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An "Argent a chevron gules" in heraldic terminology
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External devices in addition to the central coat of arms
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A chevron (also spelled cheveron, especially in older documents) is a V-shaped mark or symbol, often inverted. The word is usually used in reference to a kind of fret in architecture, or to a badge or insignia used in military or police uniforms to indicate rank or length of service, or in heraldry and the designs of flags (see flag terminology).

Ancient history

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Appearing on pottery and petrographs throughout the ancient world, the chevron can be considered to be one of the oldest symbols in human history, with V-shaped markings occurring as early as the Neolithic era (6th to 5th millennia BC) as part of the Vinča symbols inventory. The Vinča culture responsible for the symbols appear to have used the chevron as part of a larger proto-writing system rather than any sort of heraldic or decorative use, and are not known to have passed the symbol on to any subsequent cultures.[1]

Many comparatively recent examples appear from approximately 1800 BC onward, beginning as part of an archaeological recovery of pottery designs from the palace of Knossos on Crete in the modern day country of Greece.[2] Furthermore the Nubian Kingdom of Kerma produced pottery with decorative repertoire confined to geometric designs such as chevrons.[3]

Heraldry

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A chevron is one of the heraldic ordinaries, the simple geometrical figures which are the foundation of many coats of arms. A chevron is constructed by choosing a visually appealing angle such as the golden angle or any other angle the artist prefers. It can be subject to a number of modifications including inversion. When the ends are cut off in a way that looks like the splintered ends of a broken piece of wood, with an irregular zig-zag pattern, it is called éclaté.[4] When shown as a smaller size than standard, it is a diminutive called a chevronel.

Chevrons appeared early in the history of heraldry, especially in Normandy. In Scandinavia the chevron is known as sparre; an early example appears in the arms of Armand Desmondly.[citation needed]

Rank insignia

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Rank chevrons visible on the uniforms of British and American Army Non-commissioned officers, 1943 in Tunisia.

In Western European tradition, chevrons are used as an insignia of the ranks variously known, depending on the country, as non-commissioned officer or sub-officer ranks. This usage has become the worldwide norm, but there are many exceptions where other insignia, typically stripes but sometimes stars, are used for such ranks instead.

Many countries, such as France and Italy, use chevrons proper, or colloquially, the chevrons "point up". Many others, such as most Commonwealth countries, use inverted chevrons, or colloquially, the chevrons "point down."

In the United States, the Army and Marines use chevrons proper (although prior to the 20th century this was not true), while the Air Force, Navy, and Coast Guard use inverted chevrons. Arcs, known as "rockers", are also added to chevrons to indicate higher rank.

English-speaking countries tend to use three chevrons for a sergeant and two for a corporal.

Canadian and Australian Forces often refer to chevrons as "hooks". In the Dutch armed forces they are nicknamed "banana peels".[5]

In the British Army, Royal Marines and Royal Air Force, chevrons are worn point down to denote non-commissioned officer rank, with one for lance corporal, two for corporal, three for sergeant, and three with a crown for staff sergeant (known as colour sergeant in infantry regiments and the Royal Marines) or flight sergeant (RAF). Branch and tradition results in variations in rank titles (corporal of horse being the equivalent of sergeant in the Household Cavalry) and spellings (serjeant in The Rifles). Large chevrons are also worn on the sleeves of Royal Navy sailors to denote good conduct rather than rank.

Although usually associated with non-commissioned officers, the chevron was originally used as an insignia to denote general officer ranks in the British Army. It was adopted from the insignia worn by cavalry during the 18th century, in particular the Household Cavalry. It was worn on the cuffs, forearms and tails of their coats, embroidered in gold bullion for the guards and silver for dragoons regiments. George III favoured the uniform of the Horse Guards, and his Windsor uniform followed a similar pattern. After 1768, a similar pattern uniform as worn by the King was introduced to general officers, with the number and spacing of the chevrons denoting rank. For example, a major general would wear his chevrons in pairs: two on the sleeves, and two on the tails. A lieutenant general would wear them in groups of three, and a full general's would be equidistant. This practice continued into the early Victorian era.

Examples

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Vexillology

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In vexillology, a chevron is a V-shaped stripe placed on a flag. It most often issues from the hoist and points toward the fly, or rises from the base and points upward. Chevrons may also be inverted and can appear in other orientations or placements across the field. The device may be narrow or broad, single or repeated, and may reach the flag’s edges or be couped (not touching them). A well-known example of a true chevron in flag design is the flag of the North American Vexillological Association. Other examples include the flag of Evaň, Czech Republic, Tulsky, Russia or the flag of the Southern African Vexillological Association, which contains two chevrons, one inverted. A chevron is not to be confused with a triangle, wedge, or pile, which are solid shapes rather than angled stripes.

Other uses as insignia

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Chevron used on Russian military vehicles during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

In some armies, small chevrons are worn on the lower left sleeve to indicate length of service, akin to service stripes in the U.S. military. The Israel Defense Forces use chevrons in various orientations as organizational designators on their vehicles, specifically which company within a battalion they belong to.[9]

NATO armed forces use the "Λ" chevron as insignia to represent the alliance between different armies, during peacekeeping missions.

The US-led coalition that took part in Operation Desert Storm used a black "Λ" chevron in a similar manner as NATO forces use it on their ground vehicles. The design was created by a soldier from the 3rd Armored Division after the US military sought markings to identify coalition vehicles due to increased fratricide incidents.[citation needed] Its symbolism, according to the artist SGT Grzywa, was meant to be a V for Victory, a tribute to WWII Coalition Forces.[citation needed]

"V" chevrons were historically used as the insignia of the Russian Volunteer Army during the Russian Civil War, and in modern times as one of the military insignia by Russian forces during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, and Russian civilians have used it in support of their government.[10][11]

French car maker Citroën uses a double chevron as its logo.

Chevrons on their side are also used as road signs to denote bends.

From the early 1950s until the early 2000s, Simplex, Faraday and many other companies manufactured the chevron series fire alarm manual pull station. The handle was shaped in a way where the handle looked like an inverted chevron.[12]

See also

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Chevron (insignia)

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The chevron is an ordinary in , depicted as an inverted V-shaped band issuant from the sides of the escutcheon, typically spanning one-fifth of the field's width. The term originates from the chevron, denoting a , reflecting its resemblance to the structural beams supporting a . Emerging in medieval European armory, it serves as a foundational charge for partitioning the shield or bearing additional tinctures and devices, with its apex commonly positioned near the fess point. Variations include the chevron enhanced (shifted upward), abased (lowered), wavy, engrailed, or inverted, enabling precise differencing among arms while adhering to principles of and placement. Inverted or interlaced chevrons, as seen in certain Swiss cantonal arms, further diversify its application, often combined with other ordinaries like bends or furs for complex blazons. Traditionally, the chevron has been associated with symbols of protection or shelter, though such interpretations stem from conjectural links to architectural elements rather than documented medieval intent.

Definition and Etymology

Geometric and Descriptive Elements

The chevron is a heraldic ordinary formed by two broad diagonal lines that converge to create an inverted V configuration, with the apex directed toward the chief of the escutcheon and the divergent ends terminating on the edges proximate to the base. This geometry derives from the representation of rafters in , though in armorial bearings it functions as a simple geometric charge bounded by straight lines unless otherwise specified in the . In conventional proportions, the chevron encompasses approximately one-fifth of the field's area, with each arm's thickness measuring between one-third and one-fifth of the escutcheon's overall width. The angle at the apex typically deviates from a precise 90 degrees, allowing narrower or wider configurations to accommodate associated charges or aesthetic balance, while the ordinary remains centered relative to the fess point for symmetry. An inverted chevron reverses this orientation, positioning the apex toward the base and the open ends toward the chief, altering the visual emphasis without changing the fundamental bilateral . Diminutives such as the chevronel halve the standard width, enabling multiple instances in patterns like chevronny, where the field is divided into repeated narrow chevrons of alternating tinctures. Line variations, including wavy, embattled, or engrailed edges, modify the basic straight-lined form to denote specific blazoned attributes, but preserve the core inverted V geometry.

Linguistic and Conceptual Origins

The term "chevron" derives from the chevron, referring to a in , a usage attested from the late in English contexts. This etymology traces further to capriōnem, linked to capreus and ultimately Latin caper (), evoking angular forms akin to horns, though the primary heraldic association emphasizes the rafter's shape. In heraldic , the word directly denotes the inverted V-shaped ordinary, mirroring the geometry of two rafters joined at their apex to form a beam. Conceptually, the chevron's adoption in stems from its representation of architectural stability, particularly the protective framework of a dwelling's . This link to building elements underscores a practical origin, where the symbol evokes the supportive role of rafters in enclosing and safeguarding a home, distinguishing it from more abstract charges. Early armorial rolls document the chevron as one of the foundational ordinaries, integrating this into the of medieval European by the 12th century. The design's simplicity and load-bearing connotation facilitated its prevalence, evolving from functional to a standardized of defense and lineage.

Historical Development

Prehistoric and Ancient Representations

Chevron-like patterns, consisting of intersecting diagonal lines forming V-shapes or , appear among the earliest known examples of symbolic by archaic humans. A flint nodule fragment from Germany's , dated to approximately 51,000 years before present via uranium-thorium dating, bears six deliberate diagonal incisions creating a chevron design across one surface, with researchers attributing the work to Neanderthals based on the site's faunal associations and absence of later Homo sapiens indicators. Similar motifs recur in portable art, such as zigzag engravings on tools and batons from European sites, where they form part of broader geometric repertoires potentially linked to protective or apotropaic functions, as evidenced by their prevalence on weapons and burial artifacts from 40,000 to 10,000 years ago. These prehistoric representations extend to , where chevrons—often reclassified from earlier "arrow" interpretations—feature as abstract geometric signs alongside lines, circles, and meanders in global petroglyphs and cave paintings from the onward, suggesting early experimentation with patterned abstraction rather than direct figuration. Nested chevrons also appear on etched pebbles from North American Archaic sites, such as the Craven Crawdad site in , where they integrate with arched and linear motifs on portable stones dated to around 8,000–10,000 years ago, indicating continuity in motif use across hunter-gatherer contexts. In ancient civilizations, chevron patterns persisted as decorative elements on durable media. Egyptian elite jewelry from the (circa 2686–2181 BCE) incorporated chevron motifs, likely symbolizing structural or protective forms akin to rafters or waves. Greek pottery and architectural friezes from the Geometric period (circa 900–700 BCE) employed chevrons to evoke motion or natural features like ocean waves, appearing on vases and temple decorations as repetitive border elements. Among the Maya, Classic period (250–900 CE) painted ceramics featured black-and-white chevron borders framing elite scenes, serving as compositional dividers in codex-style vessels from sites like those in the Petén region. These instances reflect chevrons' role as a versatile, non-figurative motif predating formalized , rooted in practical or architectural simulations rather than explicit symbolism.

Medieval and Heraldic Adoption

The chevron emerged as a prominent heraldic ordinary during the development of armorial bearings in 12th-century , particularly in regions like and , where arose to distinguish knights in tournaments and battles amid the proliferation of enclosed helmets. As a simple geometric charge resembling an inverted V, it offered high visibility on shields and banners, aligning with the practical needs of early that favored bold, easily recognizable ordinaries over complex charges. Chevrons appear among the earliest documented coats of arms, including those from the mid-12th century, and were frequently employed due to their versatility in combination with other elements. By the 13th century, the chevron had become standardized in size, typically occupying about one-third of the shield's height and positioned with its apex downward, though earlier depictions sometimes extended it closer to the shield's top edge. It is attested in foundational rolls of arms, such as those compiling noble bearings from the 1240s onward, and exemplified the preference for ordinaries that evoked structural stability, akin to roof rafters—its namesake in chevron. Notable early adopters included Norman and Anglo-Norman families, with the chevron often rendered in contrasting tinctures like or on azure for stark contrast; for instance, at the 1300 Siege of Caerlaverock, eight of the 22 described banners featured chevrons, underscoring its prevalence among feudal lords. In heraldic practice, the chevron symbolized or , reflecting its architectural and the imperative to safeguard lineage and estate, though such attributions were not rigidly codified until later treatises. Its adoption facilitated and signaling, spreading via and dynastic marriages across , the , and the by the 14th century, where it influenced subsequent variations like the chevronel (a diminished form) or inverted chevron. This geometric simplicity also lent itself to differencing arms among siblings, ensuring familial distinction without compromising identifiability.

Symbolic Interpretations

Traditional Heraldic Meanings

In traditional , the chevron derives its name from the chevron, meaning a , reflecting its resemblance to the inverted V-shape of structural beams supporting a or . This architectural origin led to interpretations of the charge as symbolizing , akin to the provided by or fortress against external threats. Heraldic authorities, such as Arthur Charles Fox-Davies in his 1909 A Complete Guide to Heraldry, emphasize this etymological link without endorsing speculative overinterpretations, noting that early uses prioritized form over abstract allegory. The chevron, as an ordinary occupying approximately one-fifth of the shield's field, was frequently granted to armigers who had demonstrated practical contributions to , including the of churches, bridges, or dwellings—acts that literally embodied protective . This association reinforced its connotation of guardianship and fidelity to duty, particularly in medieval contexts where such feats signified reliability and communal benefit over mere prowess. An upward-pointing chevron, the standard orientation, occasionally carried nuances of elevation or achievement, evoking the rise of a building's frame or the bearer's ascent through service. While later heraldic writers attributed additional virtues like truthfulness or vigilance to the chevron—drawing analogies to its stabilizing role—such meanings lack uniform attestation in primary rolls of arms from the 12th to 14th centuries, where placement and often mattered more than inherent symbolism. Fox-Davies cautions that many purported significances arose from post hoc rationalizations rather than prescriptive , underscoring the charge's primary value as a bold, distinguishable partition of the field. Inverted or reversed chevrons, less common, inverted this protective motif, sometimes implying or reversal of fortune, though evidence for fixed interpretations remains anecdotal.

Attributed Cultural Symbolism

In ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman contexts, the chevron motif was attributed with associations to deities, power, and protective qualities, often appearing in and as a of divine or safeguarding. Similarly, the V-shaped form has been interpreted across various historical cultures as representing , , and strength, reflecting its geometric simplicity evoking directional force or balance. Among Native American rock art traditions, a specific chevron variant—depicted as a narrow, elongated V to the right of a vertical line—symbolizes "good attitude," embodying positive disposition or spiritual alignment in petroglyphic expressions. In broader design and cultural motifs, the chevron pattern is sometimes attributed with evoking natural elements like mountains or life's fluctuations, symbolizing resilience or ascent in modern interpretive jewelry and textiles, though these draw from heraldic precedents rather than distinct indigenous meanings. Prehistoric attributions include a chevron on from over 50,000 years ago in a site, interpreted by as evidence of early symbolic or artistic intent, potentially denoting or marking rather than explicit cultural narrative. In contrast, some contemporary analyses link the chevron to modern emblems of prosperity or global commerce, as seen in , but these lack deep historical cultural roots and stem more from visual appeal than traditional symbolism.

Military Applications

Origins as Rank Insignia

The chevron as a insignia traces its roots to heraldic symbolism, where the inverted V-shape represented the rafters supporting the roof of a house, denoting structural integrity and honor as the "top of the house." This emblem was adapted for denoting (NCO) ranks in the around 1803, with chevrons worn on the lower sleeve pointing downward; displayed three chevrons, corporals two, and one. Prior uses in British units had employed chevrons for marking length of service rather than hierarchical rank, reflecting a gradual formalization of for . The military adopted the chevron for NCO ranks in 1821, influenced by British practices, initially positioning them point-down on the sleeve to signify the wearer's place at the "end of the line" of authority under officers. This orientation persisted in the U.S. Army from approximately 1820 until 1903, when chevrons were rotated point-up and reduced in size to enhance visibility and prestige. The U.S. Marine Corps formalized upward-pointing cloth chevrons for NCOs in 1836, following a three-year trial period, distinguishing them from Army conventions and emphasizing upward mobility in rank structure. Early chevrons served dual purposes, blending service duration with rank indication; for instance, during the , General awarded chevrons to soldiers for three years of honorable service, prefiguring their rank-specific adoption. This evolution prioritized empirical distinction of experience and leadership on the battlefield, where visible, standardized markings reduced confusion in command chains amid causal realities of fog and hierarchical necessity.

Design Evolution and Standardization

The chevron design for insignia evolved from heraldic influences into standardized V-shaped patches primarily denoting (NCO) ranks, with early adoption in the using downward-pointing chevrons for other ranks as early as 1803. In the , the Continental Army initially employed varied emblems like sashes and epaulets for NCO distinction, transitioning to sewn cloth chevrons on uniform sleeves by the early , oriented point-down to align with British practice from approximately 1820. A pivotal shift occurred in 1836 when U.S. Marine Corps NCOs adopted upward-pointing chevrons, marking an early divergence in orientation possibly to symbolize rising authority or aesthetic preference. The U.S. Army followed suit in 1902–1903, rotating chevrons to point upward and reducing their size from arm-encompassing proportions used during the Indian Wars era, a change attributed to improved visual appeal and distinction from downward-pointing marks associated with less prestigious roles like prisoners. This reorientation standardized the chevron as a compact, embroidered or felt patch, typically 3⅛ inches wide for higher ranks, worn on the upper sleeves of dress and service uniforms. Further design refinements included the addition of "rockers" (curved bars below the chevrons) for senior NCOs and central devices like , , or eagles to denote specific grades, evolving through and II regulations to incorporate branch-colored piping (e.g., blue and white for ). Standardization across U.S. services culminated in uniform codes like Army Regulation 670-1, specifying materials from felts to synthetic threads and subdued olive-drab variants for combat uniforms post-Vietnam. In contrast, chevrons retained downward orientation for enlisted ranks, with parallel evolutions in size and embroidery but without the U.S. flip, reflecting persistent national divergences formalized by early 20th-century dress manuals. Modern iterations, such as adjustments designating "large" and "small" chevrons for gender-neutral sizing (large at 3⅛ inches, small at 2 inches), and additions like digital camouflage-compatible prints, ensure legibility and functionality while preserving the core inverted-V form established over a century prior. These evolutions prioritized clarity in , with peer-reviewed histories confirming the chevron's role as a durable, scalable refined through iterative regulatory updates rather than radical redesigns.

International Variations and Examples

In the , chevron insignia for non-commissioned officers point downward and are worn on the upper right sleeve, with the number of chevrons denoting rank; a , for example, displays three chevrons below a crown. This orientation preserves historical conventions originating from 18th-century usage for warrant officers and NCOs. The diverged in 1902 by rotating chevrons to point upward, reducing their size, and standardizing them on both upper sleeves for enlisted ranks to enhance visibility and uniformity. Prior to this, US chevrons mirrored British designs with downward points, but the change aimed to distinguish NCO prestige amid expanding rank structures. French military tradition introduced upward-pointing cloth chevrons in 1777 to mark length of service and good conduct on coat sleeves, influencing later rank applications. During , inverted chevrons (pointing downward) appeared on French uniforms, paralleling contemporary enlisted structures for certain ranks. In the , chevrons denote ranks on collar and field uniforms; a wears one thick chevron, while lower sergeants use thinner variants. These variations reflect national adaptations, with many post-colonial and NATO-aligned forces adopting -style upward chevrons for , though nations retain British downward orientations.

Vexillological and Flag Uses

Chevron Patterns in Flags and Banners

In vexillology, a chevron pattern refers to a V-shaped charge or field division, typically inverted with the point downward, mirroring its heraldic counterpart used to partition the flag's surface or as a standalone element. This design element appears in various municipal and organizational flags, often retaining symbolic ties to protection or structural integrity from heraldic origins. The flag of the (NAVA), adopted in 2004 for its 38th annual meeting, exemplifies a prominent chevron application. Designed by James A. Croft, it features a white chevron on a black and white checkered background, where the chevron symbolizes the "V" in "" and connects to prior NAVA meeting flags. When displayed vertically, the design evokes additional geometric resonance with hosting locations, such as the shape of St. Paul, . Earlier NAVA iterations, like the 1981 flag for the 15th meeting in , incorporated an upright chevron in red and white, enclosing a to nod to the host nation while aligning with the association's emblematic motif. Chevron patterns also feature in municipal flags across , particularly in , where communal banners often divide fields per chevron to reflect local , and in the , such as instances with inverted yellow chevrons signifying initials or geographic features. Historical banners employing chevrons trace to medieval standards bearing armorial bearings, where the motif appeared as rafter-like supports in escutcheons displayed on gonfalons, though direct precedents remain tied to post-heraldic adaptations rather than ancient standalone uses. Modern vexillological designs occasionally propose chevrons for national variants, such as inverted forms in regional like those of Russia's Abansky or Votian proposals, emphasizing directional symbolism or territorial flow.

Notable Historical and Modern Instances

The chevron pattern has appeared in historical banners primarily through its role in , where it functioned as an ordinary charge on flags and standards borne by and knights from the onward, often symbolizing structural support akin to rafters in . These designs were displayed during medieval tournaments, battles, and sieges to identify bearers, with examples preserved in armorial rolls and illuminated manuscripts illustrating chevrons in various tinctures and orientations. In modern , the of the (NAVA), adopted on June 30, 1967, following a contest won by Harry Manogg, exemplifies a deliberate use of an inverted white chevron dividing a field into three triangles of blue, white, and red, evoking the "V" for vexillology while adhering to principles of simplicity and symbolism. This influenced subsequent vexillological society , such as those of regional associations. Switzerland's municipal system provides numerous contemporary instances, with over 2,200 distinct where chevrons—often directly translated from coats of arms—feature prominently; for example, the of Bolligen in the incorporates interlaced chevrons in black and gold, standardized in the mid-20th century as part of Switzerland's formalized cantonal .

Civil and Organizational Uses

In Uniforms and Ranks

In civil such as and , chevrons serve as rank on sleeves or collars, typically pointing upward to signify ascending , a convention borrowed from traditions during the professionalization of these organizations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These V-shaped stripes, often embroidered in gold, silver, or reflective materials on dark fabric, allow for quick visual identification of in operational settings. Unlike military usage, civil chevrons may incorporate department-specific colors, rockers for additional service indicators, or stars for specialized roles, but the core design emphasizes simplicity and durability for daily wear. In police departments, chevrons standardize rank progression: a typically wears two upward-pointing chevrons, while a displays three, positioned on the upper sleeves of the shirt or jacket. For instance, the Greensboro Police Department designates its s with a three-stripe chevron, and higher variants like III incorporate one upward stripe, two rockers, and a central . Some agencies add a single chevron for senior patrol officers or specialists, reflecting nuanced internal structures without altering the basic chevron motif. Corrections officers in state departments also employ chevrons to denote tenure and supervisory roles. The Department of requires permanent correctional officers to wear one silver chevron with a gold border beneath the agency patch and on the sleeve. In Virginia's Department of , small chevrons are positioned equidistant on shirt collars, aligned to bisect the collar angle, emphasizing visibility in confined environments. New Hampshire's corrections policy mandates chevrons with points upward, centered on epaulets or sleeves, to maintain uniformity across class A and B attire. Fire and occasionally adopt chevrons for non-officer ranks, though bars and bugles predominate for lieutenants and captains; sergeant-equivalent positions may use three chevrons in smaller departments to align with organization. These applications ensure chevrons function as practical, low-profile markers of command in high-risk, team-based operations, with sizes standardized at 3 to 3.75 inches wide for compatibility across manufacturers.

Non-Military Insignia and Decorative Roles

In , the chevron functions as a non-military within coats of arms, denoting familial lineage, civic identity, or institutional affiliation rather than rank in armed forces. Originating as an ordinary charge, it appears as an inverted V-shape issuing from the sides of , often positioned along the fess line unless adjusted for accompanying elements. This usage traces to medieval European armory, where it symbolized structural support akin to roof rafters, evoking notions of protection or the "top of the house" for clan leaders, without inherent military connotation. Examples include civic emblems such as the inverted chevron in the arms of , and wavy variants in Swiss cantons like Bioley-Magnoux, illustrating regional adaptations for decorative and identificatory purposes. Beyond insignia, the chevron motif holds decorative roles across historical and artistic contexts, appearing in pottery, , and architecture from ancient periods. In architectural ornamentation, it manifests as a fret pattern of interlocking V-shapes, employed in friezes and moldings to enhance visual and structural emphasis, as seen in classical and medieval designs. Textile applications feature the pattern in woven or printed fabrics, valued for its geometric simplicity and dynamic visual effect, with evidence from early predating heraldic codification. These uses prioritize aesthetic and symbolic continuity over functional signaling, distinguishing them from rank-based applications. Variations such as chevronny—multiple parallel chevrons—or interlaced forms further diversify its ornamental potential in non-representational contexts.

References

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  39. https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/AFEHRI/documents/EnlistedHistory/mathews.pdf
  40. https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/british-army-ranks
  41. https://www.facebook.com/u.s.armyforthuachuca/posts/in-1902-the-nco-symbol-of-rank-the-chevron-rotated-to-what-we-would-today-call-p/10156675076870819/
  42. https://www.quora.com/While-I-was-researching-more-about-the-1st-World-War-I-saw-photos-and-sometimes-in-movies-of-French-soldiers-wearing-chevrons-that-were-stacked-up-to-5-or-more-What-do-these-chevrons-represent-Does-it-represent
  43. https://puolustusvoimat.fi/en/military-ranks
  44. https://www.reddit.com/r/WarCollege/comments/yrng1b/how_did_us_and_british_army_rank_insignia_diverge/
  45. https://www.nava.org/nava-38
  46. https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/vex-nav2.html
  47. https://nava.org/nava-15
  48. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flags_with_chevrons
  49. https://www.reddit.com/r/vexillology/comments/r6d83h/flags_with_an_inverted_chevron_including_a/
  50. https://pieceworkmagazine.com/stitch-time-chevron-stitch/
  51. https://www.nava.org/content.aspx?page_id=22&club_id=622278&module_id=464249
  52. https://nationalpolice.org/stars-bars-and-cop-cars/
  53. https://www.police1.com/how-to-become-a-police-officer/articles/what-are-the-ranks-of-police-officers-ubmv1W4wzK43uuM4/
  54. https://swordandpen.tripod.com/united-states-police-ranks.htm
  55. https://epolicesupply.com/insignia/ranks/chevrons.html
  56. https://www.greensboro-nc.gov/departments/police/about-gpd/rank-descriptions
  57. https://careerpoliceofficer.com/police-rank-insignias/
  58. https://vadoc.virginia.gov/files/operating-procedures/100/vadoc-op-105-1.pdf
  59. https://www.corrections.nh.gov/sites/g/files/ehbemt536/files/documents/1220-correctional-officer-uniforms.pdf
  60. https://www.fireawards.com/sechins.html
  61. https://www.amazon.com/Uniform-Chevrons-Medium-3-inch-Sergeant/dp/B00SKE92SE
  62. https://heraldry-wiki.com/wiki/Category:Chevrons
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