July 8
View on Wikipediafrom Wikipedia
| << | July | >> | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Su | Mo | Tu | We | Th | Fr | Sa |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 |
| 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 |
| 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | ||
| 2025 | ||||||
| July 8 in recent years |
| 2025 (Tuesday) |
| 2024 (Monday) |
| 2023 (Saturday) |
| 2022 (Friday) |
| 2021 (Thursday) |
| 2020 (Wednesday) |
| 2019 (Monday) |
| 2018 (Sunday) |
| 2017 (Saturday) |
| 2016 (Friday) |
July 8 is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 176 days remain until the end of the year.
Events
[edit]Pre-1600
[edit]- 1167 – The Byzantines defeat the Hungarian army decisively at Sirmium, forcing the Hungarians to sue for peace.[1]
- 1283 – Roger of Lauria, commanding the Aragonese fleet, defeats an Angevin fleet sent to put down a rebellion on Malta.
- 1497 – Vasco da Gama sets sail on the first direct European voyage to India.
- 1579 – Our Lady of Kazan, a holy icon of the Russian Orthodox Church, is discovered underground in the city of Kazan, Tatarstan.
1601–1900
[edit]- 1663 – Charles II of England grants John Clarke a Royal charter to Rhode Island.
- 1709 – Peter I of Russia defeats Charles XII of Sweden at the Battle of Poltava, thus effectively ending Sweden's status as a major power in Europe.
- 1716 – The Battle of Dynekilen forces Sweden to abandon its invasion of Norway.
- 1730 – An estimated magnitude 8.7 earthquake causes a tsunami that damages more than 1,000 km (620 mi) of Chile's coastline.
- 1741 – Reverend Jonathan Edwards preaches to his congregation in Enfield, Connecticut his most famous sermon, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"; an influence for the First Great Awakening.[2]
- 1758 – French forces hold Fort Carillon against the British at Ticonderoga, New York.
- 1760 – British forces defeat French forces in the last naval battle in New France.
- 1775 – The Olive Branch Petition is signed by the Continental Congress of the Thirteen Colonies of North America.
- 1776 – Church bells (possibly including the Liberty Bell) are rung after John Nixon delivers the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence of the United States.
- 1822 – Chippewas turn over a huge tract of land in Ontario to the United Kingdom.
- 1853 – The Perry Expedition arrives in Edo Bay with a treaty requesting trade.
- 1859 – King Charles XV & IV accedes to the throne of Sweden–Norway.
- 1864 – Ikedaya Incident: The Choshu Han shishis planned Shinsengumi sabotage on Kyoto, Japan at Ikedaya.
- 1874 – The Mounties begin their March West.
- 1876 – The Hamburg massacre prior to the 1876 United States presidential election results in the deaths of six African-Americans of the Republican Party, along with one white assailant.
- 1879 – Sailing ship USS Jeannette departs San Francisco carrying an ill-fated expedition to the North Pole.
- 1889 – The first issue of The Wall Street Journal is published.
- 1892 – St. John's, Newfoundland is devastated in the Great Fire of 1892.
- 1898 – The death of crime boss Soapy Smith, killed in the Shootout on Juneau Wharf, releases Skagway, Alaska from his iron grip.
1901–present
[edit]- 1912 – Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Couceiro leads an unsuccessful royalist attack against the First Portuguese Republic in Chaves.
- 1932 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average reaches its lowest level of the Great Depression, closing at 41.22.
- 1933 – The first rugby union test match between the Wallabies of Australia and the Springboks of South Africa is played at Newlands Stadium in Cape Town.
- 1937 – Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan sign the Treaty of Saadabad.
- 1947 – Reports are broadcast that a UFO crash-landed in Roswell, New Mexico in what became known as the Roswell UFO incident.
- 1948 – The United States Air Force accepts its first female recruits into a program called the Women's Air Force (WAF).
- 1960 – Francis Gary Powers is charged with espionage resulting from his flight over the Soviet Union.
- 1962 – Ne Win besieges and blows up the Rangoon University Student Union building to crush the Student Movement.
- 1965 – Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 21 is destroyed by a bomb near 100 Mile House, Canada, killing 52.[3]
- 1966 – King Mwambutsa IV Bangiriceng of Burundi is deposed by his son Prince Charles Ndizi.
- 1968 – The Chrysler wildcat strike begins in Detroit, Michigan.
- 1970 – Richard Nixon delivers a special congressional message enunciating Native American self-determination as official US Indian policy, leading to the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975.
- 1972 – Israeli Mossad assassinate Palestinian writer Ghassan Kanafani.
- 1980 – The inaugural 1980 State of Origin game is won by Queensland who defeat New South Wales 20–10 at Lang Park.
- 1980 – Aeroflot Flight 4225 crashes near Almaty International Airport in the then Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (present day Kazakhstan) killing all 166 people on board.[4]
- 1982 – A failed assassination attempt against Iraqi president Saddam Hussein results in the Dujail Massacre over the next several months.
- 1988 – The Island Express train travelling from Bangalore to Kanyakumari derails on the Peruman bridge and falls into Ashtamudi Lake, Kerala in India killing 105 passengers and injuring over 200 more.
- 1990 – West Germany win the FIFA World Cup final against defending champions Argentina, with Andreas Brehme scoring the game's only goal.[5]
- 1994 – Kim Jong Il begins to assume supreme leadership of North Korea upon the death of his father, Kim Il Sung.
- 1994 – Space Shuttle Columbia is launched on an international science mission.[6]
- 2003 – Sudan Airways Flight 139 crashes near Port Sudan Airport during an emergency landing attempt, killing 116 of the 117 people on board.[7]
- 2011 – Space Shuttle Atlantis is launched in the final mission of the U.S. Space Shuttle program.[8]
- 2014 – Israel launches an offensive on Gaza amid rising tensions following the kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers.[9]
- 2014 – The Brazil national football team suffers its joint-worst defeat, losing 7–1 to Germany in the semi-finals of the FIFA World Cup, in a match dubbed the Mineiraço.[10]
- 2022 – Former Japanese prime minister Shinzo Abe is shot and killed with an improvised firearm due to resentment against the Unification Church.[11]
Births
[edit]Pre-1600
[edit]- 1478 – Gian Giorgio Trissino, Italian linguist, poet, and playwright (died 1550)[12]
- 1528 – Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (died 1580)[13]
- 1538 – Alberto Bolognetti, Roman Catholic cardinal (died 1585)[14]
- 1545 – Carlos, Prince of Asturias (died 1568)[15]
- 1593 – Artemisia Gentileschi, Italian painter (died 1653)[16]
1601–1900
[edit]- 1621 – Jean de La Fontaine, French author and poet (died 1695)[17]
- 1760 – Christian Kramp, French mathematician and academic (died 1826)
- 1766 – Dominique Jean Larrey, French surgeon (died 1842)
- 1779 – Giorgio Pullicino, Maltese painter and architect (died 1851)
- 1819 – Francis Leopold McClintock, Irish admiral and explorer (died 1907)
- 1830 – Frederick W. Seward, American lawyer and politician, 6th United States Assistant Secretary of State (died 1915)
- 1831 – John Pemberton, American chemist and pharmacist, invented Coca-Cola (died 1888)
- 1836 – Joseph Chamberlain, English businessman and politician, Secretary of State for the Colonies (died 1914)
- 1838 – Eli Lilly, American soldier, chemist, and businessman, founded Eli Lilly and Company (died 1898)
- 1838 – Ferdinand von Zeppelin, German general and businessman, founded the Zeppelin Airship Company (died 1917)
- 1839 – John D. Rockefeller, American businessman and philanthropist, founded the Standard Oil Company (died 1937)
- 1851 – Arthur Evans, English archaeologist and academic (died 1941)
- 1851 – John Murray, Australian politician, 23rd Premier of Victoria (died 1916)
- 1857 – Alfred Binet, French psychologist and graphologist (died 1911)
- 1867 – Käthe Kollwitz, German painter and sculptor (died 1945)
- 1876 – Alexandros Papanastasiou, Greek sociologist and politician, Prime Minister of Greece (died 1936)
- 1882 – Percy Grainger, Australian-American pianist and composer (died 1961)
- 1885 – Ernst Bloch, German philosopher, author, and academic (died 1977)
- 1885 – Hugo Boss, German fashion designer, founded Hugo Boss (died 1948)
- 1890 – Stanton Macdonald-Wright, American painter (died 1973)
- 1892 – Richard Aldington, English author and poet (died 1962)
- 1892 – Pavel Korin, Russian painter (died 1967)
- 1893 – R. Carlyle Buley, American historian and author (died 1968)
- 1894 – Pyotr Kapitsa, Russian physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1984)
- 1895 – Igor Tamm, Russian physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1971)
- 1898 – Melville Ruick, American actor (died 1972)
- 1900 – George Antheil, American pianist, composer, and author (died 1959)
1901–present
[edit]- 1904 – Henri Cartan, French mathematician and academic (died 2008)
- 1905 – Leonid Amalrik, Russian animator and director (died 1997)
- 1906 – Philip Johnson, American architect, designed the IDS Center and PPG Place (died 2005)
- 1907 – George W. Romney, American businessman and politician, 43rd Governor of Michigan (died 1995)
- 1908 – Louis Jordan, American singer-songwriter, saxophonist, and actor (died 1975)
- 1908 – Nelson Rockefeller, American businessman and politician, 41st Vice President of the United States (died 1979)
- 1908 – V. K. R. Varadaraja Rao, Indian economist, politician, professor and educator (died 1991)
- 1909 – Alan Brown, English soldier (died 1971)
- 1909 – Ike Petersen, American football player (died 1995)
- 1910 – Carlos Betances Ramírez, Puerto Rican general (died 2001)
- 1911 – Ken Farnes, English cricketer (died 1941)
- 1913 – Alejandra Soler, Spanish politician (died 2017)
- 1914 – Jyoti Basu, Indian politician, 6th Chief Minister of West Bengal (died 2010)
- 1914 – Billy Eckstine, American singer and trumpet player (died 1993)
- 1915 – Neil D. Van Sickle, American Air Force major general (died 2019)
- 1915 – Lowell English, United States Marine Corps general (died 2005)
- 1916 – Jean Rouverol, American author, actress and screenwriter (died 2017)
- 1917 – Pamela Brown, English actress (died 1975)
- 1917 – Faye Emerson, American actress (died 1983)[18]
- 1917 – J. F. Powers, American novelist and short story writer (died 1999)
- 1918 – Paul B. Fay, American businessman, soldier, and diplomat, 12th United States Secretary of the Navy (died 2009)
- 1918 – Irwin Hasen, American illustrator (died 2015)
- 1918 – Oluf Reed-Olsen, Norwegian resistance member and pilot (died 2002)
- 1918 – Julia Pirie, British spy working for MI5 (died 2008)
- 1918 – Edward B. Giller, American Air Force major general (died 2017)
- 1918 – Craig Stevens, American actor (died 2000)
- 1919 – Walter Scheel, German soldier and politician, 4th President of West Germany (died 2016)
- 1920 – Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, Danish businessman (died 1995)
- 1921 – John Money, New Zealand psychologist and sexologist, known for his research on gender identity, and responsible for controversial involuntary sex reassignment of David Reimer (died 2006)[19]
- 1923 – Harrison Dillard, American sprinter and hurdler (died 2019)
- 1923 – Val Bettin, American actor (died 2021)[20]
- 1924 – Johnnie Johnson, American pianist and songwriter (died 2005)
- 1924 – Charles C. Droz, American politician (died 2025)
- 1925 – Marco Cé, Italian cardinal (died 2014)
- 1925 – Arthur Imperatore Sr., Italian-American businessman (died 2020)
- 1925 – Bill Mackrides, American football quarterback (died 2019)
- 1925 – Dominique Nohain, French actor, screenwriter and director (died 2017)
- 1926 – David Malet Armstrong, Australian philosopher and author (died 2014)
- 1926 – John Dingell, American lieutenant and politician (died 2019)
- 1926 – Martin Riesen, Swiss professional ice hockey goaltender (died 2003)
- 1926 – Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Swiss-American psychiatrist and author (died 2004)
- 1927 – Maurice Hayes, Irish educator and politician (died 2017)
- 1927 – Khensur Lungri Namgyel, Tibetan religious leader
- 1927 – Bob Beckham, American country singer (died 2013)
- 1928 – Balakh Sher Mazari, former prime minister of Pakistan (died 2022)
- 1930 – Jerry Vale, American singer (died 2014)
- 1933 – Antonio Lamer, Canadian lawyer and politician, 16th Chief Justice of Canada (died 2007)
- 1934 – Raquel Correa, Chilean journalist (died 2012)
- 1934 – Edward D. DiPrete, American politician, 70th Governor of Rhode Island (died 2025)[21]
- 1934 – Marty Feldman, English actor and screenwriter (died 1982)
- 1935 – John David Crow, American football player and coach (died 2015)
- 1935 – Steve Lawrence, American actor and singer (died 2024)[22]
- 1935 – Vitaly Sevastyanov, Russian engineer and cosmonaut (died 2010)
- 1938 – Diane Clare, English actress (died 2013)
- 1939 – Ed Lumley, Canadian businessman and politician, 8th Canadian Minister of Communications (died 2025)
- 1940 – Joe B. Mauldin, American bass player and songwriter (died 2015)
- 1941 – Dario Gradi, Italian-English footballer, coach, and manager
- 1942 – Phil Gramm, American economist and politician
- 1944 – Jaimoe, American drummer
- 1944 – Jeffrey Tambor, American actor and singer
- 1945 – Micheline Calmy-Rey, Swiss politician, 91st President of the Swiss Confederation
- 1947 – Kim Darby, American actress
- 1947 – Jenny Diski, English author and screenwriter (died 2016)
- 1947 – Luis Fernando Figari, Peruvian religious leader, founded the Sodalitium Christianae Vitae
- 1948 – Raffi, Egyptian-Canadian singer-songwriter
- 1948 – Ruby Sales, American civil-rights activist
- 1949 – Wolfgang Puck, Austrian-American chef, restaurateur and entrepreneur
- 1949 – Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy, Indian politician, 14th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (died 2009)
- 1951 – Alan Ashby, American baseball player, manager, and sportscaster
- 1951 – Anjelica Huston, American actress and director
- 1952 – Larry Garner, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1952 – Jack Lambert, American football player and sportscaster
- 1952 – Marianne Williamson, American author and activist
- 1956 – Terry Puhl, Canadian baseball player and coach
- 1957 – Carlos Cavazo, Mexican-American guitarist and songwriter
- 1957 – Aleksandr Gurnov, Russian journalist and author
- 1958 – Kevin Bacon, American actor and musician
- 1958 – Andreas Carlgren, Swedish educator and politician, 8th Swedish Minister for the Environment
- 1958 – Tzipi Livni, Israeli lawyer and politician, 18th Justice Minister of Israel
- 1959 – Pauline Quirke, English actress
- 1960 – Mal Meninga, Australian rugby league player and coach
- 1961 – Ces Drilon, Filipino journalist
- 1961 – Andrew Fletcher, English keyboard player (died 2022)[23]
- 1961 – Toby Keith, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actor (died 2024)[24]
- 1961 – Karl Seglem, Norwegian saxophonist and record producer
- 1962 – Joan Osborne, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1963 – Mark Christopher, American director and screenwriter
- 1964 – Alexei Gusarov, Russian ice hockey player and manager
- 1965 – Dan Levinson, American clarinet player, saxophonist, and bandleader
- 1966 – Ralf Altmeyer, German-Chinese virologist and academic
- 1966 – Shadlog Bernicke, Nauruan politician
- 1967 – Jordan Chan, Hong Kong actor and singer
- 1967 – Charlie Cardona, Colombian singer[25]
- 1968 – Billy Crudup, American actor
- 1968 – Shane Howarth, New Zealand rugby player and coach
- 1969 – Sugizo, Japanese singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer
- 1970 – Beck, American singer-songwriter and producer
- 1970 – Mark Butler, Australian politician[26]
- 1970 – Sylvain Gaudreault, Canadian educator and politician[27]
- 1970 – Todd Martin, American tennis player and coach
- 1971 – Neil Jenkins, Welsh rugby player and coach
- 1972 – Karl Dykhuis, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1972 – Sourav Ganguly, Indian cricketer[28]
- 1972 – Shōsuke Tanihara, Japanese actor[29]
- 1973 – Kathleen Robertson, Canadian actress and writer[30]
- 1974 – Hu Liang, Chinese field hockey player
- 1976 – Talal El Karkouri, Moroccan footballer
- 1976 – Ellen MacArthur, English sailor
- 1977 – Christian Abbiati, Italian footballer
- 1977 – Paolo Tiralongo, Italian cyclist
- 1977 – Milo Ventimiglia, American actor, director, and producer
- 1977 – Wang Zhizhi, Chinese basketball player
- 1978 – Urmas Rooba, Estonian footballer
- 1979 – Mat McBriar, American football player
- 1979 – Ben Jelen, Scottish-American singer-songwriter
- 1980 – Eric Chouinard, American-Canadian ice hockey player
- 1980 – Robbie Keane, Irish footballer
- 1981 – Wolfram Müller, German runner
- 1981 – Anastasia Myskina, Russian tennis player[31]
- 1982 – Shonette Azore-Bruce, Barbadian netball player[32]
- 1982 – Sophia Bush, American actress and director
- 1982 – Hakim Warrick, American basketball player
- 1983 – John Bowker, American baseball player
- 1983 – Rich Peverley, Canadian ice hockey player[33]
- 1986 – Renata Costa, Brazilian footballer
- 1987 – Josh Harrison, American baseball player[34]
- 1988 – Miki Roqué, Spanish footballer (died 2012)[35]
- 1988 – Jesse Sergent, New Zealand cyclist
- 1989 – Yarden Gerbi, Israeli Judo champion
- 1989 – Tor Marius Gromstad, Norwegian footballer (died 2012)
- 1990 – Kevin Trapp, German footballer[36]
- 1991 – Virgil van Dijk, Dutch footballer
- 1992 – Ariel Camacho, Mexican singer-songwriter (died 2015)
- 1992 – Son Heung-min, Korean footballer
- 1993 – David Corenswet, American actor[37]
- 1996 – Marlon Humphrey, American football player[38]
- 1997 – Bryce Love, American football player
- 1998 – Maya Hawke, American actress[39]
- 1998 – Jaden Smith, American actor and rapper[40]
- 1999 – İpek Öz, Turkish tennis player[41]
Deaths
[edit]Pre-1600
[edit]- 689 – Kilian, Irish bishop
- 810 – Pepin of Italy, son of Charlemagne (born 773)
- 873 – Gunther, archbishop of Cologne
- 900 – Qatr al-Nada, wife of the Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tadid[42]
- 901 – Grimbald, French-English monk and saint (born 827)
- 975 – Edgar the Peaceful, English king (born 943)
- 1153 – Pope Eugene III (born 1087)
- 1253 – Theobald I of Navarre (born 1201)
- 1261 – Adolf IV of Holstein, Count of Schauenburg
- 1390 – Albert of Saxony, Bishop of Halberstadt and German philosopher (born circa 1320)
- 1538 – Diego de Almagro, Spanish general and explorer (born 1475)
1601–1900
[edit]- 1623 – Pope Gregory XV (born 1554)
- 1689 – Edward Wooster, English-American settler (born 1622)
- 1695 – Christiaan Huygens, Dutch mathematician, astronomer, and physicist (born 1629)
- 1716 – Robert South, English preacher and theologian (born 1634)
- 1721 – Elihu Yale, American-English merchant and philanthropist (born 1649)
- 1784 – Torbern Bergman, Swedish chemist and mineralogist (born 1735)
- 1794 – Richard Mique, French architect (born 1728)
- 1823 – Henry Raeburn, Scottish portrait painter (born 1756)[43]
- 1822 – Percy Bysshe Shelley, English poet and playwright (born 1792)
- 1850 – Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge (born 1774)
- 1859 – Oscar I of Sweden (born 1799)[44]
- 1873 – Franz Xaver Winterhalter, German painter and lithographer (born 1805)
- 1887 – Ben Holladay, American businessman (born 1819)
- 1895 – Johann Josef Loschmidt, Austrian chemist and physicist (born 1821)
1901–present
[edit]- 1905 – Walter Kittredge, American violinist and composer (born 1834)
- 1913 – Louis Hémon, French-Canadian author (born 1880)
- 1917 – Tom Thomson, Canadian painter (born 1877)
- 1921 – Ellen Oliver (suffragette), British suffragette and purity activist (born 1870)[45]
- 1930 – Joseph Ward, Australian-New Zealand businessman and politician, 17th Prime Minister of New Zealand (born 1856)
- 1933 – Anthony Hope, English author and playwright (born 1863)
- 1934 – Benjamin Baillaud, French astronomer and academic (born 1848)
- 1939 – Havelock Ellis, English psychologist and author (born 1859)
- 1941 – Moses Schorr, Polish rabbi, historian, and politician (born 1874)
- 1942 – Louis Franchet d'Espèrey, Algerian-French general (born 1856)
- 1942 – Refik Saydam, Turkish physician and politician, 5th Prime Minister of Turkey (born 1881)
- 1943 – Jean Moulin, French soldier and leader of the French Resistance (born 1899)
- 1950 – Othmar Spann, Austrian sociologist, economist, and philosopher (born 1878)
- 1952 – August Alle, Estonian lawyer, author, and poet (born 1890)
- 1956 – Giovanni Papini, Italian journalist, author, and critic (born 1881)
- 1965 – Thomas Sigismund Stribling, American lawyer and author (born 1881)
- 1967 – Vivien Leigh, British actress (born 1913)[46]
- 1968 – Désiré Mérchez, French swimmer and water polo player (born 1882)
- 1971 – Kurt Reidemeister, German mathematician connected to the Vienna Circle (born 1893)
- 1972 – Ghassan Kanafani, Palestinian writer and politician (born 1936)
- 1973 – Gene L. Coon, American screenwriter and producer (born 1924)
- 1973 – Ben-Zion Dinur, Russian-Israeli educator and politician, 4th Education Minister of Israel (born 1884)
- 1973 – Wilfred Rhodes, English cricketer and coach (born 1877)
- 1979 – Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Japanese physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1906)
- 1979 – Michael Wilding, English actor (born 1912)
- 1979 – Robert Burns Woodward, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1917)
- 1981 – Joe McDonnell (hunger striker), Irish Republican Army member (born 1951)[47]
- 1981 – Bill Hallahan, American baseball player (born 1902)
- 1985 – Phil Foster, American actor and screenwriter (born 1913)
- 1985 – Jean-Paul Le Chanois, French actor, director, and screenwriter (born 1909)
- 1986 – Skeeter Webb, American baseball player and manager (born 1909)
- 1987 – Lionel Chevrier, Canadian lawyer and politician, 27th Canadian Minister of Justice (born 1903)
- 1987 – Gerardo Diego, Spanish poet and author (born 1896)
- 1988 – Ray Barbuti, American runner and football player (born 1905)
- 1990 – Howard Duff, American actor (born 1913)
- 1991 – James Franciscus, American actor (born 1934)
- 1993 – Abul Hasan Jashori, Bangladeshi Islamic scholar and freedom fighter (born 1918)[48]
- 1994 – Christian-Jaque, French director and screenwriter (born 1904)
- 1994 – Kim Il Sung, North Korean commander and politician, President of North Korea (born 1912)
- 1994 – Lars-Eric Lindblad, Swedish-American businessman and explorer (born 1927)
- 1994 – Dick Sargent, American actor (born 1930)
- 1996 – Irene Prador, Austrian-born actress and writer (born 1911)
- 1998 – Lilí Álvarez, Spanish tennis player, author, and feminist (born 1905)[49]
- 1999 – Pete Conrad, American captain, pilot, and astronaut. Third man to walk on the moon. (born 1930)
- 2001 – John O'Shea, New Zealand director, producer, and screenwriter (born 1920)
- 2002 – Ward Kimball, American animator and trombonist (born 1914)
- 2004 – Paula Danziger, American author and educator (born 1944)
- 2005 – Maurice Baquet, French actor and cellist (born 1911)
- 2006 – June Allyson, American actress and singer (born 1917)
- 2007 – Chandra Shekhar, Indian lawyer and politician, 9th Prime Minister of India (born 1927)
- 2007 – Jack B. Sowards, American screenwriter and producer (born 1929)
- 2008 – John Templeton, American-born British businessman and philanthropist (born 1912)
- 2009 – Midnight, American singer-songwriter (born 1962)
- 2011 – Roberts Blossom, American actor and poet (born 1924)
- 2011 – Betty Ford, 38th First Lady of the United States (born 1918)
- 2012 – Muhammed bin Saud Al Saud, Saudi Arabian politician (born 1934)
- 2012 – Ernest Borgnine, American actor (born 1917)
- 2012 – Gyang Dalyop Datong, Nigerian physician and politician (born 1959)
- 2012 – Martin Pakledinaz, American costume designer (born 1953)
- 2013 – Dick Gray, American baseball player (born 1931)
- 2013 – Edmund Morgan, American historian and author (born 1916)
- 2013 – Claudiney Ramos, Brazilian footballer (born 1980)
- 2013 – Rubby Sherr, American physicist and academic (born 1913)
- 2013 – Sundri Uttamchandani, Indian author (born 1924)
- 2013 – Brett Walker, American songwriter and producer (born 1961)
- 2014 – Plínio de Arruda Sampaio, Brazilian lawyer and politician (born 1930)
- 2014 – John V. Evans, American soldier and politician, 27th Governor of Idaho (born 1925)
- 2014 – Ben Pangelinan, Guamanian businessman and politician (born 1956)
- 2014 – Howard Siler, American bobsledder and coach (born 1945)
- 2014 – Tom Veryzer, American baseball player (born 1953)
- 2015 – Ken Stabler, American football player and sportscaster (born 1945)
- 2015 – James Tate, American poet (born 1943)
- 2016 – Abdul Sattar Edhi, Pakistani philanthropist (born 1928)
- 2018 – Tab Hunter, American actor, pop singer, film producer and author (born 1931)[50]
- 2020 – Naya Rivera, American actress, model and singer (born 1987)[51]
- 2020 – Alex Pullin, Australian snowboarder (born 1987)[52]
- 2022 – Shinzo Abe, Japanese politician (born 1954)[53]
- 2022 – Larry Storch, American actor and comedian (born 1923)[54]
- 2022 – Luis Echeverría, Mexican lawyer and politician (born 1922)[55]
- 2022 – Tony Sirico, American actor (born 1942)[56]
- 2025 – Edward D. DiPrete, American politician, 70th Governor of Rhode Island[57]
- 2025 – Paulette Jiles, American writer (born 1943)[58]
Holidays and observances
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Showalter, Professor Dennis (16 September 2013). Medieval Wars 500–1500. Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78274-119-0. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
- ^ Marsden, George M. (2003). Jonathan Edwards: A Life. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09693-4. JSTOR j.ctt1npmjj.
- ^ McMartin, Pete (July 7, 1995). "The day the sky exploded: 52 people plunged to their deaths on July 8, 1965, and nobody knows why it happened". The Vancouver Sun. pp. B.3.
- ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Tupolev Tu-154B-2 CCCP-85355 Alma-Ata Airport (ALA)". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
- ^ Vecsey, George (9 July 1990). "Winning Ugly, Losing Ugly, Just Plain Ugly". The New York Times.
- ^ "STS-65". NASA. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
- ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-2J8C ST-AFK Port Sudan". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2019-07-02.
- ^ Administrator, NASA Content (2015-04-07). "NASA'S Final Space Shuttle Mission Begins With Atlantis' Launch". NASA. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
- ^ "Three Israelis 'confess to killing Palestinian teenager'". The Guardian. 2014-07-07. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
- ^ "Trágico 'Mineirazo'; Alemania destroza a Brasil" [Tragical 'Mineirazo': Germany destroys Brazil]. Excelsior (in Spanish). 9 July 2014.
- ^ Yamaguchi, Mari; Chisato, Tanaka; Klug, Foster (July 9, 2022). "Japan's ex-leader Shinzo Abe assassinated during a speech". Associated Press. Retrieved July 9, 2025.
- ^ Stanley Hochman (1984). McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama: An International Reference Work in 5 Volumes. VNR AG. pp. 43–. ISBN 978-0-07-079169-5.
- ^ Alexandre Dumas (1910). The page of the Duke of Savoy. P. F. Collier. p. 67.
- ^ De Caro, Gaspare (1969). "Alberto Bolognetti". Dizionario biografico degli italiani (in Italian). Vol. 11. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.
- ^ Juan Antonio Llorente (1843). The History of the Inquisition of Spain: From the Time of Its Establishment to the Reign of Ferdinand VII., Composed from the Original Documents of the Archives of the Supreme Council and from Those of Subordinate Tribunals of the Holy Office. James M. Campbell & Company. pp. 138–.
- ^ Delia Gaze (3 April 2013). Concise Dictionary of Women Artists. Routledge. pp. 315–. ISBN 978-1-136-59901-9.
- ^ Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (1840). Montaigne, Rabelais, Corneille, Rochefoucauld, Moliere, La Fontaine, Pascal, Madame De Sévigné, Boileau, Racine, Fénélon. Lea and Blanchard. p. 165.
- ^ Newcomb, Horace (2014). Encyclopedia of Television. Routledge. p. 806. ISBN 978-1-135-19472-7.
- ^ Carey, Benedict (11 July 2006). "John William Money, 84, Sexual Identity Researcher, Dies". The New York Times.
- ^ Valentine John Bettin, 1923–2021
- ^ Couture, Matt (9 July 2025). "Former Rhode Island Gov. Edward DiPrete dies at 91". ABC6. Retrieved 9 July 2025.
- ^ Kennedy, Mark (March 7, 2024). "Steve Lawrence, singer, entertainer and half of popular stage duo Steve & Eydie, dies at 88". AP News. Retrieved March 7, 2024.
- ^ "Andy Fletcher obituary". the Guardian. 27 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
- ^ "Country music legend Toby Keith dies aged 62". BBC News. 6 February 2024.
- ^ Téllez, Robert. "Charlie Cardona: cinco canciones memorables de su carrera musical". www.radionacional.co. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
- ^ "Hon Mark Butler MP". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Biography". Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). National Assembly of Quebec.
- ^ Chitra Garg (2010). Indian Champions: Profiles of Famous Indian Sportspersons. Rajpal & Sons. p. 176. ISBN 978-81-7028-852-7.
- ^ "谷原章介プロフィール". Japan Music Entertainment. Archived from the original on 2008-02-03. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
- ^ "Kathleen Robertson". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ "Anastasia Myskina | Player Stats & More – WTA Official". Women's Tennis Association. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
- ^ "Netball | Athlete Profile: Shonette AZORE-BRUCE - Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games". results.gc2018.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
- ^ "Rich Peverley Stats". NHL. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
- ^ "Josh Harrison". Major League Baseball. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ "Former Liverpool FC defender Miki Roque dies at the age of 23". Click Liverpool. 24 June 2012. Archived from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
- ^ "Kevin Trapp: Overview". ESPN. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ Mullor, Mireia (28 June 2023). "Who is David Corenswet, DC's new Superman? Here's where you've seen him before". Digital Spy. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ "Marlon Humphrey". ESPN. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ Jirak, Jamie (8 July 2022). "Stranger Things Fans Are Celebrating Maya Hawke's Birthday". ComicBook.com. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ "Jaden Smith Biography". Biography. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
- ^ "Ipek Oz | Player Stats & More – WTA Official". Women's Tennis Association. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
- ^ Rosenthal, Franz, ed. (1985). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXVIII: The Return of the Caliphate to Baghdad: The Caliphates of al-Muʿtaḍid, al-Muktafī and al-Muqtadir, A.D. 892–915/A.H. 279–302. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-87395-876-9.
- ^ "Sir Henry Raeburn (1756-1823)". National Records of Scotland. 31 May 2013. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
- ^ "Oscar I | king of Sweden and Norway". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
- ^ Shaw, Jane (2012). "Barltrop, Mabel [name in religion Octavia] (1866–1934), prophet and founder of the Panacea Society". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/93402. Retrieved 20 April 2024. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Edge, Simon (2 November 2013). "Salacious secrets lay behind the glamorous life of Gone With The Wind star Vivien Leigh". Daily Express. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
She died at her flat in London's Belgravia on July 8, 1967 when the TB flared up again. On the night her death was announced, every theatre in central London turned out its front of house lights for an hour.
- ^ "Roll of Honor/Hunger Strikers". 6 May 2014.
- ^ Afaz Uddin, Muhammad (2012). "Jashori, Abul Hasan". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 9 November 2025.
- ^ Riaño González, Catalina. "Elia María González Álvarez y López-Chicheri". Real Academia de la Historia (Royal Academy of History) (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-08-03.
- ^ "Tab Hunter". Newsday Entertainment/Celebrities. 2018-08-10.
- ^ Aiello, McKenna (July 13, 2020). "Naya Rivera Dead at 33: Actress' Body Recovered 5 Days After Boating Accident". E! Online. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
- ^ "Famous Deaths on July 8". On This Day. Retrieved 2020-08-25.
- ^ "July 8, 2022 Shinzo Abe shot dead in Nara, Japan". CNN. 8 July 2022.
- ^ Barnes, Mike (July 8, 2022). "Larry Storch, Corporal Randolph Agarn on 'F Troop,' Dies at 99". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 8, 2022.
- ^ "Luis Echeverría obituary". the Guardian. 2022-07-14. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
- ^ Gates, Anita (2022-07-09). "Tony Sirico, an Eccentric Gangster on 'The Sopranos,' Dies at 79". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2022-07-13. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
- ^ Couture, Matt (9 July 2025). "Former Rhode Island Gov. Edward DiPrete dies at 91". ABC6. Retrieved 9 July 2025.
- ^ Salazar, Miguel (July 16, 2025). "Paulette Jiles, 82, Dies; Novelist Evoked the West in 'News of the World'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 22, 2025.
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to July 8.
- "On This Day". BBC.
- The New York Times: On This Day
- "Historical Events on July 8". OnThisDay.com.
July 8
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
Events
Pre-1600
On July 8, 1099, during the First Crusade, approximately 12,000 to 15,000 Christian forces under leaders such as Godfrey of Bouillon and Raymond IV of Toulouse initiated the siege of Jerusalem by conducting a barefoot religious procession around the city's walls, accompanied by clergy carrying relics and observing a strict fast amid taunts from Muslim defenders atop the fortifications.[5][6] This ritualistic march, intended to invoke divine favor, preceded the construction of siege engines and ladders, culminating in the city's capture on July 15 after intense assaults that resulted in widespread slaughter of Muslim and Jewish inhabitants.[5] The event marked a pivotal moment in the Crusades, establishing Crusader control over the Holy Land temporarily, though contemporary accounts vary in estimating casualty figures, with some primary sources like the Gesta Francorum emphasizing the desperation of the fatigued crusaders after their march from Antioch.[7] In 1497, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama departed from Lisbon with a fleet of four ships—the São Gabriel, São Rafael, Berrio, and a storeship—commissioned by King Manuel I to establish a direct maritime route to India, bypassing Ottoman-controlled land paths.[8] This voyage, crewed by about 170 men including his brother Paulo, successfully rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached Calicut in May 1498, facilitating European access to Asian spices and markets, though it encountered navigational challenges and hostilities with local rulers en route.[8] The expedition's success shifted global trade dynamics, enhancing Portugal's maritime empire, as documented in da Gama's own logs and subsequent royal chronicles.[8]1601–1900
- 1663: King Charles II of England granted a royal charter to the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, establishing its government and guaranteeing religious liberty, as petitioned by John Clarke.[9][10]
- 1709: In the Battle of Poltava during the Great Northern War, Russian forces under Tsar Peter I decisively defeated the Swedish army led by King Charles XII, marking a turning point that curtailed Swedish imperial power and elevated Russia's status in Europe.[11][12]
- 1758: British forces under General James Abercrombie launched an unsuccessful assault on French fortifications at Fort Carillon (Ticonderoga) during the French and Indian War, suffering over 2,000 casualties in one of the war's bloodiest days for the British.[13]
- 1776: Colonel John Nixon conducted the first public reading of the United States Declaration of Independence to a crowd in Philadelphia, disseminating the document adopted two days earlier by the Continental Congress.[14][15]
- 1881: The Phoenix Park Murders in Dublin saw members of the Irish National Invincibles assassinate British Chief Secretary Lord Frederick Cavendish and Under-Secretary Thomas Burke, heightening tensions amid Irish home rule agitation.[13]
- 1900: The first professional night baseball game occurred between the Grand Rapids Furniture Makers and Zanesville Doomdsayers in the Interstate League, with Zanesville winning 4-1 under arc lights.[16]
1901–present
1910: Industrial Workers of the World organizer Joe Hill was convicted and sentenced to death by firing squad in Salt Lake City, Utah, for the 1906 murder of grocer John G. Morrison and his son; Hill maintained his innocence, claiming the case was fabricated to suppress labor activism, sparking global protests and songs like "I Dreamed I Saw Joe Hill Last Night." 1947: Rancher William "Mac" Brazel discovered metallic debris scattered across his property near Roswell, New Mexico; the U.S. Army Air Forces' Roswell Army Air Field initially announced recovery of a "flying disc" on July 8 before retracting it as a weather balloon, later declassified documents in 1994 confirmed the material originated from Project Mogul, a top-secret high-altitude balloon array designed to monitor Soviet nuclear tests via acoustic sensors. 1960: The Soviet Union formally charged American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers with espionage following the May 1 downing of his high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft over Sverdlovsk, an event that heightened Cold War tensions and contributed to the collapse of the Paris Summit; Powers was convicted in August and sentenced to 10 years but released in 1962 via prisoner exchange.[17] 1969: Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), sent the first message—"LO," intended as "LOGIN"—over ARPANET from an Interface Message Processor to Stanford Research Institute, marking the initial successful packet-switched network transmission that formed the foundational technology for the modern internet, though the system crashed after the partial transmission. 1994: North Korean leader Kim Il-sung died of a heart attack at age 82, ending his 46-year rule; his son Kim Jong-il immediately assumed de facto leadership as General Secretary of the Workers' Party, consolidating power amid international concerns over the country's nuclear program and triggering a three-year mourning period. 2011: Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Kennedy Space Center on mission STS-135, carrying commander Christopher Ferguson and crew to deliver supplies to the International Space Station; this 13-day flight represented the 135th and final mission of NASA's Space Shuttle program, which had conducted 133 successful launches since 1981, retiring the fleet due to high costs exceeding $1.5 billion per launch and safety risks following the Challenger and Columbia disasters.Births
Pre-1600
On July 8, 1099, during the First Crusade, approximately 12,000 to 15,000 Christian forces under leaders such as Godfrey of Bouillon and Raymond IV of Toulouse initiated the siege of Jerusalem by conducting a barefoot religious procession around the city's walls, accompanied by clergy carrying relics and observing a strict fast amid taunts from Muslim defenders atop the fortifications.[5][6] This ritualistic march, intended to invoke divine favor, preceded the construction of siege engines and ladders, culminating in the city's capture on July 15 after intense assaults that resulted in widespread slaughter of Muslim and Jewish inhabitants.[5] The event marked a pivotal moment in the Crusades, establishing Crusader control over the Holy Land temporarily, though contemporary accounts vary in estimating casualty figures, with some primary sources like the Gesta Francorum emphasizing the desperation of the fatigued crusaders after their march from Antioch.[7] In 1497, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama departed from Lisbon with a fleet of four ships—the São Gabriel, São Rafael, Berrio, and a storeship—commissioned by King Manuel I to establish a direct maritime route to India, bypassing Ottoman-controlled land paths.[8] This voyage, crewed by about 170 men including his brother Paulo, successfully rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached Calicut in May 1498, facilitating European access to Asian spices and markets, though it encountered navigational challenges and hostilities with local rulers en route.[8] The expedition's success shifted global trade dynamics, enhancing Portugal's maritime empire, as documented in da Gama's own logs and subsequent royal chronicles.[8]1601–1900
- 1663: King Charles II of England granted a royal charter to the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, establishing its government and guaranteeing religious liberty, as petitioned by John Clarke.[9][10]
- 1709: In the Battle of Poltava during the Great Northern War, Russian forces under Tsar Peter I decisively defeated the Swedish army led by King Charles XII, marking a turning point that curtailed Swedish imperial power and elevated Russia's status in Europe.[11][12]
- 1758: British forces under General James Abercrombie launched an unsuccessful assault on French fortifications at Fort Carillon (Ticonderoga) during the French and Indian War, suffering over 2,000 casualties in one of the war's bloodiest days for the British.[13]
- 1776: Colonel John Nixon conducted the first public reading of the United States Declaration of Independence to a crowd in Philadelphia, disseminating the document adopted two days earlier by the Continental Congress.[14][15]
- 1881: The Phoenix Park Murders in Dublin saw members of the Irish National Invincibles assassinate British Chief Secretary Lord Frederick Cavendish and Under-Secretary Thomas Burke, heightening tensions amid Irish home rule agitation.[13]
- 1900: The first professional night baseball game occurred between the Grand Rapids Furniture Makers and Zanesville Doomdsayers in the Interstate League, with Zanesville winning 4-1 under arc lights.[16]
1901–present
1910: Industrial Workers of the World organizer Joe Hill was convicted and sentenced to death by firing squad in Salt Lake City, Utah, for the 1906 murder of grocer John G. Morrison and his son; Hill maintained his innocence, claiming the case was fabricated to suppress labor activism, sparking global protests and songs like "I Dreamed I Saw Joe Hill Last Night." 1947: Rancher William "Mac" Brazel discovered metallic debris scattered across his property near Roswell, New Mexico; the U.S. Army Air Forces' Roswell Army Air Field initially announced recovery of a "flying disc" on July 8 before retracting it as a weather balloon, later declassified documents in 1994 confirmed the material originated from Project Mogul, a top-secret high-altitude balloon array designed to monitor Soviet nuclear tests via acoustic sensors. 1960: The Soviet Union formally charged American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers with espionage following the May 1 downing of his high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft over Sverdlovsk, an event that heightened Cold War tensions and contributed to the collapse of the Paris Summit; Powers was convicted in August and sentenced to 10 years but released in 1962 via prisoner exchange.[17] 1969: Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), sent the first message—"LO," intended as "LOGIN"—over ARPANET from an Interface Message Processor to Stanford Research Institute, marking the initial successful packet-switched network transmission that formed the foundational technology for the modern internet, though the system crashed after the partial transmission. 1994: North Korean leader Kim Il-sung died of a heart attack at age 82, ending his 46-year rule; his son Kim Jong-il immediately assumed de facto leadership as General Secretary of the Workers' Party, consolidating power amid international concerns over the country's nuclear program and triggering a three-year mourning period. 2011: Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Kennedy Space Center on mission STS-135, carrying commander Christopher Ferguson and crew to deliver supplies to the International Space Station; this 13-day flight represented the 135th and final mission of NASA's Space Shuttle program, which had conducted 133 successful launches since 1981, retiring the fleet due to high costs exceeding $1.5 billion per launch and safety risks following the Challenger and Columbia disasters.Deaths
Pre-1600
On July 8, 1099, during the First Crusade, approximately 12,000 to 15,000 Christian forces under leaders such as Godfrey of Bouillon and Raymond IV of Toulouse initiated the siege of Jerusalem by conducting a barefoot religious procession around the city's walls, accompanied by clergy carrying relics and observing a strict fast amid taunts from Muslim defenders atop the fortifications.[5][6] This ritualistic march, intended to invoke divine favor, preceded the construction of siege engines and ladders, culminating in the city's capture on July 15 after intense assaults that resulted in widespread slaughter of Muslim and Jewish inhabitants.[5] The event marked a pivotal moment in the Crusades, establishing Crusader control over the Holy Land temporarily, though contemporary accounts vary in estimating casualty figures, with some primary sources like the Gesta Francorum emphasizing the desperation of the fatigued crusaders after their march from Antioch.[7] In 1497, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama departed from Lisbon with a fleet of four ships—the São Gabriel, São Rafael, Berrio, and a storeship—commissioned by King Manuel I to establish a direct maritime route to India, bypassing Ottoman-controlled land paths.[8] This voyage, crewed by about 170 men including his brother Paulo, successfully rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached Calicut in May 1498, facilitating European access to Asian spices and markets, though it encountered navigational challenges and hostilities with local rulers en route.[8] The expedition's success shifted global trade dynamics, enhancing Portugal's maritime empire, as documented in da Gama's own logs and subsequent royal chronicles.[8]1601–1900
- 1663: King Charles II of England granted a royal charter to the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, establishing its government and guaranteeing religious liberty, as petitioned by John Clarke.[9][10]
- 1709: In the Battle of Poltava during the Great Northern War, Russian forces under Tsar Peter I decisively defeated the Swedish army led by King Charles XII, marking a turning point that curtailed Swedish imperial power and elevated Russia's status in Europe.[11][12]
- 1758: British forces under General James Abercrombie launched an unsuccessful assault on French fortifications at Fort Carillon (Ticonderoga) during the French and Indian War, suffering over 2,000 casualties in one of the war's bloodiest days for the British.[13]
- 1776: Colonel John Nixon conducted the first public reading of the United States Declaration of Independence to a crowd in Philadelphia, disseminating the document adopted two days earlier by the Continental Congress.[14][15]
- 1881: The Phoenix Park Murders in Dublin saw members of the Irish National Invincibles assassinate British Chief Secretary Lord Frederick Cavendish and Under-Secretary Thomas Burke, heightening tensions amid Irish home rule agitation.[13]
- 1900: The first professional night baseball game occurred between the Grand Rapids Furniture Makers and Zanesville Doomdsayers in the Interstate League, with Zanesville winning 4-1 under arc lights.[16]