November 20

November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 41 days remaining until the year's end.^[1] The date marks the annual observance of World Children's Day, established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1954 to promote international solidarity and awareness of children's rights, coinciding with the 1959 adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child.^[2] In Mexico, it is commemorated as the start of the Mexican Revolution, when Francisco Madero issued the Plan de San Luis Potosí on November 20, 1910, calling for an uprising against the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz that evolved into a decade-long civil war reshaping the nation's political and social structure.^[3] A defining event in post-World War II justice occurred on this date in 1945, when the International Military Tribunal convened in Nuremberg, Germany, to prosecute 22 high-ranking Nazi leaders for war crimes, crimes against peace, and crimes against humanity, setting precedents for international criminal law.^[4] Notable births include American astronomer Edwin Hubble, whose observations in the 1920s provided empirical evidence for the expanding universe and galaxies beyond the Milky Way, and United States President Joe Biden, born in 1942.^[5] Significant deaths encompass Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy in 1910, whose works critiqued societal institutions through first-principles moral inquiry, and Spanish caudillo Francisco Franco in 1975, whose 36-year rule ended with Spain's transition from authoritarianism.^[5]

Events

Pre-1600

In 284, Roman general Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus, known as Diocletian, was proclaimed emperor by the legions of the East and West following the death of Emperor Carus and the subsequent elimination of his sons Numerian and Carinus at the Battle of the Margus.^[6][7] Born circa 244 in Dalmatia to low-status parents, Diocletian had risen through military ranks; his accession stabilized the empire amid the Crisis of the Third Century, enabling administrative reforms, military restructuring, and eventual division into the Tetrarchy to address succession and regional threats.^[8] On November 20, 762, during the An Lushan Rebellion (755–763), Tang dynasty forces, allied with Uyghur Khan Bögü Qaghan of the Huihe tribe, recaptured Luoyang—the eastern capital—from Yan rebel leader Shi Chaoyi, marking a pivotal advance in reclaiming territory lost to the uprising that had caused an estimated 13–36 million deaths through warfare, famine, and disease.^[9] This victory, achieved via combined Tang cavalry and Uyghur horse archers, pressured Shi Chaoyi to suicide in 763, though the rebellion's full suppression required further campaigns and highlighted Tang reliance on nomadic allies, contributing to fiscal strain and central authority erosion.^[10] In 1194, Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI completed his conquest of the Kingdom of Sicily by seizing Palermo from Tancred I's forces, integrating the Norman realm into the Hohenstaufen domain and securing it for his infant son Frederick as future king, amid broader efforts to consolidate imperial power in Italy and counter papal influence.^[11] This event followed Henry VI's 1194 invasion, bolstered by German and Pisan naval support, and Tancred's death earlier that year, averting prolonged resistance but sparking local unrest and Tancred's son William III's brief claim before his execution in 1198.^[12]

1601–1900

On November 20, 1778, New Jersey became the third state to ratify the Articles of Confederation, agreeing to its provisions after initial reservations regarding equal state voting rights in Congress.^[13] New Jersey ratified the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights, on November 20, 1789, becoming the first state to do so and approving eleven of the twelve proposed amendments.^[14][15] The Nantucket whaleship Essex was rammed twice and sunk by an aggressive sperm whale on November 20, 1820, approximately 2,000 nautical miles off the coast of South America, leaving the 20 survivors to drift in small boats for over two months; only eight ultimately survived, with accounts of cannibalism among the crew.^[16] Abolitionist David Ruggles founded the New York Committee of Vigilance on November 20, 1835, an interracial organization aimed at protecting free Black people and fugitive slaves from kidnapping and re-enslavement under laws like the Fugitive Slave Act, assisting over 1,300 individuals during its operation.^[17] French inventor Pierre Lallement received U.S. Patent No. 59,915 on November 20, 1866, for improvements to the velocipede, introducing a pedal-and-crank mechanism attached directly to the front wheel, marking a key advancement toward the modern pedal-driven bicycle.^[18]

1901–present

1910 – Francisco I. Madero, opposing the reelection of Porfirio Díaz, issued a manifesto from exile in the United States calling for armed revolt, marking the start of the Mexican Revolution that ultimately ended Díaz's 35-year rule.^[19] 1917 – The Battle of Cambrai opened on the Western Front during World War I, with British forces deploying over 400 tanks in the first major armored offensive, achieving initial breakthroughs against German positions before stalling due to counterattacks. 1940 – Amid World War II, Hungary formally adhered to the Tripartite Pact, aligning with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Japan as part of the expanding Axis alliance. 1945 – The International Military Tribunal convened in Nuremberg, Germany, initiating the trials of 24 high-ranking Nazi officials for war crimes, crimes against peace, and crimes against humanity, setting precedents for international law. 1947 – Princess Elizabeth, heir to the British throne, wed Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh, in a Westminster Abbey ceremony attended by dignitaries from across the Commonwealth, solidifying a union that lasted until Philip's death in 2021. 1985 – Microsoft launched Windows 1.0, the company's first graphical operating system interface for IBM-compatible PCs, introducing features like tiled windows and a mouse-driven menu system that influenced personal computing development. 1989 – In Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution, demonstrations in Prague escalated to an estimated 500,000 participants, accelerating the communist regime's collapse without violence and paving the way for democratic transitions in Eastern Europe. 1998 – Russia launched the Zarya (Sunrise) module, the first component of the International Space Station, into orbit from Baikonur Cosmodrome, initiating assembly of the orbital laboratory involving contributions from the United States, Russia, Europe, Japan, and Canada. 2022 – The FIFA World Cup kicked off in Qatar, hosting the tournament for the first time in the Middle East with 32 national teams competing amid controversies over labor conditions and human rights.

Births

Pre-1600

In 284, Roman general Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus, known as Diocletian, was proclaimed emperor by the legions of the East and West following the death of Emperor Carus and the subsequent elimination of his sons Numerian and Carinus at the Battle of the Margus.^[6][7] Born circa 244 in Dalmatia to low-status parents, Diocletian had risen through military ranks; his accession stabilized the empire amid the Crisis of the Third Century, enabling administrative reforms, military restructuring, and eventual division into the Tetrarchy to address succession and regional threats.^[8] On November 20, 762, during the An Lushan Rebellion (755–763), Tang dynasty forces, allied with Uyghur Khan Bögü Qaghan of the Huihe tribe, recaptured Luoyang—the eastern capital—from Yan rebel leader Shi Chaoyi, marking a pivotal advance in reclaiming territory lost to the uprising that had caused an estimated 13–36 million deaths through warfare, famine, and disease.^[9] This victory, achieved via combined Tang cavalry and Uyghur horse archers, pressured Shi Chaoyi to suicide in 763, though the rebellion's full suppression required further campaigns and highlighted Tang reliance on nomadic allies, contributing to fiscal strain and central authority erosion.^[10] In 1194, Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI completed his conquest of the Kingdom of Sicily by seizing Palermo from Tancred I's forces, integrating the Norman realm into the Hohenstaufen domain and securing it for his infant son Frederick as future king, amid broader efforts to consolidate imperial power in Italy and counter papal influence.^[11] This event followed Henry VI's 1194 invasion, bolstered by German and Pisan naval support, and Tancred's death earlier that year, averting prolonged resistance but sparking local unrest and Tancred's son William III's brief claim before his execution in 1198.^[12]

1601–1900

On November 20, 1778, New Jersey became the third state to ratify the Articles of Confederation, agreeing to its provisions after initial reservations regarding equal state voting rights in Congress.^[13] New Jersey ratified the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights, on November 20, 1789, becoming the first state to do so and approving eleven of the twelve proposed amendments.^[14][15] The Nantucket whaleship Essex was rammed twice and sunk by an aggressive sperm whale on November 20, 1820, approximately 2,000 nautical miles off the coast of South America, leaving the 20 survivors to drift in small boats for over two months; only eight ultimately survived, with accounts of cannibalism among the crew.^[16] Abolitionist David Ruggles founded the New York Committee of Vigilance on November 20, 1835, an interracial organization aimed at protecting free Black people and fugitive slaves from kidnapping and re-enslavement under laws like the Fugitive Slave Act, assisting over 1,300 individuals during its operation.^[17] French inventor Pierre Lallement received U.S. Patent No. 59,915 on November 20, 1866, for improvements to the velocipede, introducing a pedal-and-crank mechanism attached directly to the front wheel, marking a key advancement toward the modern pedal-driven bicycle.^[18]

1901–present

1910 – Francisco I. Madero, opposing the reelection of Porfirio Díaz, issued a manifesto from exile in the United States calling for armed revolt, marking the start of the Mexican Revolution that ultimately ended Díaz's 35-year rule.^[19] 1917 – The Battle of Cambrai opened on the Western Front during World War I, with British forces deploying over 400 tanks in the first major armored offensive, achieving initial breakthroughs against German positions before stalling due to counterattacks. 1940 – Amid World War II, Hungary formally adhered to the Tripartite Pact, aligning with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Japan as part of the expanding Axis alliance. 1945 – The International Military Tribunal convened in Nuremberg, Germany, initiating the trials of 24 high-ranking Nazi officials for war crimes, crimes against peace, and crimes against humanity, setting precedents for international law. 1947 – Princess Elizabeth, heir to the British throne, wed Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh, in a Westminster Abbey ceremony attended by dignitaries from across the Commonwealth, solidifying a union that lasted until Philip's death in 2021. 1985 – Microsoft launched Windows 1.0, the company's first graphical operating system interface for IBM-compatible PCs, introducing features like tiled windows and a mouse-driven menu system that influenced personal computing development. 1989 – In Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution, demonstrations in Prague escalated to an estimated 500,000 participants, accelerating the communist regime's collapse without violence and paving the way for democratic transitions in Eastern Europe. 1998 – Russia launched the Zarya (Sunrise) module, the first component of the International Space Station, into orbit from Baikonur Cosmodrome, initiating assembly of the orbital laboratory involving contributions from the United States, Russia, Europe, Japan, and Canada. 2022 – The FIFA World Cup kicked off in Qatar, hosting the tournament for the first time in the Middle East with 32 national teams competing amid controversies over labor conditions and human rights.

Deaths

Pre-1600

In 284, Roman general Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus, known as Diocletian, was proclaimed emperor by the legions of the East and West following the death of Emperor Carus and the subsequent elimination of his sons Numerian and Carinus at the Battle of the Margus.^[6][7] Born circa 244 in Dalmatia to low-status parents, Diocletian had risen through military ranks; his accession stabilized the empire amid the Crisis of the Third Century, enabling administrative reforms, military restructuring, and eventual division into the Tetrarchy to address succession and regional threats.^[8] On November 20, 762, during the An Lushan Rebellion (755–763), Tang dynasty forces, allied with Uyghur Khan Bögü Qaghan of the Huihe tribe, recaptured Luoyang—the eastern capital—from Yan rebel leader Shi Chaoyi, marking a pivotal advance in reclaiming territory lost to the uprising that had caused an estimated 13–36 million deaths through warfare, famine, and disease.^[9] This victory, achieved via combined Tang cavalry and Uyghur horse archers, pressured Shi Chaoyi to suicide in 763, though the rebellion's full suppression required further campaigns and highlighted Tang reliance on nomadic allies, contributing to fiscal strain and central authority erosion.^[10] In 1194, Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI completed his conquest of the Kingdom of Sicily by seizing Palermo from Tancred I's forces, integrating the Norman realm into the Hohenstaufen domain and securing it for his infant son Frederick as future king, amid broader efforts to consolidate imperial power in Italy and counter papal influence.^[11] This event followed Henry VI's 1194 invasion, bolstered by German and Pisan naval support, and Tancred's death earlier that year, averting prolonged resistance but sparking local unrest and Tancred's son William III's brief claim before his execution in 1198.^[12]

1601–1900

On November 20, 1778, New Jersey became the third state to ratify the Articles of Confederation, agreeing to its provisions after initial reservations regarding equal state voting rights in Congress.^[13] New Jersey ratified the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights, on November 20, 1789, becoming the first state to do so and approving eleven of the twelve proposed amendments.^[14][15] The Nantucket whaleship Essex was rammed twice and sunk by an aggressive sperm whale on November 20, 1820, approximately 2,000 nautical miles off the coast of South America, leaving the 20 survivors to drift in small boats for over two months; only eight ultimately survived, with accounts of cannibalism among the crew.^[16] Abolitionist David Ruggles founded the New York Committee of Vigilance on November 20, 1835, an interracial organization aimed at protecting free Black people and fugitive slaves from kidnapping and re-enslavement under laws like the Fugitive Slave Act, assisting over 1,300 individuals during its operation.^[17] French inventor Pierre Lallement received U.S. Patent No. 59,915 on November 20, 1866, for improvements to the velocipede, introducing a pedal-and-crank mechanism attached directly to the front wheel, marking a key advancement toward the modern pedal-driven bicycle.^[18]

1901–present

1910 – Francisco I. Madero, opposing the reelection of Porfirio Díaz, issued a manifesto from exile in the United States calling for armed revolt, marking the start of the Mexican Revolution that ultimately ended Díaz's 35-year rule.^[19] 1917 – The Battle of Cambrai opened on the Western Front during World War I, with British forces deploying over 400 tanks in the first major armored offensive, achieving initial breakthroughs against German positions before stalling due to counterattacks. 1940 – Amid World War II, Hungary formally adhered to the Tripartite Pact, aligning with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Japan as part of the expanding Axis alliance. 1945 – The International Military Tribunal convened in Nuremberg, Germany, initiating the trials of 24 high-ranking Nazi officials for war crimes, crimes against peace, and crimes against humanity, setting precedents for international law. 1947 – Princess Elizabeth, heir to the British throne, wed Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh, in a Westminster Abbey ceremony attended by dignitaries from across the Commonwealth, solidifying a union that lasted until Philip's death in 2021. 1985 – Microsoft launched Windows 1.0, the company's first graphical operating system interface for IBM-compatible PCs, introducing features like tiled windows and a mouse-driven menu system that influenced personal computing development. 1989 – In Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution, demonstrations in Prague escalated to an estimated 500,000 participants, accelerating the communist regime's collapse without violence and paving the way for democratic transitions in Eastern Europe. 1998 – Russia launched the Zarya (Sunrise) module, the first component of the International Space Station, into orbit from Baikonur Cosmodrome, initiating assembly of the orbital laboratory involving contributions from the United States, Russia, Europe, Japan, and Canada. 2022 – The FIFA World Cup kicked off in Qatar, hosting the tournament for the first time in the Middle East with 32 national teams competing amid controversies over labor conditions and human rights.

Holidays and observances

International observances

Universal Children's Day, proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in resolution 836(IX) on December 14, 1954, is observed annually on November 20 to promote international togetherness and awareness of children's welfare and rights.^[2] The date specifically marks the adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child by the UNGA on November 20, 1959, and the Convention on the Rights of the Child on November 20, 1989, which has been ratified by 196 countries as the most widely accepted human rights treaty.^[2] Activities typically include global campaigns, educational events, and advocacy for child protection, health, and education, coordinated by UNICEF and other UN agencies. World Television Day, established by UNGA resolution 51/205 on December 17, 1996, recognizes television's role in presenting information and fostering public awareness on developmental issues.^[20] It encourages governments, media organizations, and individuals to assess television's impact beyond entertainment, including its potential for promoting peace, security, and cultural exchange, while addressing challenges like misinformation and access disparities in developing regions.^[20] Africa Industrialization Day, declared by UNGA resolution 44/237 on December 22, 1989, aims to highlight Africa's industrial development needs and mobilize international support for economic diversification and self-reliance. Observed through seminars, workshops, and policy discussions by the UN Economic Commission for Africa and member states, it addresses barriers such as infrastructure deficits, technology gaps, and trade imbalances, with a focus on achieving Sustainable Development Goal 9 on industry, innovation, and infrastructure.

National and cultural observances

In Mexico, November 20 marks the historical start of the Mexican Revolution in 1910, when Francisco I. Madero issued the Plan de San Luis Potosí calling for armed uprising against the long-ruling Porfirio Díaz dictatorship amid widespread discontent over land inequality, political repression, and economic favoritism toward elites.^[21] This event initiated a decade-long civil war that resulted in over one million deaths and fundamentally reshaped Mexico's political system, leading to land reforms and the rise of the Institutional Revolutionary Party's dominance.^[22] Although Revolution Day is now a mandatory paid holiday observed on the third Monday in November per a 2005 labor law amendment to consolidate weekends, the fixed date of November 20 retains cultural and educational significance, with parades, civic ceremonies, and school programs emphasizing revolutionary ideals of sovereignty and social justice.^[22] In Brazil, November 20 is Black Consciousness Day (Dia da Consciência Negra), commemorating the death in 1695 of Zumbi dos Palmares, leader of Quilombo dos Palmares, a maroon community of escaped slaves that resisted Portuguese colonial forces for nearly a century.^[23] The observance highlights Afro-Brazilian resistance to slavery, cultural heritage, and ongoing racial inequalities, with events including lectures, cultural festivals, and protests against discrimination; it was formalized as a national date in 2003 via educational guidelines and elevated to a federal holiday in 2023, effective from 2024, though enforcement varies by state.^[23][24] In Spain, November 20, abbreviated as 20-N, serves as a symbolic date for certain political groups commemorating the 1936 execution of Falangist founder José Antonio Primo de Rivera during the Spanish Civil War and the 1975 death of General Francisco Franco, ending his 36-year authoritarian regime.^[25] These anniversaries have historically drawn far-right gatherings at sites like the Valley of the Fallen, though official state involvement ceased after Spain's transition to democracy, and the date lacks formal holiday status.^[26]

Religious observances

In the Roman Catholic tradition, November 20 commemorates several saints listed in the Roman Martyrology, including Saint Gelasius I, pope from 492 to 496, who opposed pagan practices in Rome and issued decrees affirming the separation of ecclesiastical and civil authority while promoting almsgiving and orthodoxy against heresies such as Pelagianism.^[27] Traditional observance also honors Saint Edmund the Martyr (c. 841–869), the Anglo-Saxon king of East Anglia who refused to renounce Christianity or serve under Danish invaders, leading to his capture, torture, and execution by beheading and arrow shots, establishing him as a symbol of faithful resistance in English hagiography.^[28] His relics, enshrined at Bury St Edmunds Abbey, became a pilgrimage site until the Reformation, underscoring his patronage of difficult causes and national identity in medieval England.^[29] Other saints venerated on this date in Catholic calendars include Saint Edmund Rich (c. 1174–1240), Archbishop of Canterbury known for his ascetic life, advocacy for church reform against royal interference, and exile due to conflicts with King Henry III, with his cult emphasizing personal holiness amid political strife.^[30] These observances, while optional memorials rather than obligatory feasts in the post-Vatican II General Roman Calendar, involve Masses, litanies, and devotions focused on martyrdom, ecclesiastical governance, and fidelity, drawing from historical martyrologies compiled by figures like St. Bede and later systematized in the 16th-century Tridentine reforms.^[31] In the Eastern Orthodox Church, November 20 marks the Forefeast of the Entrance of the Most Holy Theotokos (Mother of God) into the Temple, a preparatory day for the November 21 feast depicting the three-year-old Virgin Mary's dedication at the Jerusalem Temple, where she was raised in sanctity under the priest Zechariah, symbolizing her unique role in salvation history as recounted in protoevangelium traditions.^[32] Liturgical services include vespers with hymns foreshadowing her incorrupt preservation and divine election, alongside commemorations of saints such as Gregory the Decapolite (8th–9th century), a hymnographer and ascetic who defended Orthodoxy against iconoclasm through miracles and travels across Byzantine territories.^[33] These rites emphasize typological foreshadowing of Christ's incarnation, with no work restrictions but heightened prayer anticipating the paramount feast.^[34] No major fixed observances occur on November 20 in Jewish, Islamic, Hindu, or other non-Christian calendars, as their lunar or variable systems do not align consistently with the Gregorian date; however, local or denominational variations may align coincidentally in specific years.^[35]