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July 14
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July 14 is the 195th day of the year (196th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 170 days remain until the end of the year.
Events
[edit]Pre-1600
[edit]- 982 – King Otto II and his Frankish army are defeated by the Muslim army of al-Qasim at Cape Colonna, Southern Italy.[1]
- 1223 – Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Philip II.[2]
- 1420 – Battle of Vítkov Hill, decisive victory of Czech Hussite forces commanded by Jan Žižka against Crusade army led by Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor.[3]
- 1430 – Joan of Arc, taken by the Burgundians in May, is handed over to Pierre Cauchon, the bishop of Beauvais.[4]
- 1596 – Anglo-Spanish War: English and Dutch troops sack the Spanish city of Cádiz before leaving the next day.[5]
1601–1900
[edit]
- 1769 – An expedition led by Gaspar de Portolá leaves its base in San Diego and sets out to find the Port of Monterey (now Monterey, California).[6]
- 1771 – Foundation of the Mission San Antonio de Padua in modern California by the Franciscan friar Junípero Serra.[7]
- 1789 – Storming of the Bastille in Paris. This event escalates the widespread discontent into the French Revolution.[8] Bastille Day is still celebrated annually in France.[9]
- 1790 – Inaugural Fête de la Fédération is held to celebrate the unity of the French people and the national reconciliation.[10]
- 1791 – Beginning of Priestley Riots (to 17 July) in Birmingham targeting Joseph Priestley as a supporter of the French Revolution.[11]
- 1798 – The Sedition Act of 1798 becomes law in the United States making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false or malicious statements about the United States government.[12]
- 1808 – The Finnish War: the Battle of Lapua is fought.[13]
- 1853 – Opening of the first major US world's fair, the Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations in New York City.[14]
- 1865 – The first ascent of the Matterhorn is completed by Edward Whymper and his party, four of whom die on the descent.[15]
- 1874 – The Chicago Fire of 1874 burns down 47 acres of the city, destroying 812 buildings, killing 20, and resulting in the fire insurance industry demanding municipal reforms from Chicago's city council.[16]
- 1881 – American outlaw Billy the Kid is shot and killed by Sheriff Pat Garrett in the Maxwell House at Fort Sumner, New Mexico.[17]
- 1900 – Armies of the Eight-Nation Alliance capture Tientsin during the Boxer Rebellion.[18]
1901–present
[edit]- 1902 – Peruvian explorer and farmer Agustín Lizárraga discovers Machu Picchu, the "Lost City of the Incas".[19]
- 1902 – The Campanile in St Mark's Square, Venice collapses, also demolishing the loggetta.[20]
- 1911 – Harry Atwood, an exhibition pilot for the Wright brothers, is greeted by President Taft after he lands his aeroplane on the South Lawn of the White House, having flown from Boston.[21][22]
- 1915 – Beginning of the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence between Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca and the British official Henry McMahon concerning the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire.[23]
- 1916 – Battle of Delville Wood begins as an action within the Battle of the Somme, lasting until 3 September 1916.[24][25]
- 1933 – In a decree called the Gleichschaltung, Adolf Hitler abolishes all German political parties except the Nazis.[26]
- 1933 – Nazi eugenics programme begins with the proclamation of the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring requiring the compulsory sterilization of any citizen who suffers from alleged genetic disorders.[27]
- 1942 – In the Wardha session of Congress, the "Quit India" resolution is approved, authorising Mahatma Gandhi to campaign for India's independence from Britain.[28]
- 1943 – In Diamond, Missouri, the George Washington Carver National Monument becomes the first United States National Monument in honor of an African American.[29]
- 1948 – Palmiro Togliatti, leader of the Italian Communist Party, is shot and wounded near the Italian Parliament.[30]
- 1950 – Korean War: beginning of the Battle of Taejon.[31]
- 1951 – Ferrari take their first Formula One grand prix victory at the British Grand Prix at Silverstone.[32]
- 1957 – Rawya Ateya takes her seat in the National Assembly of Egypt, thereby becoming the first female parliamentarian in the Arab world.[33]
- 1958 – In the 14 July Revolution in Iraq, the monarchy is overthrown by popular forces led by Abd al-Karim Qasim, who becomes the nation's new leader.[34]
- 1960 – Jane Goodall arrives at the Gombe Stream Reserve in present-day Tanzania to begin her study of chimpanzees in the wild.[35]
- 1960 – Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 1-11 ditches off Polillo Island in the Philippines, killing one person and injuring 44.[36]
- 1965 – Mariner 4 flyby of Mars takes the first close-up photos of another planet. The photographs take approximately six hours to be transmitted back to Earth.[37]
- 1983 – Mario Bros. is released in Japan, beginning the popular Super Mario Bros franchise.[38][39]
- 2001 – Australian criminal Bradley John Murdoch murders British tourist Peter Falconio and abducted his girlfriend in the Northern Territory.[40]
- 2001 – Rus Flight 9633 crashes during takeoff from Chkalovsky Airport, killing all 10 people on board.[41]
- 2002 – French president Jacques Chirac escapes an assassination attempt from Maxime Brunerie during a Bastille Day parade at Champs-Élysées.[42]
- 2013 – Dedication of statue of Rachel Carson, a sculpture named for the environmentalist, in Woods Hole, Massachusetts.[43]
- 2015 – NASA's New Horizons probe performs the first flyby of Pluto, and thus completes the initial survey of the Solar System.[44][45][46]
- 2016 – A man ploughs a truck into a Bastille Day celebration in Nice, France, killing 86 people and injuring another 434 before being shot by police.[47]
- 2019 – A GippsAero GA8 Airvan crashes in Umeå, Sweden, killing all nine aboard.[48]
Births
[edit]Pre-1600
[edit]- 926 – Murakami, emperor of Japan (died 967)
- 1410 – Arnold, Duke of Guelders, (died 1473)
- 1454 – Poliziano, Italian poet and scholar (died 1494)
- 1515 – Philip I, Duke of Pomerania (died 1560)
1601–1900
[edit]- 1602 – Cardinal Jules Mazarin, Italian-French cardinal and politician, chief minister of France from 5 December 1642 to 9 March 1661 (died 1661)[49]
- 1608 – George Goring, Lord Goring, English general (died 1657)
- 1610 – Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (died 1670)
- 1634 – Pasquier Quesnel, French priest and theologian (died 1719)[50]
- 1671 – Jacques d'Allonville, French astronomer and mathematician (died 1732)
- 1675 – Claude Alexandre de Bonneval, French general (died 1747)
- 1696 – William Oldys, English historian and author (died 1761)[51]
- 1721 – John Douglas, Scottish bishop and scholar (died 1807)[52]
- 1743 – Gavrila Derzhavin, Russian poet and politician (died 1816)
- 1755 – Michel de Beaupuy, French general (died 1796)
- 1785 – Mordecai Manuel Noah, American journalist, playwright, and diplomat (died 1851)
- 1801 – Johannes Peter Müller, German physiologist and anatomist (died 1858)
- 1816 – Arthur de Gobineau, French writer who founded Gobinism to promote development of racism (died 1882)[53]
- 1825 – Georgiana Hill, English cookery book writer (died 1903)[54]
- 1829 – Edward Benson, English archbishop (died 1896)
- 1859 – Willy Hess, German violinist and educator (died 1928)
- 1861 – Kate M. Gordon, American activist (died 1931)
- 1862 – Florence Bascom, American geologist and educator (died 1945)[55]
- 1862 – Gustav Klimt, Austrian painter and illustrator (died 1918)[56]
- 1865 – Arthur Capper, American journalist and politician, 20th Governor of Kansas (died 1951)
- 1866 – Juliette Wytsman, Belgian painter (died 1925)
- 1868 – Gertrude Bell, English archaeologist and political officer (died 1926)[57]
- 1872 – Albert Marque, French sculptor and doll maker (died 1939)
- 1874 – Abbas II of Egypt (died 1944)
- 1874 – Crawford Vaughan, Australian politician, 27th Premier of South Australia (died 1947)
- 1878 – Donald Meek, Scottish-American stage and film actor (died 1946)[58]
- 1885 – Sisavang Vong, Laotian king (died 1959)
- 1888 – Scipio Slataper, Italian author and critic (died 1915)
- 1889 – Marco de Gastyne, French painter and illustrator (died 1982)
- 1889 – Ante Pavelić, Croatian fascist dictator during World War II (died 1959)
- 1893 – Clarence J. Brown, American publisher and politician, 36th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio (died 1965)
- 1893 – Garimella Satyanarayana, Indian poet and author (died 1952)
- 1894 – Dave Fleischer, American animator, director, and producer (died 1979)
- 1896 – Buenaventura Durruti, Spanish soldier and anarchist (died 1936)
- 1897 – Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Thai military officer and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Thailand (died 1964)[59]
- 1898 – Happy Chandler, American lawyer and politician, 49th Governor of Kentucky, second Commissioner of Baseball (died 1991)
1901–present
[edit]- 1901 – Gerald Finzi, English composer and academic (died 1956)[60]
- 1903 – Irving Stone, American author and educator (died 1989)[61]
- 1907 – Chico Landi, Brazilian racing driver (died 1989)
- 1910 – William Hanna, American animator, director, producer, and actor, co-founded Hanna-Barbera (died 2001)
- 1911 – Pavel Prudnikau, Belarusian poet and author (died 2000)
- 1912 – Woody Guthrie, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 1967)[62]
- 1913 – Gerald Ford, American commander, lawyer, and politician, 38th President of the United States (died 2006)[63]
- 1918 – Fred Baur, American chemist and founder of Pringles (died 2008)[64]
- 1918 – Ingmar Bergman, Swedish director, producer, and screenwriter (died 2007)[65]
- 1918 – Arthur Laurents, American director, screenwriter, and playwright (died 2011)
- 1918 – Jay Wright Forrester, American computer engineer and systems scientist (died 2016)[66]
- 1920 – Shankarrao Chavan, Indian lawyer and politician, Indian Minister of Finance (died 2004)
- 1921 – Sixto Durán Ballén, American-Ecuadorian architect and politician, 48th President of Ecuador (died 2016)
- 1921 – Leon Garfield, English author (died 1996)
- 1921 – Armand Gaudreault, Canadian ice hockey player (died 2013)
- 1921 – Geoffrey Wilkinson, English chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1996)
- 1922 – Robin Olds, American general and pilot (died 2007)
- 1922 – Elfriede Rinkel, German concentration camp guard at Ravensbruck[67] (died 2018)
- 1922 – Käbi Laretei, Estonian-Swedish concert pianist (died 2014)
- 1923 – René Favaloro, Argentine surgeon and cardiologist (died 2000)[68]
- 1923 – Dale Robertson, American actor (died 2013)
- 1923 – Robert Zildjian, American businessman, founded Sabian (died 2013)
- 1924 – Warren Giese, American football player, coach, and politician (died 2013)
- 1924 – Dorothy Stanley, American educator (died 1990)[69]
- 1925 – Bruce L. Douglas, American politician (died 2025)
- 1926 – Wallace Jones, American basketball player and coach (died 2014)
- 1926 – Harry Dean Stanton, American actor, musician, and singer (died 2017)
- 1926 – Himayat Ali Shair, Urdu poet (died 2019)
- 1927 – John Chancellor, American journalist (died 1996)
- 1927 – Mike Esposito, American author and illustrator (died 2010)
- 1928 – Nancy Olson, American actress[70]
- 1928 – William Rees-Mogg, English journalist and public servant (died 2012)[71]
- 1929 – Jacqueline de Ribes, French fashion designer and philanthropist[72]
- 1930 – Polly Bergen, American actress and singer (died 2014)[73]
- 1930 – Benoît Sinzogan, Beninese military officer and politician (died 2021)
- 1932 – Rosey Grier, American football player and actor
- 1932 – Del Reeves, American country singer-songwriter (died 2007)
- 1933 – Robert Bourassa, Canadian lawyer and politician, 22nd Premier of Quebec (died 1996)
- 1933 – Dumaagiin Sodnom, Mongolian politician; 13th Prime Minister of Mongolia
- 1936 – Robert F. Overmyer, American colonel, pilot, and astronaut (died 1996)
- 1937 – Yoshiro Mori, Japanese journalist and politician, 55th Prime Minister of Japan
- 1938 – Jerry Rubin, American activist, author, and businessman (died 1994)
- 1938 – Tommy Vig, Hungarian vibraphone player, drummer, and composer
- 1939 – Karel Gott, Czech singer-songwriter and actor (died 2019)
- 1939 – George Edgar Slusser, American scholar and author (died 2014)
- 1940 – Susan Howatch, English author and academic
- 1941 – Maulana Karenga, American philosopher, author, and activist, created Kwanzaa
- 1941 – Andreas Khol, German-Austrian lawyer and politician
- 1942 – Javier Solana, Spanish physicist and politician, Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs
- 1945 – Jim Gordon, American rock drummer and convicted murderer (died 2023)[74]
- 1946 – John Wood, Australian actor and screenwriter
- 1947 – John Blackman, Australian radio and television presenter (died 2024)[75]
- 1947 – Claudia J. Kennedy, American general
- 1947 – Salih Neftçi, Turkish economist and author (died 2009)
- 1947 – Navin Ramgoolam, Mauritius physician and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Mauritius
- 1948 – Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu, Zulu king (died 2021)
- 1949 – Tommy Mottola, American businessman and music publisher
- 1950 – Bruce Oldfield, English fashion designer
- 1952 – Bob Casale, American musician, member of Devo (died 2014)[76]
- 1960 – Anna Bligh, Australian politician, 37th Premier of Queensland[77]
- 1960 – Kyle Gass, American musician, comedian, and actor[78]
- 1960 – Angélique Kidjo, Beninese singer-songwriter, activist and actress[79]
- 1960 – Jane Lynch, American actress (Glee), comedian, author, and game show host[80]
- 1961 – Jackie Earle Haley, American actor and director[81]
- 1966 – Matthew Fox, American actor[82]
- 1967 – Robin Ventura, American baseball player[83]
- 1971 – Bubba Ray Dudley, American professional wrestler[84]
- 1972 – Steph Bridge, British World Champion kitesurfer[85]
- 1975 – Tim Hudson, American baseball player[83]
- 1977 – Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden[86]
- 1984 – Dagbjört Hákonardóttir, Icelandic politician[87]
- 1984 – Samir Handanović, Slovenian footballer[88]
- 1985 – Darrelle Revis, American football player[89]
- 1985 – Phoebe Waller-Bridge, English actress and screenwriter[90]
- 1986 – Dan Smith, British singer, songwriter and record producer[91]
- 1987 – Adam Johnson, English footballer[92]
- 1987 – Dan Reynolds, American singer-songwriter[78]
- 1988 – Conor McGregor, Irish mixed martial artist[93]
- 1988 – Jérémy Stravius, French swimmer[94]
- 1990 – Paulo Muacho, Portuguese politician[95]
- 1994 – Lucas Giolito, American baseball player[96]
- 1995 – Harrison Butker, American football player[97]
- 1995 – Kim In-hyeok, South Korean volleyball player (died 2022)[98]
- 1997 – Neekolul, American internet personality[99]
- 2004 – Noah Clowney, American basketball player[100]
Deaths
[edit]Pre-1600
[edit]- 664 – Eorcenberht, king of Kent[101]
- 809 – Otomo no Otomaro, Japanese general and Shogun (born 731)
- 850 – Wei Fu, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty
- 937 – Arnulf I, duke of Bavaria
- 1223 – Philip II, king of France (born 1165)[2]
- 1262 – Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester, English soldier (born 1222)
- 1486 – Margaret of Denmark, daughter of Christian I of Denmark (born 1456)
- 1526 – John de Vere, 14th Earl of Oxford, English peer, landowner, and Lord Great Chamberlain of England (born 1499)
- 1575 – Richard Taverner, English translator (born 1505)
1601–1900
[edit]- 1614 – Camillus de Lellis, Italian priest and saint (born 1550)
- 1723 – Claude Fleury, French historian and author (born 1640)
- 1742 – Richard Bentley, English scholar and theologian (born 1662)
- 1774 – James O'Hara, 2nd Baron Tyrawley, Irish field marshal (born 1682)
- 1780 – Charles Batteux, French philosopher and academic (born 1713)
- 1789 – Jacques de Flesselles, French politician (born 1721)
- 1789 – Bernard-René de Launay, French politician (born 1740)
- 1790 – Ernst Gideon von Laudon, Austrian field marshal (born 1717)
- 1809 – Nicodemus the Hagiorite, Greek monk and saint (born 1749)
- 1816 – Francisco de Miranda, Venezuelan general (born 1750)
- 1817 – Germaine de Staël, French philosopher and author (born 1766)
- 1827 – Augustin-Jean Fresnel, French physicist and engineer, reviver of wave theory of light, inventor of catadioptric lighthouse lens (born 1788)
- 1834 – Edmond-Charles Genêt, French-American diplomat (born 1763)
- 1850 – August Neander, German historian and theologian (born 1789)
- 1856 – Edward Vernon Utterson, English lawyer and historian (born 1775)
- 1876 – John Buckley, English soldier, Victoria Cross recipient (born 1813)
- 1881 – William H. Bonney aka Billy the Kid, American gunfighter and outlaw (born 1859 or 1860)[17]
1901–present
[edit]- 1904 – Paul Kruger, South African politician, 5th President of the South African Republic (born 1824)
- 1907 – William Henry Perkin, English chemist and academic (born 1838)
- 1910 – Marius Petipa, French dancer and choreographer (born 1818)
- 1917 – Octave Lapize, French cyclist (born 1887)[102]
- 1918 – Quentin Roosevelt, American lieutenant and pilot (born 1897)
- 1936 – Dhan Gopal Mukerji, Indian-American author and scholar (born 1890)
- 1937 – Julius Meier, American businessman and politician, 20th Governor of Oregon (born 1874)
- 1939 – Alphonse Mucha, Czech painter and illustrator (born 1860)
- 1954 – Jacinto Benavente, Spanish author and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1866)
- 1965 – Adlai Stevenson II, American soldier and politician, 5th United States Ambassador to the United Nations (born 1900)
- 1966 – Julie Manet, French painter and art collector (born 1878)
- 1967 – Tudor Arghezi, Romanian author and poet (born 1880)
- 1968 – Konstantin Paustovsky, Russian author and poet (born 1892)
- 1970 – Preston Foster, American actor (born 1900)
- 1974 – Carl Spaatz, American World War II general; commander of the Strategic Air Forces in Europe (born 1891)[103]
- 1980 – Carlos López Moctezuma, Mexican actor (born 1909).[104]
- 1984 – Ernest Tidyman, American author and screenwriter; Academy Award winner for The French Connection (born 1928)[105]
- 1984 – Philippe Wynne, American soul singer (The Spinners) (born 1941)[106]
- 1986 – Raymond Loewy, French-American industrial designer (born 1893)
- 1991 – Constance Stokes, Australian painter (born 1906)[107]
- 1993 – Léo Ferré, Monacan singer-songwriter, pianist, and poet (born 1916)[108]
- 1998 – Richard McDonald, American businessman, co-founded McDonald's (born 1909)[109]
- 2000 – Pepo, Chilean cartoonist; creator of Condorito (born 1911)[110]
- 2005 – Cicely Saunders, English hospice founder (born 1918)[111]
- 2017 – Maryam Mirzakhani, Iranian mathematician (born 1977)[112]
- 2020 – Rosa, Spanish-born cow on French television (born 2001)[113]
- 2022 – Ivana Trump, Czech-American socialite and model (born 1949)[114]
- 2024 – Jacoby Jones, American football player (born 1984)[115]
- 2025 – B. Saroja Devi, Indian actress (born 1938)[116]
- 2025 – Andrea Gibson, American poet and activist (born 1975)[117]
- 2025 – John MacArthur, American evangelical preacher (born 1939)[118]
- 2025 – Fauja Singh, British-Indian centenarian marathon runner[119]
Holidays and observances
[edit]
- Christian feast day:
- Bastille Day (France and dependencies)[9]
- International Non-Binary People's Day[126]
- Republic Day (Iraq)[127]
- Victoria Day (Sweden). The birthday of Crown Princess Victoria is an official flag flying day in Sweden.[128]
- North Korean Defectors' Day (in South Korea)[129]
References
[edit]- ^ Legrand, Jacques (1989). Chronicle of the World. Eca, Publication. p. 330. ISBN 0-13-133463-8.
- ^ a b Sewell, Elizabeth Missing (1876). Popular history of France from the earliest period to the death of Louis XIV. London: Longmans, Green & Co. p. 110.
- ^ Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2006). A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 234. ISBN 978-11-34719-84-6.
- ^ Legrand, Jacques (1989). Chronicle of the World. Eca, Publication. p. 416. ISBN 0-13-133463-8.
- ^ Wernham, RB (1994). The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595-1603. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0198204435.
- ^ Janin, Hunt; Carlson, Ursula (2017). The Californios: A History, 1769–1890. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 22. ISBN 978-14-76629-46-9.
- ^ Yenne, Bill (2004). The Missions of California. San Diego: Advantage Publishers Group. p. 40. ISBN 978-15-92233-19-9.
- ^ "Bastille Day". Edinburgh: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ^ a b "La fête nationale du 14 juillet (The national holiday of July 14)". Elysée. Paris: Gouvernement France. 21 October 2015. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ^ Etlin, Richard A. (1975). "Architecture and the Festival of Federation, Paris, 1790". Architectural History. 18. London: SAHGB Publications Ltd: 23–42, 102–108. doi:10.2307/1568380. JSTOR 1568380. S2CID 195026815.
- ^ Schofield, Robert E. (2004). The Enlightened Joseph Priestley: A Study of His Life and Work from 1773 to 1804. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 284–285. ISBN 978-02-71024-59-2.
- ^ "The Sedition Act of 1798". History, Art & Archives. Washington, DC: United States House of Representatives. 10 July 1798. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ^ Hornborg, Eirik (1955). När riket sprängdes: fälttågen i Finland och Västerbotten, 1808-1809 (in Swedish). Stockholm: P. A. Norstedts och Söners Förlag.
- ^ "The World's Fair in New York". The New York Times. July 17, 1852. p. 2. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ^ Whymper, Edward (1871). Scrambles Amongst the Alps in the Years 1860–69. London: John Murray. pp. 387–389. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
- ^ Keyes, Jonathan J. (1997). "The Forgotten Fire". Chicago History. 26 (3). Chicago Historical Society.: 52–65.
- ^ a b "Billy the Kid". Edinburgh: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
- ^ Thompson, Larry Clinton (2009). William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion: Heroism, Hubris, and the "Ideal Missionary". Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. 130, 138. ISBN 978-07-86453-38-2.
- ^ <Heaney, Christopher (2011). Cradle of gold: the story of Hiram Bingham, a real-life Indiana Jones and the search for Machu Picchu. MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-230-11204-9. Archived from the original on 2023-08-10. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
- ^ Distefano, Giovanni (2012). Centenario del campanile di san Marco 1912–2012. Venezia: Supernova. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-88-96220-57-3.
- ^ "Taft Greets Atwood after Rainy Flight" (PDF). The New York Times. 15 July 1911. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
- ^ Edwards, John Carver (2009). Orville's Aviators: Outstanding Alumni of the Wright Flying School, 1910–1916. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. Inc. p. 172. ISBN 978-07-86442-27-0.
- ^ Paris, Timothy J. (2003). Britain, the Hashemites, and Arab Rule, 1920–1925: the Sherifian Solution. London: Frank Cass. p. 24. ISBN 978-07-14654-51-5. Archived from the original on 2023-10-03. Retrieved 2021-01-13.
- ^ Miles, W. (1992) [1938]. Military Operations in France and Belgium 1916: 2 July to the End of the Battles of the Somme. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. pp. 4–61. ISBN 978-08-98391-69-5.
- ^ Sheffield, G. (2003). The Somme. London: Cassell. pp. 79–84. ISBN 978-03-04366-49-1.
- ^ "Gleichschaltung – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools". Vienna: Wiener Holocaust Library. 14 July 1933. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
- ^ Friedlander, Henry (1995). The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of Northern Carolina Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-08-07822-08-1.
- ^ "1942 Quit India Movement". Open University. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
- ^ Ortega, Richard I. (April 1976). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: George Washington Carver National Monument" (PDF). Jefferson City: Missouri Department of Natural Resources. pp. 1–19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
- ^ "Palmiro Togliatti". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
- ^ Fehrenbach, T.R. (2001). This Kind of War: the Classic Korean War History – Fiftieth Anniversary Edition. Sterling, Virginia: Potomac Books. p. 89. ISBN 978-15-74883-34-3.
- ^ "1951 British Grand Prix | Motorsport Database". Motorsport Database - Motor Sport Magazine. Archived from the original on 2021-07-14. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
- ^ Magdi, Ne'maat (25 August 2009). "راوية عطية: أول نائبة مصرية بعد الثورة" [Rawya Ateya: the First Egyptian Female Deputy After the Revolution]. Al Rai. The Parliament of Women (in Arabic). No. 11012. Kuwait: Al Rai Media. p. 7. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
- ^ Tripp, Charles (2007). A History of Iraq (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-05-21702-47-8.
- ^ Goodall, Jane; Peterson, Dale (2002). Beyond Innocence: An Autobiography in Letters: The Later Years. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 1. ISBN 978-06-18257-34-8.
- ^ "Accident Description". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
- ^ Ley, Willy (April 1966). "The Re-Designed Solar System". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. Vol. 24, no. 4. New York City: Doubleday. pp. 126–136.
- ^ "Nintendo Direct 2.14.2013". Nintendo. February 14, 2013. Archived from the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2013 – via YouTube.
- ^ Good, Owen (July 14, 2013). "Happy 30th Birthday to Video Gaming's Most Famous Brother". Kotaku. Gizmodo Media Group. Archived from the original on March 8, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
- ^ "Falconio detectives swoop on trucker". The Scotsman. 10 November 2003. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
- ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Ilyushin Il-76TD RA-76588 Chkalovsky Airport (CKL)". Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on 4 August 2022.
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External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to July 14.
- "On This Day". BBC. Archived from the original on 2006-08-22. Retrieved 2005-02-25.
- The New York Times: On This Day
- "Historical Events on July 14". OnThisDay.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-03. Retrieved 2020-06-04.
July 14
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
Events
Pre-1600
Eorcenberht, king of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Kent from 640 to 664, died on July 14, 664, likely of natural causes after a reign marked by the promotion of Christianity.[5] He was the first recorded English ruler to order the destruction of pagan idols across his realm and to enforce observance of Lent, succeeding his father Eadbald and expanding Kentish influence through alliances and monastic foundations.[6] Upon his death, he was succeeded by his son Ecgberht I, who initially shared power with his brother Hlothere, leading to a period of joint rule until Ecgberht's death in 673.[7] Jacobus de Voragine, Italian Dominican friar, chronicler, and Archbishop of Genoa from 1292, died on July 14, 1298, at approximately age 68, presumably from natural causes.[8] Best known for compiling the Legenda Aurea (Golden Legend), a collection of saints' lives that shaped medieval hagiography, preaching, and iconography across Europe for centuries, his work drew from earlier sources but popularized standardized narratives of miracles and martyrdoms. As archbishop, he mediated conflicts and reformed Genoese governance; his death prompted the election of a successor amid ongoing papal-Genoese tensions, with his writings enduring through multiple print editions post-Gutenberg.[8]1601–1900
- 1711: John William Friso, Prince of Orange and stadtholder of Friesland and Groningen, drowned at age 23 in the Hollands Diep near Dordrecht, Netherlands, when the ferry he was on capsized during a crossing to meet his wife; his untimely death disrupted the Nassau dynasty's leadership amid ongoing European power struggles, leaving his infant son as heir under regency.[9]
- 1827: Augustin-Jean Fresnel, French civil engineer and physicist known for advancing the wave theory of light and inventing the Fresnel lens for lighthouses, succumbed to tuberculosis at age 39 in Ville-d'Avray, France; his innovations, grounded in empirical optical experiments, enhanced maritime safety by improving lighthouse efficiency despite limited adoption during his lifetime due to institutional resistance to theoretical shifts.[10]
- 1881: Henry McCarty, known as Billy the Kid, an outlaw involved in the Lincoln County War and multiple murders in the New Mexico Territory's lawless ranching disputes, was shot and killed at age 21 by Sheriff Pat Garrett in Pete Maxwell's bedroom in Fort Sumner; the killing, occurring in darkness as the Kid entered unarmed but reaching for a weapon, represented a direct application of frontier law enforcement in territories lacking centralized authority, curtailing a spree that included escapes from custody and cattle rustling amid economic rivalries.[11][12]
- 1882: John Ringo, a gunfighter associated with the Clanton gang and conflicts in Arizona Territory's turbulent mining and ranching frontiers, was found dead at age 32 in Turkey Creek Canyon with a gunshot wound, officially ruled suicide but speculated by contemporaries as possible murder amid vendettas; his death exemplified the precarious individual agency in anarchic regions where formal justice was often supplanted by personal or posse resolutions, leaving unresolved tensions in the post-Earp era.[13]
1901–present
Faisal II, the last King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, was killed on July 14, 1958, at age 23 during a military coup led by General Abd al-Karim Qasim that overthrew the monarchy and established a republic.[14] Ascending the throne in 1939 after his father's death, Faisal's brief reign involved alliances with Western powers and Britain, including military pacts, which fueled resentment among pan-Arab nationalists viewing the monarchy as a pro-colonial puppet.[15] The coup's violence, including the slaughter of the royal family and Prime Minister Nuri al-Said, marked Iraq's shift toward Ba'athist and revolutionary instability, culminating in decades of dictatorship under Saddam Hussein; causally, the monarchy's elite detachment from popular aspirations contributed to its vulnerability, though the abrupt republican turn prioritized ideological fervor over institutional continuity.[16] Adlai Stevenson II, American Democratic politician, two-time presidential nominee (1952 and 1956), and United Nations ambassador under President Kennedy, died of a heart attack on July 14, 1965, in London at age 65.[17] As Illinois governor from 1949 to 1953, he implemented reforms in mental health and labor, earning praise for administrative competence, but his presidential campaigns against Dwight D. Eisenhower faltered amid perceptions of intellectual elitism and insufficient anti-communist resolve, capturing only 42% and 41.7% of the popular vote respectively.[18] At the UN, Stevenson gained fame for his 1962 confrontation with Soviet ambassador Valerian Zorin during the Cuban Missile Crisis, demanding evidence of missile withdrawal, yet his broader diplomacy reflected a preference for negotiation over confrontation, clashing with hardline anti-communist critics who accused him of underestimating Soviet infiltration risks in U.S. institutions.[19] In Cold War context, Stevenson's idealism—advocating disarmament and multilateralism—yielded eloquent advocacy but limited practical deterrence against aggressive expansionism, as evidenced by his dovish stances that prioritized moral suasion amid empirical threats from Khrushchev's regime.[18] Joaquín Balaguer, who dominated Dominican Republic politics as president for over two decades across multiple non-consecutive terms (1960–1962, 1966–1978, 1986–1996), died on July 14, 2002, in Santo Domingo at age 95 from heart failure.[20] Initially a puppet vice president under dictator Rafael Trujillo, Balaguer later consolidated power post-Trujillo assassination, overseeing economic stabilization and infrastructure growth—GDP per capita rose from $300 in 1966 to over $1,000 by 1978—through authoritarian measures including electoral manipulations and suppression of opposition, as documented in international reports of fraud in his 1990 and 1994 victories.[21] His legacy embodies causal trade-offs: fostering relative stability after 1965 civil war chaos via paternalistic rule, yet perpetuating clientelism and human rights abuses that hindered democratic consolidation, with blindness in later years symbolizing a regime reliant on personal loyalty over transparent institutions.[22] Dame Cicely Saunders, founder of the modern hospice movement and pioneer of palliative medicine, died on July 14, 2005, at her St Christopher's Hospice in London at age 87 from breast cancer.[23] Drawing from clinical observations in the 1940s–1950s, Saunders conceptualized "total pain"—encompassing physical, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions—and established St Christopher's in 1967 as the world's first purpose-built hospice, emphasizing symptom control over curative aggression for terminal patients.[24] Her empirical approach, validated by reduced suffering metrics in hospice settings (e.g., opioid protocols cutting pain scores by 50–70% in studies), shifted global end-of-life care from institutional isolation to holistic support, influencing over 10,000 hospices worldwide by 2020; critiques of over-medicalization in her model remain minor against data showing improved quality-adjusted life years for the dying.[25]Births
Pre-1600
Eorcenberht, king of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Kent from 640 to 664, died on July 14, 664, likely of natural causes after a reign marked by the promotion of Christianity.[5] He was the first recorded English ruler to order the destruction of pagan idols across his realm and to enforce observance of Lent, succeeding his father Eadbald and expanding Kentish influence through alliances and monastic foundations.[6] Upon his death, he was succeeded by his son Ecgberht I, who initially shared power with his brother Hlothere, leading to a period of joint rule until Ecgberht's death in 673.[7] Jacobus de Voragine, Italian Dominican friar, chronicler, and Archbishop of Genoa from 1292, died on July 14, 1298, at approximately age 68, presumably from natural causes.[8] Best known for compiling the Legenda Aurea (Golden Legend), a collection of saints' lives that shaped medieval hagiography, preaching, and iconography across Europe for centuries, his work drew from earlier sources but popularized standardized narratives of miracles and martyrdoms. As archbishop, he mediated conflicts and reformed Genoese governance; his death prompted the election of a successor amid ongoing papal-Genoese tensions, with his writings enduring through multiple print editions post-Gutenberg.[8]1601–1900
- 1711: John William Friso, Prince of Orange and stadtholder of Friesland and Groningen, drowned at age 23 in the Hollands Diep near Dordrecht, Netherlands, when the ferry he was on capsized during a crossing to meet his wife; his untimely death disrupted the Nassau dynasty's leadership amid ongoing European power struggles, leaving his infant son as heir under regency.[9]
- 1827: Augustin-Jean Fresnel, French civil engineer and physicist known for advancing the wave theory of light and inventing the Fresnel lens for lighthouses, succumbed to tuberculosis at age 39 in Ville-d'Avray, France; his innovations, grounded in empirical optical experiments, enhanced maritime safety by improving lighthouse efficiency despite limited adoption during his lifetime due to institutional resistance to theoretical shifts.[10]
- 1881: Henry McCarty, known as Billy the Kid, an outlaw involved in the Lincoln County War and multiple murders in the New Mexico Territory's lawless ranching disputes, was shot and killed at age 21 by Sheriff Pat Garrett in Pete Maxwell's bedroom in Fort Sumner; the killing, occurring in darkness as the Kid entered unarmed but reaching for a weapon, represented a direct application of frontier law enforcement in territories lacking centralized authority, curtailing a spree that included escapes from custody and cattle rustling amid economic rivalries.[11][12]
- 1882: John Ringo, a gunfighter associated with the Clanton gang and conflicts in Arizona Territory's turbulent mining and ranching frontiers, was found dead at age 32 in Turkey Creek Canyon with a gunshot wound, officially ruled suicide but speculated by contemporaries as possible murder amid vendettas; his death exemplified the precarious individual agency in anarchic regions where formal justice was often supplanted by personal or posse resolutions, leaving unresolved tensions in the post-Earp era.[13]
1901–present
Faisal II, the last King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, was killed on July 14, 1958, at age 23 during a military coup led by General Abd al-Karim Qasim that overthrew the monarchy and established a republic.[14] Ascending the throne in 1939 after his father's death, Faisal's brief reign involved alliances with Western powers and Britain, including military pacts, which fueled resentment among pan-Arab nationalists viewing the monarchy as a pro-colonial puppet.[15] The coup's violence, including the slaughter of the royal family and Prime Minister Nuri al-Said, marked Iraq's shift toward Ba'athist and revolutionary instability, culminating in decades of dictatorship under Saddam Hussein; causally, the monarchy's elite detachment from popular aspirations contributed to its vulnerability, though the abrupt republican turn prioritized ideological fervor over institutional continuity.[16] Adlai Stevenson II, American Democratic politician, two-time presidential nominee (1952 and 1956), and United Nations ambassador under President Kennedy, died of a heart attack on July 14, 1965, in London at age 65.[17] As Illinois governor from 1949 to 1953, he implemented reforms in mental health and labor, earning praise for administrative competence, but his presidential campaigns against Dwight D. Eisenhower faltered amid perceptions of intellectual elitism and insufficient anti-communist resolve, capturing only 42% and 41.7% of the popular vote respectively.[18] At the UN, Stevenson gained fame for his 1962 confrontation with Soviet ambassador Valerian Zorin during the Cuban Missile Crisis, demanding evidence of missile withdrawal, yet his broader diplomacy reflected a preference for negotiation over confrontation, clashing with hardline anti-communist critics who accused him of underestimating Soviet infiltration risks in U.S. institutions.[19] In Cold War context, Stevenson's idealism—advocating disarmament and multilateralism—yielded eloquent advocacy but limited practical deterrence against aggressive expansionism, as evidenced by his dovish stances that prioritized moral suasion amid empirical threats from Khrushchev's regime.[18] Joaquín Balaguer, who dominated Dominican Republic politics as president for over two decades across multiple non-consecutive terms (1960–1962, 1966–1978, 1986–1996), died on July 14, 2002, in Santo Domingo at age 95 from heart failure.[20] Initially a puppet vice president under dictator Rafael Trujillo, Balaguer later consolidated power post-Trujillo assassination, overseeing economic stabilization and infrastructure growth—GDP per capita rose from $300 in 1966 to over $1,000 by 1978—through authoritarian measures including electoral manipulations and suppression of opposition, as documented in international reports of fraud in his 1990 and 1994 victories.[21] His legacy embodies causal trade-offs: fostering relative stability after 1965 civil war chaos via paternalistic rule, yet perpetuating clientelism and human rights abuses that hindered democratic consolidation, with blindness in later years symbolizing a regime reliant on personal loyalty over transparent institutions.[22] Dame Cicely Saunders, founder of the modern hospice movement and pioneer of palliative medicine, died on July 14, 2005, at her St Christopher's Hospice in London at age 87 from breast cancer.[23] Drawing from clinical observations in the 1940s–1950s, Saunders conceptualized "total pain"—encompassing physical, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions—and established St Christopher's in 1967 as the world's first purpose-built hospice, emphasizing symptom control over curative aggression for terminal patients.[24] Her empirical approach, validated by reduced suffering metrics in hospice settings (e.g., opioid protocols cutting pain scores by 50–70% in studies), shifted global end-of-life care from institutional isolation to holistic support, influencing over 10,000 hospices worldwide by 2020; critiques of over-medicalization in her model remain minor against data showing improved quality-adjusted life years for the dying.[25]Deaths
Pre-1600
Eorcenberht, king of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Kent from 640 to 664, died on July 14, 664, likely of natural causes after a reign marked by the promotion of Christianity.[5] He was the first recorded English ruler to order the destruction of pagan idols across his realm and to enforce observance of Lent, succeeding his father Eadbald and expanding Kentish influence through alliances and monastic foundations.[6] Upon his death, he was succeeded by his son Ecgberht I, who initially shared power with his brother Hlothere, leading to a period of joint rule until Ecgberht's death in 673.[7] Jacobus de Voragine, Italian Dominican friar, chronicler, and Archbishop of Genoa from 1292, died on July 14, 1298, at approximately age 68, presumably from natural causes.[8] Best known for compiling the Legenda Aurea (Golden Legend), a collection of saints' lives that shaped medieval hagiography, preaching, and iconography across Europe for centuries, his work drew from earlier sources but popularized standardized narratives of miracles and martyrdoms. As archbishop, he mediated conflicts and reformed Genoese governance; his death prompted the election of a successor amid ongoing papal-Genoese tensions, with his writings enduring through multiple print editions post-Gutenberg.[8]1601–1900
- 1711: John William Friso, Prince of Orange and stadtholder of Friesland and Groningen, drowned at age 23 in the Hollands Diep near Dordrecht, Netherlands, when the ferry he was on capsized during a crossing to meet his wife; his untimely death disrupted the Nassau dynasty's leadership amid ongoing European power struggles, leaving his infant son as heir under regency.[9]
- 1827: Augustin-Jean Fresnel, French civil engineer and physicist known for advancing the wave theory of light and inventing the Fresnel lens for lighthouses, succumbed to tuberculosis at age 39 in Ville-d'Avray, France; his innovations, grounded in empirical optical experiments, enhanced maritime safety by improving lighthouse efficiency despite limited adoption during his lifetime due to institutional resistance to theoretical shifts.[10]
- 1881: Henry McCarty, known as Billy the Kid, an outlaw involved in the Lincoln County War and multiple murders in the New Mexico Territory's lawless ranching disputes, was shot and killed at age 21 by Sheriff Pat Garrett in Pete Maxwell's bedroom in Fort Sumner; the killing, occurring in darkness as the Kid entered unarmed but reaching for a weapon, represented a direct application of frontier law enforcement in territories lacking centralized authority, curtailing a spree that included escapes from custody and cattle rustling amid economic rivalries.[11][12]
- 1882: John Ringo, a gunfighter associated with the Clanton gang and conflicts in Arizona Territory's turbulent mining and ranching frontiers, was found dead at age 32 in Turkey Creek Canyon with a gunshot wound, officially ruled suicide but speculated by contemporaries as possible murder amid vendettas; his death exemplified the precarious individual agency in anarchic regions where formal justice was often supplanted by personal or posse resolutions, leaving unresolved tensions in the post-Earp era.[13]