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2022
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2022 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar2022
MMXXII
Ab urbe condita2775
Armenian calendar1471
ԹՎ ՌՆՀԱ
Assyrian calendar6772
Baháʼí calendar178–179
Balinese saka calendar1943–1944
Bengali calendar1428–1429
Berber calendar2972
British Regnal year70 Eliz. 2 – 1 Cha. 3
Buddhist calendar2566
Burmese calendar1384
Byzantine calendar7530–7531
Chinese calendar辛丑年 (Metal Ox)
4719 or 4512
    — to —
壬寅年 (Water Tiger)
4720 or 4513
Coptic calendar1738–1739
Discordian calendar3188
Ethiopian calendar2014–2015
Hebrew calendar5782–5783
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat2078–2079
 - Shaka Samvat1943–1944
 - Kali Yuga5122–5123
Holocene calendar12022
Igbo calendar1022–1023
Iranian calendar1400–1401
Islamic calendar1443–1444
Japanese calendarReiwa 4
(令和4年)
Javanese calendar1955–1956
Juche calendar111
Julian calendarGregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar4355
Minguo calendarROC 111
民國111年
Nanakshahi calendar554
Thai solar calendar2565
Tibetan calendarལྕགས་མོ་གླང་ལོ་
(female Iron-Ox)
2148 or 1767 or 995
    — to —
ཆུ་ཕོ་སྟག་ལོ་
(male Water-Tiger)
2149 or 1768 or 996
Unix time1640995200 – 1672531199

2022 (MMXXII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2022nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 22nd year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 3rd year of the 2020s decade.

The year began with another wave in the COVID-19 pandemic, with Omicron spreading rapidly and becoming the dominant variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus worldwide. Tracking a decrease in cases and deaths, 2022 saw the removal of most COVID-19 restrictions and the reopening of international borders in the vast majority of countries, while the global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines continued. The global economic recovery from the pandemic continued, though many countries experienced an ongoing inflation surge; in response, many central banks raised their interest rates to landmark levels.[1] The world population reached eight billion people in 2022. The year also witnessed numerous natural disasters, including two devastating Atlantic hurricanes (Fiona and Ian), and the most powerful volcano eruption of the century so far. The later part of the year also saw the first public release of ChatGPT by OpenAI starting an arms race in artificial intelligence which increased in intensity into 2023, as well as the collapse of the cryptocurrency exchange FTX.

2022 was also dominated by wars and armed conflicts. While escalations into the internal conflict in Myanmar and the Tigray War dominated the heightening of tensions within their regions and each caused over 10,000 deaths, 2022 was most notable for the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the largest armed conflict in Europe since World War II. The invasion caused the displacement of 15.7 million Ukrainians (8 million internally displaced persons and 7.7 million refugees), and led to international condemnations and sanctions and nuclear threats, the withdrawal of hundreds of companies from Russia, and the exclusion of Russia from major sporting events.

Conflicts

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The ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine escalated after Russian president Vladimir Putin announced a "special military operation", stating that it was to support the Russian-backed breakaway republics of Donetsk and Luhansk, whose paramilitary forces had been fighting Ukraine in the Donbas conflict since 2014.[2]

Events

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January

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February

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March

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April

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May

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June

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July

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August

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September

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October

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November

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December

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Demographics

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The world population was estimated to have reached 8 billion after 11 years on 15 November 2022. China was the most populous country throughout the year, followed by India. Africa was the fastest growing continent.[306]

Births and deaths

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Nobel Prizes

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Nobel medal
Nobel medal
Category Recipient Country Rationale Source
Chemistry Carolyn Bertozzi United States United States for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry [307]
Morten P. Meldal Denmark Denmark
Karl Barry Sharpless United States United States
Economics Ben Bernanke United States United States for research on banks and financial crises [308]
Douglas Diamond United States United States
Philip H. Dybvig United States United States
Literature Annie Ernaux France France for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory [309]
Peace Ales Bialiatski Belarus Belarus for their efforts in documenting war crimes, human rights abuses, and the abuse of power in their respective home countries [310]
Memorial Russia Russia
Center for Civil Liberties Ukraine Ukraine
Physics Alain Aspect France France for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science [311]
John Clauser United States United States
Anton Zeilinger Austria Austria
Physiology or Medicine Svante Pääbo Sweden Sweden for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution [312]

References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia
from Grokipedia
2022 featured Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine on 24 February, Europe's largest conflict since . Queen Elizabeth II died on 8 September, ending her 70-year reign as the United Kingdom's longest-serving monarch. The COVID-19 pandemic persisted amid the Omicron variant's surge, while the James Webb Space Telescope released its first detailed images in July. Tensions rose between major powers, including over Taiwan, amid economic strains from inflation and supply disruptions tied to the war and pandemic recovery. Severe flooding in Pakistan affected millions, alongside cultural highlights like the FIFA World Cup in Qatar. Notable deaths spanned politics, entertainment, and science, as pandemic restrictions eased in many regions.

Events

January

Protests erupted in Kazakhstan on January 2 in Zhanaozen over a sharp rise in liquefied petroleum gas prices after the government lifted a price cap. They spread nationwide, evolving into demands for political reform and an end to corruption under Nursultan Nazarbayev's influence. Clashes with security forces killed hundreds and injured many, prompting President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev to declare a state of emergency, dismiss the government, and request Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) assistance. Troops from Russia and other members quelled the unrest by January 11. Tokayev's crackdown, including mass arrests and over 1,000 convictions, solidified his authority. The Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai submarine volcano erupted violently on January 15 northwest of Tonga, sending a plume to the mesosphere and triggering tsunamis that devastated Pacific coastal areas. Tonga's main island, Tongatapu, faced waves up to 15 meters, destroying homes, infrastructure, and ash-covered farmlands while disrupting communications and water for its 105,000 residents. Aid from Australia, New Zealand, and the European Union quickly provided water purification and emergency supplies. Unvaccinated tennis star Novak Djokovic arrived in Australia on January 5 for the Australian Open but faced visa cancellation over entry rules requiring COVID-19 vaccination. Despite court wins, the government revoked his visa again on January 14 citing public health risks. The High Court upheld deportation on January 16, barring him from the tournament and igniting debate on athlete vaccine mandates.

February

The occurred in Beijing from February 4 to 20—China's first Winter Games, held amid the COVID-19 pandemic under strict biosecurity measures. Countries including the , United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia issued diplomatic boycotts, barring officials in protest of China's human rights record, especially treatment of in Xinjiang. Athletes from over 90 nations competed, with Norway leading the medal tally. In Canada, the Freedom Convoy protests—sparked in late January against federal COVID-19 vaccine mandates for cross-border truckers—intensified in February, with blockades in Ottawa and at borders like Coutts, Alberta, disrupting trade and life. Thousands participated as demands broadened to anti-mandate sentiments, prompting Prime Minister Justin Trudeau to invoke the on February 14, its first use since 1988, to clear blockades and freeze organizers' bank accounts. On February 24, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine; President Vladimir Putin termed it a "special military operation" as forces advanced from multiple directions—including north toward Kyiv via Belarus and south near Kherson—while bombarding cities. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy declared martial law and mobilized reserves, as the U.S., EU, and allies imposed sanctions on Russian banks, officials, and energy exports. Early Russian gains captured the Chernobyl site and advanced in eastern Ukraine, though Ukrainian resistance slowed offensives.

March

The siege of Mariupol intensified in March as Russian forces surrounded the city, blocked humanitarian corridors with intense assaults, and caused over 2,100 civilian deaths by mid-month through relentless shelling. Ukrainian defenders, including at Azovstal steel plant, resisted the bombardment in one of the war's grimmest urban battles since February. On March 23, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken announced Russian forces had committed war crimes in Ukraine, citing deliberate attacks on civilians and infrastructure amid reports of forced deportations from areas like Mariupol. NATO leaders held an extraordinary summit on March 24 to strengthen alliance defenses against the invasion. Secretary General stressed increased support for Ukraine and deterrence on the eastern flank. At the 94th Academy Awards on March 27, actor Will Smith slapped comedian onstage after Rock joked about Smith's wife, Jada Pinkett Smith, igniting debate on celebrity conduct.

April

In early April, Russian forces withdrew from the Kyiv region, revealing evidence of civilian killings in Bucha and nearby areas. International observers and leaders condemned these as war crimes. On April 14, the Russian Black Sea Fleet flagship Moskva sank after a strike by Ukrainian ; Russia blamed a fire and rough seas during towing. On April 13, the pledged $800 million more in military aid to Ukraine, including heavy artillery and armored vehicles for eastern defenses. Meanwhile, Sri Lanka faced mass protests amid an economic crisis with fuel and food shortages. Several cabinet ministers resigned by early April, increasing pressure that led to Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa's resignation.

May

The inaugural Formula 1 Miami Grand Prix (May 6–8) drew criticism for its track surface's poor grip, which caused handling difficulties and safety concerns. On May 9, Russia marked Victory Day with a military parade in Moscow, where President Vladimir Putin praised soldiers in Ukraine as defenders against threats but avoided announcing escalations or nuclear measures. The Mariupol siege ended in mid-May when over 2,000 Ukrainian defenders at Azovstal surrendered under orders after completing their mission, allowing Russia to declare full control of the city. In Pakistan, turmoil after Prime Minister Imran Khan's April ouster intensified as he rallied supporters for a May 25 march on Islamabad, sparking clashes with police and demands for early elections amid claims of foreign interference.

June

The investigating the January 6, 2021, Capitol attack held its first prime-time public hearing on June 9, with unreleased footage and testimony on events leading to the riot. The hearings offered an initial summary of findings, followed by sessions through summer. On June 24, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6–3 in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization that the Constitution does not confer a right to , overturning Roe v. Wade (1973) and returning regulation to the states. The majority deemed Roe egregiously wrong, ungrounded in national history and traditions. The NATO summit in Madrid (June 28–30) bolstered support for Ukraine against Russia's invasion, with faster non-lethal aid and long-term security pledges. Leaders addressed Zelenskyy and strengthened deterrence against Russia.

July

On July 12, NASA released the first full-color images from the James Webb Space Telescope, providing unprecedented infrared views of distant galaxies, nebulae, exoplanets, and the deepest infrared image of the universe to date. A severe mid-July heatwave shattered temperature records across Western Europe, fueling widespread wildfires. Coningsby, UK, recorded 40.3°C on July 19, its highest ever. Portugal's Pinhão reached 47.0°C on July 14, the hottest July temperature in mainland Portugal's history, worsening regional drought and fire risks. Ukrainian forces intensified counteroffensives around Kherson Oblast, using long-range rockets to target Russian positions and infrastructure to reclaim occupied territories. Acknowledged by officials, these actions pressured Russian troops and enabled broader southern advances. After Boris Johnson's resignation, the Conservative Party leadership contest narrowed to Rishi Sunak and Liz Truss by July 20, with members to select the successor by early September.

August

On August 5, Israel conducted airstrikes in the Gaza Strip targeting positions, killing senior commander Tayseer al-Jabari and several militants in response to a PIJ leader's arrest in the ; PIJ and other groups fired over 100 rockets toward Israel. On August 6, further strikes killed another PIJ commander, Khaled Mansour, in Rafah, before a ceasefire took effect that day. intensified across Pakistan, worsening one of its worst natural disasters, displacing millions and causing over 1,700 deaths nationwide as rivers swelled and infrastructure collapsed. Extreme rainfall submerged vast areas of Sindh and Balochistan, overwhelming response efforts. The U.S. Senate passed the Inflation Reduction Act on August 7, the House on August 12, and President Joe Biden signed it into law on August 16. The act represented the largest federal investment in climate and clean energy, with tax credits for renewables and measures to lower prescription drug costs, while aiming to reduce the deficit and promote domestic energy production and healthcare reforms.

September

On September 8, Queen Elizabeth II died at Balmoral Castle in Scotland aged 96, ending her 70-year reign as the United Kingdom's longest-serving monarch. Her son Charles was immediately proclaimed King Charles III and formally announced as monarch at the Accession Council in St James's Palace on September 10. The transition, the first change of British sovereign in seven decades, extended Charles's throne to the UK and 14 Commonwealth realms. The UK observed national mourning, with the Queen lying in state at Westminster Hall from September 14 ahead of her state funeral on September 19. King Charles III set royal mourning until seven days post-funeral, curtailing household activities amid public ceremonies, gun salutes, and processions. In the United States, following the FBI's August search of former President Donald Trump's Mar-a-Lago estate for classified documents, federal judge appointed Raymond Dearie as special master on September 15 to review seized materials for privileges amid the investigation. In Russia's Dagestan, anti-mobilization protests against the Kremlin's partial draft for the Ukraine conflict led to clashes with police from September 22 to 30, involving tear gas, batons, and reported violence against detainees. Security forces suppressed the unrest, resulting in multiple arrests.

October

On October 4, Russia's Federation Council unanimously ratified the annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson, and Zaporizhzhia regions after late-September referendums in occupied territories. These were internationally condemned as illegitimate shams under duress. Iranian protests, sparked by Mahsa Amini's death in custody on September 16, intensified in October, entering their third week with demands for accountability and an end to women's repression. Authorities responded with violence, prompting a UN call on October 25 for an independent investigation into protest handling and an EU Parliament resolution on October 6 condemning the repression. Brazil's presidential election first round on October 2 advanced to a runoff on October 30, where Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva narrowly defeated incumbent Jair Bolsonaro, restoring leftist leadership. Northern Ireland Protocol tensions escalated in October, with the UK House of Lords debating a bill on October 11 to override parts amid post-Brexit trade disputes and bureaucracy. Assembly discussions around October 17 raised concerns over trader impacts and EU funding replacements.

November

On November 8, U.S. midterm elections gave Republicans a narrow House majority (222-213 seats), defying predictions of larger gains. On November 11, Ukrainian forces recaptured Kherson and Dnipro River right-bank areas from Russia, a major advance celebrated by locals waving Ukrainian flags. On November 12, Bolsonaro allies met at General Walter Braga Netto's home to plot a coup overturning Brazil's election results, including attacks on congressional institutions, as later investigations revealed. The FIFA World Cup began in Qatar on November 20, marking the host's debut with opening matches, but controversies over and a sudden stadium alcohol ban overshadowed the event.

December

On December 1, 2022, Russia and Ukraine exchanged 50 prisoners each amid ongoing hostilities, underscoring sporadic humanitarian efforts. China ended its zero-COVID policy on December 7, 2022, easing quarantine, mass testing, and travel restrictions after protests against prolonged lockdowns. The change enabled targeted measures in high-risk areas instead of city-wide shutdowns, sparking a case surge while shifting toward coexistence with the virus like other nations. Sam Bankman-Fried, founder of cryptocurrency exchange FTX—already facing financial mismanagement revelations—was arrested in the Bahamas on December 12, 2022, for wire fraud and money laundering tied to the platform's collapse and an $8 billion customer funds shortfall. Prosecutors claimed he mingled customer deposits with hedge fund Alameda Research for undisclosed ventures and political donations, one of the largest U.S. financial fraud cases. In the , President Joe Biden signed the Respect for Marriage Act on December 13, 2022, codifying federal recognition of same-sex and interracial marriages, repealing defense-of-marriage provisions, and ensuring interstate portability following the 2015 Obergefell ruling.

Notable deaths

Politics and government

Madeleine Albright, first female U.S. Secretary of State (1997–2001), died March 23 at age 84 from cancer. Shinzo Abe, Japan's longest-serving prime minister (2012–2020), was assassinated July 8 in Nara during a campaign speech, a rare case of political violence there. Mikhail Gorbachev, last Soviet leader as general secretary (1985–1991) whose reforms ended the USSR, died August 30 at age 91 after long illness. Queen Elizabeth II, UK's longest-reigning monarch since 1952, died September 8 at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, aged 96.

Arts and entertainment

Sidney Poitier, the first Black actor to win the Academy Award for Best Actor for Lilies of the Field (1963), died on January 6 at age 94. He broke racial barriers in Hollywood, with portrayals emphasizing nobility and restraint that symbolized dignity for Black characters and inspired generations amid . Olivia Newton-John, known for her role as Sandy in Grease (1978) and hits like "Physical," died on August 8 at age 73 after battling breast cancer. The versatile singer-actress sold over 100 million records worldwide. Angela Lansbury, iconic for Jessica Fletcher in Murder, She Wrote (1984–1996), died on October 11 at age 96. Her career spanned stage, film, and television, earning multiple Tony and Emmy nominations. Robbie Coltrane, best known for Rubeus Hagrid in the Harry Potter films, died on October 14 at age 72. His gruff yet warm performance endeared him to global audiences.

Science and technology

Sidney Altman, biophysicist and 1989 Nobel laureate in Chemistry, died on April 5 at age 82. He shared the prize with Thomas Cech for discovering RNA's enzymatic function, as shown in RNase P, which overturned the view that only proteins catalyze reactions and advanced ribozyme and molecular biology knowledge. Neuroscientist Colin Blakemore died on June 27 at age 78 from motor neuron disease. His Oxford research illuminated the neural mechanisms of vision, depth perception, spatial awareness, and binocular processing. Computer science pioneer Sandy Fraser, a Cambridge alumnus, died in June. He advanced computer architecture and systems design at Bell Labs, notably developing the Datakit virtual circuit network switch.

Sports and athletics

Bill Russell, Boston Celtics center who led the team to a record 11 NBA championships (1957–1969), died July 31 aged 88. His defensive prowess, leadership—including five MVP awards—and civil rights advocacy defined an era of dominance. Shane Warne, Australia's leg-spinner with a then-record 708 Test wickets in 145 matches, died March 4 aged 52 from a heart attack. His spin mastery revolutionized bowling, earning Wisden's Player of the 20th Century honors and enhancing cricket's global appeal. Pelé, Brazilian forward widely regarded as soccer's greatest and the only three-time World Cup winner (1958, 1962, 1970), died December 29 aged 82 from colon cancer complications. His over 1,000 career goals established him as a global icon who boosted the sport's worldwide popularity.
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