shape, typically measuring 1.5 to 3 meters in length and 0.3 to 1.5 meters in depth, to accommodate the primary burial.[21][22] This pit was dug into the natural subsoil, sometimes overlying earlier prehistoric features, and served as the foundational element for the monument.[23] Once prepared, the body—typically in a crouched inhumation position—or a cremation urn was placed within the pit, accompanied by grave goods such as pottery, flint tools, or metal artifacts, before being sealed with a cover of stones, wood, or turves.[12] In some cases, a simple mortuary structure, like a wooden chamber or stake circle, was erected over the grave to protect the remains prior to mounding.[8] The mound was then formed by piling earth and stones in successive layers around and over the central pit, creating a dome-shaped structure that could reach diameters of 10 to 40 meters and heights of 1 to 3 meters. To stabilize these layers, particularly in cairn-based barrows, revetments consisting of wooden posts or stone kerbs—upright slabs set in a foundation trench—were employed as retaining walls, confining the material and preventing slippage during buildup.[24] For example, at Emmets Post on Dartmoor, a primary turf mound supported a central cairn, which was then enclosed by a stone kerb before a secondary turf layer was added.[24] Surrounding the completed mound, a concentric ditch was excavated to supply additional earth or stone for the structure, often V-shaped or flat-bottomed and 1 to 2 meters deep.[8] These ditches were typically interrupted by one or more causeways—narrow earthen bridges spanning the trench—to facilitate access for construction workers or ceremonial participants.[17] Such features, as seen in barrows at Tansor Crossroads in Northamptonshire, allowed continued interaction with the monument without fully encircling isolation.[17]Materials and Tools
Round barrows were primarily constructed using locally available earth materials, such as soil and turf, which formed the core of the mound structure. Soil, often consisting of clayey loam or silty sand, was piled in layers to create the earthen dome, while turf was stripped from the surrounding landscape and incorporated to stabilize and cover the mound. In regions with suitable geology, stones like flint nodules, sarsen blocks, or limestone were integrated into the base, kerb circles, or as cairn elements to reinforce the structure.[25][26] For grave goods integrated within the barrow, non-local materials such as amber beads or bronze artifacts were occasionally placed in central chambers or cists, reflecting trade networks but not forming the primary construction fabric. These were embedded during mound layering, where successive deposits of soil and turf alternated to build height and incorporate burials.[25] Prehistoric tools for barrow construction included antler picks, fashioned from red deer sheds, used to quarry chalk or break up hard ground for ditches and mound foundations. Wooden shovels and bone or scapula implements served for excavating and moving soil, with evidence from experimental replications confirming their efficacy in earthworks. Stone hammers, often made from flint or sarsen, shaped kerbstones and packed structural elements.[27][28] Materials were typically sourced from nearby landscapes, including soil and turf from site horizons or adjacent fields, and stones from local outcrops or quarries such as dolerite hills or flint-rich gravels. The scale of some barrows, requiring hundreds of cubic meters of earth, indicates organized labor involving community groups to transport and assemble these resources efficiently.[25][26]Archaeological Significance
Excavation History
The investigation of round barrows through excavation originated in the 18th century amid growing antiquarian interest in prehistoric monuments. Pioneering figures like William Stukeley conducted early digs, such as those on barrows surrounding Stonehenge between 1722 and 1723, employing methods that were advanced for the era but primarily aimed at revealing buried remains.[29] These efforts often prioritized the recovery of artifacts over contextual preservation, leading to the disturbance of many sites.[1] By the 19th century, barrow digging had become a widespread pursuit among antiquarians across Britain, frequently destructive and driven by treasure-seeking motives rather than scientific inquiry. Excavators like C.H. Woodruff in Kent targeted dome-shaped mounds with associated ditches, unearthing cremated remains and urns, though records were inconsistent and many findings were lost or inadequately documented.[29] This period saw hundreds of round barrows opened, contributing to a loss of archaeological integrity but establishing a foundational corpus of observations on their form and contents.[1] The 20th century marked a shift toward systematic and methodical excavations, emphasizing stratigraphic analysis and broader landscape context. Post-World War II initiatives by the Ordnance Survey's Archaeology Division played a key role, with field investigators documenting and partially excavating barrow cemeteries, such as the one identified on Middle West Down in 1955, to support national mapping efforts.[30] Scholars like Leslie V. Grinsell and Paul Ashbee further advanced this approach through comprehensive surveys and digs, cataloguing thousands of sites and revealing complex substructures beneath the mounds.[1] These excavations occasionally uncovered significant artifacts, such as urns and grave goods, informing early interpretations of barrow use.[31] Since the 1980s, modern archaeology has increasingly favored non-invasive techniques to investigate unexcavated round barrows, minimizing damage to fragile sites. Geophysical surveys, including magnetometry to detect magnetic anomalies from ditches and hearths, and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) for imaging subsurface layers, have become standard for mapping barrow interiors and surrounding features.[32] For instance, magnetometer surveys at Butterbump Round Barrow Cemetery in Lincolnshire have delineated the full extent of multiple barrows without physical intrusion.[32] These methods, complemented by aerial photography and LiDAR, have enabled the non-destructive study of hundreds of sites, transforming how archaeologists approach round barrow research.[29]Key Discoveries and Interpretations
Excavations of round barrows have uncovered common grave goods that illuminate the social and economic aspects of Early Bronze Age societies in Britain. Bronze axes and daggers, often found in male inhumations, served both practical and symbolic roles, with their craftsmanship indicating specialized metalworking and elite status.[33] Pottery urns, such as collared urns, and food vessels frequently accompanied cremated remains, suggesting their use in containing ashes or offerings during funerary rites.[1] Jet beads, prized for their luster and sourced primarily from coastal deposits in Yorkshire like Whitby, appear in high-status burials across southern England, evidencing long-distance trade networks that connected disparate regions through exchange of prestige items.[34] A significant pattern in round barrow archaeology is the presence of secondary burials, where later cremations or inhumations were inserted into pre-existing mounds, sometimes centuries after initial construction. This reuse of barrows for multiple interments, observed in sites across lowland Britain, implies that these monuments retained ceremonial importance, functioning as focal points for communal rituals and ancestral commemoration over extended periods.[35] Such practices highlight the barrows' role in maintaining social continuity, as communities returned to these earthworks to honor the dead, potentially incorporating new burials to reinforce lineage ties.[36] Interpretations of round barrows emphasize their multifaceted significance in prehistoric belief systems and social structures. Rich assemblages, including jet beads and bronze artifacts in assemblages like those from Clandon Barrow, position these monuments as status symbols for prominent individuals or families within hierarchical societies.[37] Grave goods deposited with the deceased suggest beliefs in an afterlife where such items ensured provision or prestige in the beyond, framing barrows as symbolic portals facilitating the soul's journey.[38] Modern DNA analyses of remains from Early Bronze Age barrows reveal close kinship among buried individuals, often forming patrilineal or bilateral family groups, which underscores how these sites embodied relational identities and communal bonds in funerary traditions.[39] Recent excavations, such as the 2023 discovery of a cemetery comprising twelve round barrows at Netherhampton Road, Salisbury, have revealed Beaker and Early Bronze Age cremation and inhumation burials accompanied by pottery and flint tools, providing further evidence of clustered monument use and ritual practices.[40]Geographic Distribution
Scandinavia
Round barrows exhibit a high density in the Scandinavian region, particularly in Denmark and southern Sweden, where they are frequently arranged in clusters referred to as barrow cemeteries. These cemeteries, comprising multiple mounds in close proximity, served as focal points for communal burial practices and likely reinforced social hierarchies within local communities. In Denmark, around 20,000 Bronze Age barrows are estimated to have been recorded, though archaeological records indicate that a minimum of 50,000 barrows were constructed during the Early Bronze Age alone, reflecting intensive landscape modification and ritual activity across the peninsula, with many since destroyed.[41][42] Southern Sweden features comparable concentrations, especially in areas like Scania and Halland, where barrows dominate prehistoric landscapes and indicate shared cultural practices across the Øresund region.[43] The chronology of round barrows in Scandinavia aligns with the Nordic Bronze Age, spanning approximately 1800 to 500 BCE, a period marked by technological advancements and social stratification. This era saw the widespread adoption of bronze metallurgy, with barrows serving as primary burial monuments that often contained cremated or inhumated remains accompanied by grave goods. Barrow construction peaked in the Early and Middle Bronze Age phases, coinciding with expanded settlement patterns and resource exploitation.[41][44] Adaptations of round barrows in this region frequently integrated elements such as ship settings—linear arrangements of standing stones mimicking vessels—or encircling stone rings, which underscored the maritime orientation of Nordic Bronze Age societies. These features, often positioned around or within barrow perimeters, symbolized voyages and seafaring prowess, aligning with the era's emphasis on navigation and coastal economies. Such integrations highlight how barrows functioned not only as tombs but as enduring markers of identity and cosmology.[45] The proliferation of round barrows during this timeframe was closely tied to robust maritime trade networks that imported copper and tin from distant regions, fueling bronze production and elite conspicuous consumption. Warrior elites, inferred from weapon deposits like swords and axes in prominent mounds, likely commissioned these monuments to assert status and commemorate martial achievements, thereby linking barrow-building to broader dynamics of power and exchange in prehistoric Scandinavia.[46][47]Britain and Ireland
Round barrows in Britain are predominantly concentrated in the chalk downlands of southern England, particularly in regions like Wessex, where over 4,000 examples have been identified.[12][48] In Ireland, round barrows—often manifesting as ring barrows—are more widespread but number over 3,000 recorded monuments, with notable concentrations in the midlands, such as in County Westmeath, where they form part of extensive prehistoric landscapes.[49][50] These monuments were strategically placed within the landscape to enhance visibility and integration with natural features, frequently situated on prominent chalk ridges or the slopes of river valleys in Britain, allowing them to serve as focal points in the terrain and often aligning with ancient trackways or boundaries between soil types.[51][20] In Ireland, similar considerations applied, with barrows positioned on elevated ground or near watercourses to emphasize their role in communal memory and territorial marking.[49] Irish variants of round barrows typically feature smaller earthen mounds, usually 15–25 meters in diameter, enclosed by ditches and banks, distinguishing them from the larger bowl barrows common in Britain and reflecting adaptations influenced by earlier Neolithic passage tomb traditions, such as the use of central burial pits or simple chambers within the mound.[49][50] These insular adaptations highlight a cultural emphasis on collective or repeated burials, contrasting with the more individualized interments often seen in British examples.[52]Continental Europe
In the Nordic Bronze Age zone, round barrows extended from southern Scandinavia into Jutland and northern Germany, forming a key part of the cultural landscape from approximately 1700 to 500 BCE. These tumuli, often constructed with earth and stone, served as prominent burial monuments and markers of social memory, with over 68,000 recorded in Jutland alone across roughly two-thirds of the peninsula.[53] In northern Germany, particularly Schleswig-Holstein, barrows numbered in the thousands, reflecting similar practices of mound-building over cremation or inhumation burials, though they declined sharply after the 11th century BCE as flat graves became more common.[54] These structures frequently featured revetment walls or post circles, emphasizing their role in communal rituals and territorial organization.[55] Further west in the Low Countries, encompassing modern-day Netherlands and Belgium, round barrows exhibited distinct variations during the Middle Bronze Age (circa 1800–1100 BCE), including flat-topped forms occasionally enclosed by palisades or ring ditches. These features, dated between 2000 and 1200 BCE, often surrounded central graves and were built on heathlands or sandy soils, with examples like those at Toterfout showing post circles of up to 130 stakes forming palisade-like boundaries around secondary cremation urns.[56] Such constructions, numbering in the hundreds among thousands of total barrows, highlighted adaptations to local environments and possibly ritual reuse, differing from the more convex profiles seen elsewhere.[57] Palisades, with posts 15–30 cm in diameter, added structural emphasis, though they were less prevalent than in Neolithic predecessors. To the east, round barrows became rare in Poland by the Late Bronze Age, where the Lusatian culture (1300–500 BCE) dominated with urn cremations typically placed in flat graves rather than mounds. However, isolated tumuli persisted, such as those at Siemirowice, linking earlier Tumulus culture traditions to Lusatian practices through occasional mounded urn burials.[58] These eastern extensions underscore a gradual shift away from monumental barrows toward simpler cremation rites, influenced by broader Urnfield traditions.[59] Overall, continental round barrows trace origins to the Bell Beaker culture's introduction around 2500 BCE, evolving regionally with cultural exchanges.[60]Notable Examples
Danish Sites
One of the most iconic Danish round barrows is the Egtved mound, located near Egtved in central Jutland, which dates to approximately 1370 BCE. This Early Nordic Bronze Age site contained an oak-log coffin burial of a 16- to 18-year-old female, known as the Egtved Girl, whose remains were exceptionally preserved due to the waterlogged, acidic conditions within the barrow. The coffin held her body along with a small birch bark box containing the cremated remains of a 5- to 6-year-old child, and her attire included a short corded wool skirt, a sleeveless blouse, a belt, foot wraps, and a blanket, all demonstrating advanced textile production techniques such as fine spinning and weaving with selected non-local wool sources.[61] These artifacts highlight the sophistication of Bronze Age clothing in Scandinavia, with the skirt's corded design and the blouse's intricate pleating reflecting cultural practices and possibly symbolic meanings related to status and gender.[61] The Borum Eshøj cemetery, situated near Aarhus in eastern Jutland, comprises three large adjacent round barrows forming a monumental complex, primarily associated with elite inhumations from around 1350 BCE. Excavated between 1871 and 1875, the site revealed three oak-log coffins: one containing an elderly man estimated at 50–60 years old, another a middle-aged woman around 40–50, and the third a young man or boy aged 20–25, all preserved with clothing and personal items suggesting familial or kin-group ties among high-status individuals, possibly chieftains. The central barrow, the largest at about 40 meters in diameter, likely served as the primary monument, with the others added sequentially, illustrating the reuse and elaboration of barrows over time in Danish Bronze Age funerary traditions.[62] The oak trees used for the coffins were felled in the same year, indicating coordinated elite burial practices, while the site's prominent hilltop location underscores its role in marking social prominence within the landscape.[62] Another significant example is the Muldbjerg barrow in western Jutland, a Middle Bronze Age round mound dating to circa 1375 BCE, featuring a central oak-log coffin inhumation of an adult male whose soft tissues, hair, and clothing were remarkably preserved. This burial, discovered in the 19th century, included a woolen wrap and other textiles wrapped around the body, along with bronze ornaments that denote high social standing, consistent with patterns of elite male representation in Danish barrows through well-groomed appearances and quality craftsmanship. The site's wet core construction aided preservation, providing key evidence for personal adornment and identity in the period, with the man's swept-back hairstyle and manicured hands suggesting deliberate emphasis on masculinity and mobility in elite contexts.[41][63]English Sites
England's round barrows exhibit a notable concentration in the southern counties, particularly Wiltshire and Dorset, where they form integral parts of broader prehistoric ceremonial landscapes.[64] Bush Barrow, located in Wiltshire within the Stonehenge landscape, dates to approximately 1900–1700 BCE and housed a primary burial of an elite individual accompanied by exceptional grave goods, including a lozenge-shaped gold breastplate and riveted gold plates adorning a bronze dagger hilt.[65] These artifacts, among the finest from the early Bronze Age, reflect advanced metallurgical skills and high social status.[65] The Amesbury Archer site, situated three miles southeast of Stonehenge in Wiltshire and dated to around 2300 BCE, represents a Beaker-period burial of a man aged 35–45, equipped with archery gear such as hundreds of flint arrowheads and five sandstone wristguards to protect against bowstring recoil, alongside metalwork including three copper knives and two gold ornaments.[66] This grave, containing over 100 objects, is the richest Beaker interment known in Britain and indicates the deceased's possible continental origins based on strontium isotope analysis of his teeth.[66] Further east in Dorset, the Oakley Down barrow group consists of at least 26 mounds spread across two spurs, encompassing diverse types such as 16 bowl barrows (2400–1500 BCE), six disc barrows (1400–1200 BCE), one saucer barrow (1800–1200 BCE), and three oval mounds, demonstrating construction and use from the late Neolithic through the late Bronze Age.[64] Evidence of secondary burials within several barrows, including one Saxon inhumation, illustrates reuse of the site over centuries for funerary purposes.[64]Irish Sites
In Ireland, round barrows are predominantly ring barrows, consisting of a flat circular ditch with an external bank enclosing a central burial area, primarily dating to the Bronze Age (c. 2400–700 BCE) and representing a shift toward individual or small-group inhumations or cremations.[49] The Forrad (King's Seat) at the Hill of Tara in County Meath is a prominent Bronze Age ring barrow, a large flat-topped mound approximately 40 meters in diameter surrounded by a high bank, interpreted as a funerary monument possibly containing elite burials. This site, part of the renowned ceremonial complex at Tara, highlights the integration of barrows into landscapes of political and ritual significance during the Bronze Age.[67] The Linford Barrows in County Antrim, Northern Ireland, comprise two adjacent large circular mounds, each about 20 meters in diameter, surrounded by ditches and ramparts, forming a classic example of Bronze Age ring barrows believed to be ancient burial sites. Located in the Sallagh Braes area, these earthworks provide evidence of clustered funerary practices and have remained unexcavated, preserving their form within a multi-period archaeological landscape.[68] The Mountrivers ring barrows in County Cork feature multiple circular enclosures associated with a significant Bronze Age hoard discovered in 1907, including two gold ornaments, two bronze axes, a bronze bracelet, and other artifacts, suggesting high-status burials within or near the barrows. Dating to the Early Bronze Age, this site underscores the role of ring barrows in marking elite territories and accompanying rich grave goods in Irish prehistoric traditions.[69]References
- https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Primeval_Antiquities_of_Denmark/Second_Division