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From top to bottom, left to right: The Sputnik satellite is launched by the Soviet Union, starting the Space Race; Sputnik 2 follows, carrying the dog Laika as the first living creature in orbit; the Treaty of Rome establishes the European Economic Community to promote economic integration in Europe; the 1957–1958 influenza pandemic spreads worldwide, killing over a million; the Little Rock Nine integrate Little Rock Central High School, challenging racial segregation in the United States; The Bridge on the River Kwai premieres to critical and commercial acclaim; the Syrian Crisis of 1957 escalates tensions in the Middle East; the Lewisham rail crash kills 90 in London; and Hurricane Audrey devastates the U.S. Gulf Coast.
1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1957th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 957th year of the 2nd millennium, the 57th year of the 20th century, and the 8th year of the 1950s decade.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1957.
Events
[edit]January
[edit]- January 1 – The Saarland joins West Germany.
- January 3 – Hamilton Watch Company introduces the first electric watch.
- January 5 – South African player Russell Endean becomes the first batsman to be dismissed for having handled the ball in Test cricket.
- January 9 – British Prime Minister Anthony Eden resigns on health grounds.
- January 10 – Harold Macmillan becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
- January 11 – The African Convention is founded in Dakar.
- January 14 – Kripalu Maharaj is named fifth Jagadguru (world teacher), after giving seven days of speeches before 500 Hindu scholars.
- January 15 – The film Throne of Blood, Akira Kurosawa's reworking of Macbeth, is released in Japan.
- January 16 – Global hotel brand Marriott opens its first hotel, the Marriott Motor Hotel in Arlington, Virginia.[1]
- January 20 – Israel withdraws from the Sinai Peninsula (captured from Egypt on October 29, 1956).
- January 26 – The Ibirapuera Planetarium (the first in the Southern Hemisphere) is inaugurated in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.
February
[edit]- February 2 – President Iskander Mirza of Pakistan lays the foundation-stone of the Guddu Barrage across the Indus River, near Sukkur.
- February 4
- France prohibits U.N. involvement in Algeria.
- The first nuclear-powered submarine, USS Nautilus, logs its 60,000th nautical mile, matching the endurance of the fictional Nautilus described in Jules Verne's 1870 novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas. It is decommissioned on March 3, 1980.
- A coal gas explosion at the giant Bishop Coal Mine in Bishop, Virginia, United States, kills 37 men.
- February 6 – The Soviet Union announces that Swedish envoy Raoul Wallenberg had died in a Soviet prison ("possibly of a heart attack"), on July 17, 1947
- February 10 – The Confederation of African Football is founded, at a meeting in Khartoum.
- February 15 – Andrei Gromyko becomes foreign minister of the Soviet Union.
- February 16 – Ingmar Bergman's film The Seventh Seal opens at cinemas in Sweden.
- February 17 – A fire at a home for the elderly in Warrenton, Missouri, United States, kills 72 people.
- February 18
- Kenyan rebel leader Dedan Kimathi is executed by the British colonial government.
- The last person to be executed in New Zealand, Walter James Bolton, is hanged at Mount Eden Prison for poisoning his wife.[2]
- February 23 – The founding congress of the Senegalese Popular Bloc opens in Dakar.
March
[edit]
- March 1
- U Nu becomes Prime Minister of Burma.
- Arturo Lezama becomes President of the National Council of Government of Uruguay.
- Sud Aviation forms, from a merger between SNCASE (Société Nationale de Constructions Aéronautiques du Sud Est) and SNCASO (Société Nationale de Constructions Aéronautiques du Sud Ouest).
- March 3 – Net als toen, sung by Corry Brokken (music by Guus Jansen, lyrics by Willy van Hemert), wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1957 (held at Frankfurt), for the Netherlands.
- March 6
- United Kingdom colonies Gold Coast and British Togoland become the independent nation of Ghana.
- Zodi Ikhia founds the Nigerien Democratic Front (FDN) in Niger.
- March 8 – Egypt re-opens the Suez Canal.
- March 14 – President Sukarno declares martial law in Indonesia.[3]
- March 17 – 1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash: Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay and 24 others are killed in a plane crash.
- March 20 – The French news magazine L'Express reveals that the French army tortures Algerian prisoners.
- March 25 – The Treaty of Rome (Patto di Roma) establishes the European Economic Community (EEC; predecessor of the European Union) between Italy, France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg.
- March 27 – The 29th Academy Awards Ceremony is held in Hollywood. Around the World in 80 Days wins Best Picture.
April
[edit]- April – IBM sells the first compiler for the Fortran scientific programming language.
- April 1 – The first new conscripts join the Bundeswehr.
- April 5 – The Communist Party of India wins the elections in Kerala, making E. M. S. Namboodiripad its first chief minister.
- April 9 – Egypt reopens the Suez Canal to all shipping.
- April 12 – The United Kingdom announces that Singapore will gain self-rule on January 1, 1958.
- April 13 – The 1957 alleged Jordanian military coup attempt against Hussein Bin Talal is made by Ali Abu Nuwar.
- April 15
- The Distant Early Warning Line is handed over by contractors to the U.S. and Canadian military.
- White Rock secedes from Surrey, British Columbia, following a referendum.
- April 17 – Suspected English serial killer Dr John Bodkin Adams is found not guilty of murder, at the Old Bailey.
- April 24–25 – The 1957 Fethiye earthquakes occur on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey.
- April 30 – The solar eclipse of April 30, 1957, a non-central annular solar eclipse that does not have a northern path limit, takes place. This is the last of 57 umbral solar eclipses of Solar Saros 118.
May
[edit]- May 2 – "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika", written by Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven, becomes the South African national anthem, replacing "God Save the Queen", which is retained as a royal anthem.
- May 8 – South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem begins a state visit to the United States, his regime's main sponsor.[4]
- May 15
- Operation Grapple: At Malden Island in the Pacific, Britain tests its first hydrogen bomb, which fails to detonate properly.
- Stanley Matthews plays his final international game, ending an English record international career of almost 23 years.
- May 16 – Paul-Henri Spaak becomes the new Secretary General of NATO.
- May 24 – May 24 incident: Anti-American riots erupt in Taipei, Taiwan.[5]
- May 30 – Real Madrid beats Fiorentina 2–0 at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid, to win the 1956–57 European Cup (football).
June
[edit]- June 9 – Broad Peak, on the China-Pakistan border, is first ascended.
- June 21 – John Diefenbaker becomes the 13th Prime Minister of Canada.
- June 27 – Hurricane Audrey demolishes Cameron, Louisiana, U.S., killing 400 people.
July
[edit]- July 1
- The International Geophysical Year begins.
- The University of Waterloo is founded in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
- Hugh Everett III publishes the first scientifically founded many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.
- Production of the Citroën Traction Avant automobile, begun in 1934, ceases.
- July 6 – At the age of fifteen, Paul McCartney meets John Lennon and his band, the Quarrymen, at the St Peter's Church Hall fête in Woolton.[6]
- July 11 – His Highness Prince Karim Aga Khan IV becomes the 49th Imam of the Shia Ismaili Muslims at age 20. His grandfather Sir Sultan Mohammed Shah Aga Khan III appoints Prince Karim in his will.
- July 14 – Rawya Ateya takes her seat in the National Assembly of Egypt, thereby becoming the first female parliamentarian in the Arab world.
- July 16 – United States Marine Major John Glenn flies an F8U supersonic jet from California to New York in 3 hours, 23 minutes and 8 seconds, setting a new transcontinental speed record.
- July 23 – Asghar Khan becomes the first native Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Air Force and the world's youngest Air Vice Marshal at 36 years old.[7][8]
- July 25 – Tunisia becomes a republic, with Habib Bourguiba as its first president.
- July 28
- The 6th World Festival of Youth and Students, a high point of the Khrushchev Thaw, opens in Moscow.
- Heavy rains and mudslides at Isahaya, western Kyūshū, Japan, kill 992.
- July 29 – The International Atomic Energy Agency is established.
August
[edit]- August 4 – Juan Manuel Fangio, driving for Maserati, wins the Formula One German Grand Prix, clinching (with 4 wins this season) his record 5th world drivers championship, including his 4th consecutive championship (also a record); these 2 records endure for nearly half a century.
- August 31 – The Federation of Malaya gains independence from the United Kingdom, subsequently celebrated as Malaysia's National Day. Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan, Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan, becomes the first Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaya. The country's new Constitution had come into force on August 27. The Alliance Party and its successor are the ruling coalition until 2018.
September
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- September 5 – Cuban Revolution: Fulgencio Batista’s forces bomb anti-government riots in Cienfuegos.[9][10]
- September 9 – The Civil Rights Act of 1957 is enacted, establishing the United States Commission on Civil Rights.
- September 21
- Olav V becomes King of Norway on the death of his father Haakon VII.
- The sailing ship Pamir sinks off the Azores in a hurricane.
- September 24 – Camp Nou, home stadium of FC Barcelona, officially opens in Barcelona, Spain.[11]
- September 26 – West Side Story, a new musical by Leonard Bernstein with lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, opens on Broadway in New York City.[12]
- September 29 – The Kyshtym disaster occurs at the Mayak nuclear reprocessing plant in Russia.
October
[edit]
- October 1 – The Africanized bee is accidentally released in Brazil.[citation needed]
- October 4
- Space Age – Sputnik program: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth.[13][14]
- The Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow delta wing interceptor aircraft is unveiled.[15]
- October 9 – The Jodrell Bank radio telescope in Cheshire, England, is controlled from its control room for the first time.[16][17]
- October 10 – Windscale fire: Fire at the Windscale nuclear reactor on the north-west coast of England releases radioactive material into the surrounding environment, including iodine-131.[18][19]
- October 11 – The orbit of the last stage of the R-7 Semyorka rocket (carrying Sputnik I) is first successfully calculated on an IBM 704 computer at the MIT Computation Center as part of Operation Moonwatch, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
- October 20 – Two trains collide at Yarımburgaz in Turkey; 95 die.[20][21][22]
- October 23 – Morocco begins its invasion of Ifni.
- October 27 – Celâl Bayar is re-elected president of Turkey.[23]
November
[edit]
- November 1 – The Mackinac Bridge, the world's longest suspension bridge between anchorages at this time, opens in the United States, to connect Michigan's two peninsulas.[24]
- November 3 – Sputnik program: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 2, with the first animal to orbit the Earth, a dog named Laika, on board.[25][26][27][28] There is no technology available to return her to Earth.[29][30]
- November 13
- November 15
- Yugoslavia announces the end of an economic boycott of Francoist Spain (although it does not reinstitute diplomatic relations).[33]
- 1957 Aquila Airways Solent crash: A flying boat crash on the Isle of Wight leaves 45 dead.[34][35]
- November 16 – Adnan Menderes of the Democrat Party forms the new government of Turkey (23rd government, last government formed by DP and Menderes).
- November 30
- Indonesian president Sukarno survives a grenade attack at the Cikini School in Jakarta, but six children are killed.[36]
- 1957 New Zealand general election: The Labour Party defeats the governing National Party, with Walter Nash succeeding Keith Holyoake as Prime Minister.[37]
December
[edit]- December 1 – In Indonesia, Sukarno announces the nationalization of 246 Dutch businesses.
- December 4
- The Lewisham rail crash in London, UK, leaves 92 people dead.[38]
- 1957 Bayankhongor Earthquake in Mongolia kills 30+ people
- December 5 – All 326,000 Dutch nationals are expelled from Indonesia.[39]
- December 6 – The first U.S. attempt to launch a satellite fails, when the Vanguard rocket blows up on the launch pad.[40]
- December 10 – Canadian diplomat Lester B. Pearson receives the Nobel Peace Prize, for his peacekeeping efforts in the United Nations.[41]
- December 18 – A violent F5 tornado wipes out the entire community of Sunfield, Illinois.[42]
- December 20 – The Boeing 707 airliner flies for the first time.[43][self-published source?]
Date unknown
[edit]- Mao Zedong admits that 800,000 "class enemies" had been summarily liquidated in China between 1949 and 1954.
- Gruppe SPUR, an artistic collaboration, is founded in Germany.
- Raja Fashions, a tailoring business, is founded in Hong Kong.[44]
- The so-called 'mound of Midas', the Great Tumulus near Gordium, is excavated.
- Three new neo-grotesque sans-serif typefaces are released: Folio (designed by Konrad Bauer and Walter Baum), Neue Haas Grotesk (designed by Max Miedinger) and Univers (designed by Adrian Frutiger); all will be influential in the International Typographic Style of graphic design.
- Albeit the practice was in decline since the late 19th Century, and illegal since 1912, the very last new case of Chinese foot binding was reported this year.[45]
Births
[edit]| Births |
|---|
| January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December |
January
[edit]
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- January 3 – Bojan Križaj, Slovenian alpine skier
- January 4 – Patty Loveless, American country music singer[46]
- January 6 – Nancy Lopez, American golfer[47]
- January 7
- Katie Couric, American television host[48]
- Hannu Kamppuri, Finnish ice hockey goaltender
- Julian Solís, Puerto Rican former world bantamweight champion boxer
- January 8 – David Lang, American composer
- January 9 – Bibie, Ghanaian singer
- January 11
- Bryan Robson, English footballer
- Claude Criquielion, Belgian bike racer (d. 2015)
- January 12 – John Lasseter, American director, writer and animator
- January 13
- Lorrie Moore, American writer
- Daniel Scioli, Argentine politician and sportsman
- January 14 – Anchee Min, Chinese writer
- January 15 – Mario Van Peebles, Mexican-born African-American actor and director[49]
- January 16 – Ricardo Darín, Argentinian actor
- January 17 – Steve Harvey, African-American comedian, television host, radio personality and actor[50]
- January 22
- Mike Bossy, Canadian hockey player (d. 2022)
- Godfrey Thoma, Nauruan politician
- January 23 – Princess Caroline of Monaco, Princess of Hanover[51]
- January 26 – Road Warrior Hawk, American professional wrestler (d. 2003)
- January 27
- Frank Miller, American comic book writer
- Janick Gers, British heavy metal guitarist
- January 29 – Grażyna Miller, Polish poet
- January 30 – Payne Stewart, American golfer (d. 1999)
February
[edit]
- February 1 – Dennis Brown, Jamaican reggae singer (d. 1999)[52]
- February 2 – Phil Barney, French singer
- February 5 – Jackie Woodburne, Australian actress
- February 6
- Kathy Najimy, American actress and comedian
- Robert Townsend, African-American actor, comedian, director, and writer
- February 8 – Cindy Wilson, American rock singer (The B-52's)
- February 9 – Gordon Strachan, Scottish footballer and manager
- February 14 – Soile Isokoski, Finnish lyric soprano
- February 16 – LeVar Burton, African-American actor[53]
- February 17 – Loreena McKennitt, Canadian singer, composer, harpist (Mummers' Dance)
- February 18
- Marita Koch, German athlete
- Vanna White, American game show presenter (Wheel of Fortune)
- February 19
- Falco, Austrian rock musician (Rock Me Amadeus) (d. 1998)
- Ray Winstone, British actor
- February 20 – Glen Hanlon, Canadian ice hockey coach
- February 23
- Ria Brieffies, Dutch singer (d. 2009)
- Charlie Brandt, American serial killer (d. 2004)[54]
- February 25 – Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Singaporean politician, 9th President of Singapore
- February 27
- Danny Antonucci, Canadian creator of the Cartoon Network show Ed, Edd n Eddy
- Timothy Spall, English actor
- February 28
- Ian Smith, New Zealand cricketer
- John Turturro, American actor, writer and director
March
[edit]
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- March 4 – Mykelti Williamson, American actor
- March 5 – Mark E. Smith, English singer (d. 2018)[55]
- March 6 – Eddie Deezen, American actor and comedian
- March 8 – Clive Burr, British heavy metal drummer (d. 2013)
- March 9 – Mona Sahlin, Swedish politician
- March 10
- Osama bin Laden, Saudi-born terrorist and founder of al-Qaeda (d. 2011)[56]
- Hans-Peter Friedrich, German politician
- March 11
- Qasem Soleimani, Iranian general (d. 2020)
- Isabel Ordaz, Spanish actress[57]
- March 12
- Val Demings, American politician[58]
- Marlon Jackson, African-American singer
- March 15
- Joaquim de Almeida, Portuguese actor
- Park Overall, American film and television actress
- Steve Witkoff, American real estate investor, former lawyer, and diplomat[59]
- March 18 – György Pazdera, Hungarian rock bassist (Pokolgép)
- March 19 – Christopher Murray, American actor
- March 20
- Vanessa Bell Calloway, African-American actress
- Spike Lee, African-American film director and actor
- Theresa Russell, American actress
- March 22 – Michael Mosley, British television and radio journalist, producer, presenter and writer (d. 2024)[60]
- March 23
- Edna Molewa, South African politician (d. 2018)
- Lucio Gutiérrez, 41st President of Ecuador
- Robbie James, Welsh footballer
- Amanda Plummer, American actress
- March 27 – Stephen Dillane, English actor
- March 28 – Paul Eiding, American actor and voice actor
- March 29 – Christopher Lambert, French-American actor
- March 30
- Shen Yi-ming, Taiwanese Air Force general officer (d. 2020)
- Ian Shelton, Canadian astronomer who discovered SN 1987A
- March 31 – Marc McClure, American actor
April
[edit]
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- April 1
- J. Karjalainen, Finnish rock musician
- Denise Nickerson, American actress (d. 2019)
- April 2
- Giuliana De Sio, Italian actress
- Maria Roosen, Dutch sculptor and illustrator
- April 4
- Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, Mexican drug lord
- Aki Kaurismäki, Finnish film director
- April 5 – Ivan Corea, Sri Lankan autism campaigner
- April 8 – Henry Cluney, Irish musician
- April 9 – Seve Ballesteros, Spanish golfer (d. 2011)
- April 12 – Vince Gill, American singer-songwriter
- April 14 – Mikhail Pletnev, Russian pianist, conductor and composer
- April 17 – Afrika Bambaataa, American DJ and producer
- April 19 – Mukesh Ambani, Indian businessman[61]
- April 21
- Herbert Wetterauer, German artist and author
- Faustin-Archange Touadéra, 8th President of the Central African Republic
- April 22 – Donald Tusk, Prime Minister of Poland
- April 23
- Jan Hooks, American actress and comedian (d. 2014)
- Kenji Kawai, Japanese composer
- April 24 – Nazir Ahmed, Baron Ahmed, Pakistani-British Labour Party politician and convicted sex offender[62]
- April 25
- Eric Bristow, English darts player (d. 2018)
- Roch Marc Christian Kaboré, 7th Prime Minister and 8th President of Burkina Faso
- April 28 – Dinorah de Jesús Rodriguez, Cuban-born experimental filmmaker
- April 29
- Daniel Day-Lewis, English-born actor
- Timothy Treadwell, American environmentalist and filmmaker (d. 2003)
May
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- May 1 – Jo Jorgensen, American libertarian politician and academic
- May 3 – Jo Brand, English comedian
- May 5 – Richard E. Grant, English actor
- May 10 – Sid Vicious (John Beverley), English punk rock bassist (Sex Pistols) (d. 1979)
- May 13 – Carrie Lam, Hong Kong civil servant
- May 14 – Daniela Dessì, Italian operatic soprano (d. 2016)
- May 15
- Kevin Von Erich, American professional wrestler
- Juan José Ibarretxe, Basque Lehendakari (Prime Minister)
- May 16
- Joan Benoit, American Olympic gold medal-winning marathon runner
- Bob Suter, American professional ice hockey player (d. 2014)
- May 17 – Gösta Sundqvist, Finnish rock singer and songwriter (Leevi and the Leavings) (d. 2003)
- May 18
- Michael Cretu, Romanian–German new-age musician (Enigma)
- Frank Plasberg, German journalist and television presenter
- May 20 – Yoshihiko Noda, 62nd Prime Minister of Japan
- May 21
- Rebecca Jones, Mexican actress
- Judge Reinhold, American actor
- Renée Soutendijk, Dutch actress
- May 22
- Shinji Morisue, Japanese gymnast
- Gary Sweet, Australian actor
- Lisa Murkowski, US Senator- R-Alaska
- May 23 – Jimmy McShane (aka Baltimora), Northern Irish singer and dancer (d. 1995)
- May 24
- John Harrington, American professional ice hockey player
- Walter Moers, German comic artist and writer[63]
- John G. Rowland, American Republican politician, Governor of Connecticut and felon
- May 26
- François Legault, Canadian politician, Premier of Quebec[64]
- Pontso Sekatle, Lesotho academic and politician
- May 27 – Siouxsie Sioux, born Susan Ballion, English post-punk singer (Siouxsie and the Banshees)
- May 28 – Kirk Gibson, American baseball player
- May 29 – Ted Levine, American actor
- May 31 – Jim Craig, American professional ice hockey player
June
[edit]
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- June 1 – Dorota Kędzierzawska, Polish film director
- June 3 – Horst-Ulrich Hänel, German field hockey player
- June 5 – Kim Tai-chung, Korean martial artist and former actor and Bruce Lee double (d. 2011)
- June 7 – Juan Luis Guerra, Dominican singer and songwriter
- June 8
- Scott Adams, American cartoonist (Dilbert)[65]
- Dimple Kapadia, Indian actress
- June 12
- Timothy Busfield, American actor
- Gamal Al-Ghandour, Egyptian football referee
- Javed Miandad, Pakistani cricketer
- Tarek Shawki, Egyptian academic, 25th Minister of Education and Technical Education in Egypt
- June 14 – Maxi Jazz, British musician, rapper, singer-songwriter and DJ (d. 2022)[66]
- June 15 – Seppo Pääkkönen, Finnish actor
- June 19 – Anna Lindh, Swedish politician (d. 2003)
- June 21
- Michael Bowen, American actor
- Luis Antonio Tagle, Filipino cardinal, Archbishop of Manila
- June 23 – Frances McDormand, American actress
- June 25 – William Goh, Archbishop of Singapore
- June 27 – Erik Hamrén, Swedish football player
- June 28 – Georgi Parvanov, President of Bulgaria
- June 29 – Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, Turkmen politician, 2nd President of Turkmenistan
- June 30 – Silvio Orlando, Italian actor
July
[edit]
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- July 2 – Bret Hart, Canadian professional wrestler
- July 4
- Princess Chulabhorn of Thailand
- Jenny Seagrove, English actress
- M. Nasir, Singaporean-Malaysian poet, singer-songwriter, composer, producer, actor and film director
- Dmitry Nazarov, Soviet-Russian actor
- July 5 – Doug Wilson, Canadian ice hockey
- July 7 – Mohd Puad Zarkashi, Malaysian politician
- July 9
- Paul Merton, English writer, actor, comedian, radio and television presenter
- Marc Almond, English singer
- Kelly McGillis, American actress
- July 10 – Cindy Sheehan, American anti-war activist
- July 12 – Rick Husband, American astronaut (d. 2003)
- July 13
- Lília Cabral, Brazilian actress
- Cameron Crowe, American writer and film director
- July 17 – Shinobu Otake, Japanese actress
- July 18 – Nick Faldo, British golfer
- July 21
- Jon Lovitz, American actor and comedian
- Stefan Löfven, 33rd Prime Minister of Sweden
- July 23 – Theo van Gogh, Dutch film director (d. 2004)
- July 24 – Shavkat Mirziyoyev, Uzbek politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Uzbekistan and 2nd President of Uzbekistan
- July 26
- Yuen Biao, Hong Kong actor
- Nana Visitor, American actress
- July 27 – Hansi Müller, German footballer
- July 29
- Nellie Kim, Russian gymnast
- Fumio Kishida, 100th Prime Minister of Japan[67]
August
[edit]
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- August 2
- Lo' Lo' Mohd Ghazali, Malaysian politician (d. 2011)
- Jacky Rosen, US Senator
- August 4
- Rupert Farley, British actor and voice actor
- John Wark, Scottish footballer
- August 6 – Jim McGreevey, 52nd Governor of New Jersey
- August 7 – Alexander Dityatin, Soviet gymnast
- August 9 – Melanie Griffith, American actress
- August 10 – Juli Básti, Hungarian actress
- August 11 – Richie Ramone, American rock drummer (Ramones)
- August 15 – Željko Ivanek, Slovenian-American actor
- August 16
- Tim Farriss, Australian rock guitarist (INXS)
- Laura Innes, American actress and director
- Phil Murphy, American politician
- August 17 – Robin Cousins, British figure skater
- August 18
- Carole Bouquet, French actress
- Denis Leary, American comedian and actor
- August 19 – Li-Young Lee, Indonesian-born poet
- August 20 – Finlay Calder, Scottish rugby player
- August 22 – Steve Davis, British snooker player
- August 24 – Stephen Fry, British comedian, author and actor[68]
- August 25 – Simon McBurney, British actor, writer and theatre director[69]
- August 26
- August 27 – Bernhard Langer, German golfer
- August 28
- Ivo Josipović, President of Croatia
- Rick Rossovich, American actor
- Daniel Stern, American actor
- Ai Weiwei, Chinese artist, philosopher
- August 29
- Grzegorz Ciechowski, Polish musician (d. 2001)
- Shirō Sagisu, Japanese composer[70]
- August 30 – Manu Tuiasosopo, American football player
- August 31
- Gina Schock, American drummer (The Go-Go's)
- Ingrid Washinawatok, Native American activist (d. 1999)
September
[edit]
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- September 1 – Gloria Estefan, Cuban-born American singer
- September 6 – José Sócrates, 117th Prime Minister of Portugal
- September 7 – Ewa Kasprzyk, Polish athlete
- September 8 – Ricardo Montaner, Argentine-born Venezuelan singer
- September 11 – Preben Elkjær, Danish footballer
- September 12
- Jan Egeland, Norwegian politician, diplomat and humanitarian
- Kadim Al Sahir, Iraqi singer[71]
- Rachel Ward, English-born actress
- Hans Zimmer, German composer
- September 13
- Bongbong Marcos, 17th President of the Philippines
- Cesare Bocci, Italian actor
- Mal Donaghy, Northern Irish footballer
- September 16 – David McCreery, Irish footballer
- September 18 – Mark Wells, American professional ice hockey player
- September 20 – Sabine Christiansen, German journalist and television presenter
- September 21
- Ethan Coen, American film director, producer, screenwriter and editor
- Kevin Rudd, 26th Prime Minister of Australia
- September 22
- Nick Cave, Australian musician, songwriter, author, screenwriter and actor
- Mark Johnson, American professional ice hockey player and coach
- Dalia Reyes Barrios, Venezuelan art collector[72]
- September 24 – Brad Bird, American animator, director, writer, producer and voice actor
- September 25 – Michael Madsen, American actor (d. 2025)
- September 26 – Luigi De Canio, Italian footballer and football manager
- September 27 – Peter Sellars, American theatre director
- September 29 – Andrew Dice Clay, American comedian[73]
- September 30 – Fran Drescher, American actress
October
[edit]
- October 4 – Bill Fagerbakke, American actor[74]
- October 5 – Bernie Mac, African-American stand-up comedian and actor (d. 2008)[75][76]
- October 7 – Jayne Torvill, British ice dancer and Olympian[77]
- October 8
- Magdalena Cajías, Bolivian academic, historian, and politician[78]
- October 9 – Herman Brusselmans, Belgian novelist, poet, playwright and columnist[79]
- October 10 – Rumiko Takahashi, Japanese manga artist[80]
- October 11
- Dawn French, British comedian[81]
- Eric Keenleyside, Canadian actor[82]
- October 12 – Clémentine Célarié, French actress
- October 15
- Mira Nair, Indian born-American film maker[83]
- Stacy Peralta, American director and skateboarder[84]
- October 20 – Manuel Huerga, Spanish film director and screenwriter[85]
- October 21
- Wolfgang Ketterle, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate[86]
- Steve Lukather, American guitarist, singer, songwriter, arranger and record producer[87]
- October 22 – Daniel Melingo, Argentine musician[88][89]
- October 23 – Paul Kagame, 4th President of Rwanda[90]
- October 24 – John Kassir, American actor and comedian[91]
- October 25 – Nancy Cartwright, American voice actress (Bart Simpson from The Simpsons)[92]
- October 26
- Julie Dawn Cole, English actress and psychotherapist[93]
- Bob Golic, American football player[94]
- October 27
- Jeff East, American actor[95]
- Tsai Ming-liang, Taiwanese film director[96]
- October 28
- Ahmet Kaya, Turkish folk singer (d. 2000)[97][98][99]
- Stephen Morris, British drummer[100]
- October 29 – Dan Castellaneta, American voice actor (Homer Simpson from The Simpsons)[76]
- October 30
- Richard Jeni, American stand-up comedian and actor (d. 2007)[101]
- Kevin Pollak, American actor[102]
- October 31
- Shirley Phelps-Roper, American political and religious activist[103]
- Robert Pollard, American musician[104]
November
[edit]
- November 1 – Peter Ostrum, American actor and veterinarian
- November 3 – Dolph Lundgren, Swedish actor and martial artist[105]
- November 4
- Tony Abbott, 28th Prime Minister of Australia[106]
- Aleksandr Tkachyov, Soviet gymnast[107]
- November 5 – Jon-Erik Hexum, American actor (d. 1984)[108]
- November 6
- Cam Clarke, American voice actor and singer[109]
- Ciro Gomes, Brazilian lawyer and politician[110]
- Klaus Kleinfeld, German business executive[111]
- Lori Singer, American actress and musician[112]
- November 7 – Christopher Knight, American actor[113]
- November 9 – Magalvi Estaba, Venezuelan politician[114]
- November 10 – George Lowe, American voice actor and comedian[115]
- November 11
- Vince DiCola, American composer[citation needed]
- Ana Pastor, Spanish politician[116]
- November 12 – Cécilia Attias, wife of French Prime Minister Nicolas Sarkozy[117]
- November 13
- Greg Abbott, American attorney and politician[118]
- Roger Ingram, American jazz musician, author, educator, trumpet designer[119]
- November 14 – Gregg Burge, American tap dancer and choreographer (d. 1998)[120]
- November 15 – Kevin Eubanks, American jazz guitarist[121]
- November 18 – Olivia Heussler, Swiss photojournalist[122]
- November 19
- Ofra Haza, Israeli singer (d. 2000)[123]
- Tom Virtue, American actor[124]
- November 20
- Stefan Bellof, German racing driver (d. 1985)[125]
- John Eriksen, Danish footballer (d. 2002)[126]
- Goodluck Jonathan, 14th President of Nigeria[127]
- Sophie Lorain, Canadian actress, director and producer[128]
- November 22
- Don Newman, American basketball coach and player (d. 2018)[129][130]
- Alan Stern, principal investigator of NASA's New Horizons mission to Pluto[131]
- November 23 – William Kaelin Jr., American cellular biologist, Nobel Prize laureate[132]
- November 24 – Denise Crosby, American screen actress[133]
- November 26
- Kevin Kamenetz, American politician (d. 2018)[134][135]
- Matthias Reim, German singer-songwriter[136]
- November 27
- Kenny Acheson, Irish race car driver[137][self-published source?]
- Edda Heiðrún Backman, Icelandic actress, singer, director and artist (d. 2016)[138][139]
- Caroline Kennedy, American author, attorney and daughter of 35th President John F. Kennedy[140][141]
- November 30 – Colin Mochrie, Scottish-born Canadian comedian[142]
December
[edit]
_crop.jpg)
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- December 1
- December 3 – Maxim Korobov, Russian businessman and politician
- December 4 – Eric S. Raymond, American open source software advocate
- December 6
- Thomas Brinkman, American politician
- Andrew Cuomo, American politician[149]
- December 7 – Tijjani Muhammad-Bande, Nigerian career-diplomat, President of the United Nations General Assembly (2019)[150]
- December 9
- José Luis Gil, Spanish actor and voice actor[151]
- Peter O'Mara, Australian jazz guitarist and composer[152]
- Donny Osmond, American singer and actor (The Osmonds)[153]
- December 10
- Michael Clarke Duncan, American actor (d. 2012)[154]
- Paul Hardcastle, English musician[155]
- José Mário Vaz, former President of Guinea-Bissau[156]
- December 12 – Sheila E., American percussionist, singer, author, and actress[157]
- December 13 – Steve Buscemi, American actor[158]
- December 15 – Laura Molina, American artist, musician and actress
- December 16 – Nikolaos Michaloliakos, Greek politician, founder and leader of Golden Dawn, a neo-nazi party
- December 17 – Doug Parker, Canadian voice actor and voice director[159]
- December 19
- Kevin McHale, American basketball player[160]
- Tracy Pew, Australian musician (d. 1986)[161]
- December 20
- Billy Bragg, British singer[162]
- Joyce Hyser, American actress[163]
- Anna Vissi, Greek singer[164]
- December 21
- Tom Henke, American baseball player[165]
- Ray Romano, American actor and comedian[166]
- December 24 – Hamid Karzai, President of Afghanistan[167]
- December 25 – Shane MacGowan, English-born Irish Celtic punk singer-songwriter (The Pogues) (died 2023)[168]
- December 29 – Oliver Hirschbiegel, German film director
- December 30
- Matt Lauer, American newscaster[169]
- Joanna Pacuła, Polish actress[170]
Deaths
[edit]| Content |
|---|
| January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December |
January
[edit]
- January 4 – Theodor Körner, Austrian statesman, 5th President of Austria (b. 1873)
- January 10 – Gabriela Mistral, Chilean writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1889)[171]
- January 14 – Humphrey Bogart, American actor (b. 1899)
- January 16
- Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone, English army officer and colonial administrator (b. 1874)
- Arturo Toscanini, Italian conductor (b. 1867)
- January 20 – James Brendan Connolly, American Olympic athlete (b. 1868)
- January 26
- Helene Costello, American actress (b. 1906)
- William Eythe, American actor (b. 1918)
- José Linhares, Brazilian lawyer, 15th President of Brazil (b. 1886)[172]
- Mamoru Shigemitsu, Japanese diplomat and politician (b. 1887)[173]
February
[edit]
- February 1 – Friedrich Paulus, German field marshal (b. 1890)
- February 2 – Julia Morgan, American architect (b. 1872)[174]
- February 4 – Miguel Covarrubias, Mexican painter (b. 1904)
- February 8
- Walther Bothe, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1891)
- John von Neumann, Hungarian-born American mathematician (b. 1903)
- February 9 – Miklós Horthy, Austro-Hungarian admiral and regent of the Kingdom of Hungary (b. 1868)
- February 10 – Laura Ingalls Wilder, American author (b. 1867)[175]
- February 16
- Josef Hofmann, Polish-born pianist and composer (b. 1876)
- Sir John Townsend, Irish mathematical physicist (b. 1868)[176]
- February 18
- Dedan Kimathi, Kenyan rebel leader, executed (b. 1920)
- Henry Norris Russell, American astronomer (b. 1877)
- February 19 – Märta Torén, Swedish actress (b. 1925)
- February 20 – Sadri Maksudi Arsal, Turkish politician and academic (b. 1878)
- February 25 – Bugs Moran, American gangster (b. 1893)
March
[edit]
- March 4 – Larbi Ben M'hidi, Algerian revolutionary leader (executed in Paul Aussaresses custody) (b. 1923)[177]
- March 5 – William Cameron Menzies, American film production designer (b. 1896)
- March 6 – Sir Alexander Godley, British general (b. 1867)
- March 7 – Wyndham Lewis, English painter (b. 1882)
- March 8
- János Esterházy, Hungarian politician in Czechoslovakia (b. 1901)
- Othmar Schoeck, Swiss composer (b. 1886)[178]
- March 11 – Richard E. Byrd, American explorer (b. 1888)[179]
- March 12 – Josephine Hull, American actress (b. 1877)
- March 14 – Eugenio Castellotti, Italian racing driver (car crash) (b. 1930)
- March 16 – Constantin Brâncuși, Romanian sculptor (b. 1876)
- March 17 – Ramon Magsaysay, 7th President of the Philippines (b. 1907)
- March 26
- Édouard Herriot, French politician, 66th Prime Minister of France (b. 1872)
- Max Ophüls, German film director and writer (b. 1902)
- March 28
- Gheorghe Tătărescu, Romanian politician, 36th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1886)
- Jack B. Yeats, Irish artist (b. 1871)[180]
- March 29 – Joyce Cary, Irish author (b. 1888)
- March 31 – Gene Lockhart, Canadian actor (b. 1891)
April
[edit]
- April 3 – Ned Sparks, Canadian character actor (b. 1883)
- April 6 – Pierina Morosini, Italian Roman Catholic laywoman, martyr and blessed (b. 1931)
- April 8
- Dorothy Sebastian, American actress (b. 1903)
- Pedro Segura y Sáenz, Spanish Roman Catholic archbishop (b. 1880)
- April 15 – Pedro Infante, Mexican actor and singer (b. 1917)
- April 16 – Johnny Torrio, Italian-born American gangster (b. 1882)
- April 23 – Roy Campbell, South African poet (b. 1901)[181]
- April 24 – Elizabeth Hesselblad, Swedish nurse and Roman Catholic saint (b. 1870)
- April 25 – Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani, Emir of Qatar (b. 1880)
- April 26 – Elinor Fair, American actress (b. 1903)
May
[edit]
- May 1 – Grant Mitchell, American actor (b. 1874)
- May 2 – Joseph McCarthy, American senator (b. 1908)
- May 4 – Katie Johnson, British actress (b. 1878)
- May 7
- Wilhelm Filchner, German explorer (b. 1877)
- Zenón Noriega Agüero, Peruvian general, interim President of Peru (b. 1900)
- May 9
- Ezio Pinza, Italian bass (b. 1892)
- Heinrich Campendonk, German-Dutch painter and graphic designer (b. 1889)
- May 12 – Erich von Stroheim, Austrian actor and director (b. 1885)
- May 13 – Michael Fekete, Hungarian-born Israeli mathematician (b. 1886)
- May 14 – Marie Vassilieff, Soviet artist (b. 1884)
- May 16 – Eliot Ness, American Prohibition agent (b. 1903)
- May 17 – Francesco Balilla Pratella, Italian composer (b. 1880)
- May 20 – Gilbert Murray, Australian-British classical scholar and intellectual (b. 1866)
- May 21 – Aleksandr Vertinsky, Russian singer and actor (b. 1889)[182]
- May 29 – James Whale, English film director (b. 1889)
- May 31 – Leopold Staff, Polish poet (b. 1878)
June
[edit]
- June 1
- Luisa Casati, Italian patron of the arts (b. 1881)
- Russell Hicks, American actor (b. 1895)[183]
- June 6 – Kulyash Baiseitova, Soviet composer (b. 1912)
- June 12 – Jimmy Dorsey, American jazz musician (b. 1904)
- June 13 – Irving Baxter, American athlete (b. 1876)
- June 15 – Princess Norina Matchabelli, Italian perfumier (b. 1881)
- June 17
- Dorothy Richardson, English feminist writer (b. 1873)[184]
- Augusto Samuel Boyd, 20th President of Panama (b. 1879)
- June 21 – Johannes Stark, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1874)
- June 23 – Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum, Syrian patriarch (b. 1887)
- June 24 – František Kupka, Czech painter and graphic artist (b. 1871)
- June 26
- Alfred Döblin, German writer (b. 1878)[185]
- Malcolm Lowry, English poet and novelist (b. 1909)[186]
- June 27
- Hermann Buhl, Austrian mountaineer (b. 1924)
- Vivienne de Watteville, British travel writer and adventurer (b. 1900)[187]
July
[edit]
- July 3 – Judy Tyler, American actress (b. 1932)
- July 8 – Grace Coolidge, First Lady of the United States (b. 1879)
- July 10 – Sholem Asch, Polish-Jewish novelist, dramatist and essayist (b. 1880)[188]
- July 11 – Aga Khan III, 48th Nizari Imam (b. 1877)
- July 15
- George Cleveland, Canadian actor (b. 1885)
- James M. Cox, Democratic candidate for President of the United States in the election of 1920 (b. 1870)
- July 23 – Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, Sicilian writer (b. 1896)[189]
- July 24
- Metodija Andonov-Čento, Macedonian statesman (b. 1902)
- Sacha Guitry, Russian-born French playwright, actor and director (b. 1885)[190]
- July 26 – Carlos Castillo Armas, Guatemalan military officer and politician, 28th President of Guatemala (b. 1914)
- July 28
- Edith Abbott, American social worker, educator and author (b. 1876)
- Mike O'Dowd, American boxer (d. 1895)[191]
August
[edit].jpg)
- August 3 – Devdas Gandhi, youngest son of Mahatma Gandhi (b. 1900)
- August 4 – Washington Luís, 13th President of Brazil (b. 1869)
- August 5 – Heinrich Otto Wieland, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1877)
- August 7 – Oliver Hardy, American actor (b. 1892)
- August 10 – Leo Bagrow, Russian-born historian of cartography (b. 1881)
- August 11 – Rudolf Weigl, Polish biologist (b. 1883)[192]
- August 16 – Irving Langmuir, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1881)
- August 19 – David Bomberg, British Vorticist painter (b. 1890)
- August 20 – Julio Lozano Díaz, President of Honduras (b. 1885)
- August 21 – Harald Sverdrup, Norwegian oceanographer (b. 1888)[193]
- August 23 – Eugène Schueller, French chemist and entrepreneur (b. 1881)[194]
- August 30 – Harold Gatty, Australian aviator (b. 1903)
September
[edit]
- September 1 – Dennis Brain, English French horn player (b. 1921)
- September 16 – Qi Baishi, Chinese painter (b. 1864)
- September 20 – Jean Sibelius, Finnish composer (b. 1865)
- September 21 – King Haakon VII of Norway (b. 1872)
- September 22 – Toyoda Soemu, Japanese admiral (b. 1885)
October
[edit]
- October 3 – Lőrinc Szabó, Hungarian poet (b. 1900)[195]
- October 4 – Pierneef, South African artist (b. 1886)[196]
- October 8 – Hassiba Ben Bouali, Algerian militant (b. 1938)[197]
- October 13 – Erich Auerbach, German philologist (b. 1892)[198]
- October 19 – V. Gordon Childe, Australian archaeologist (b. 1892)[199]
- October 20 – Jack Buchanan, British actor (b. 1891)[200]
- October 23 – Frederick Burton, American actor (b. 1871)[201]
- October 24 – Christian Dior, French fashion designer (b. 1905)[202]
- October 25
- Albert Anastasia, American gangster (b. 1902)[203]
- Lord Dunsany, Irish author (b. 1878)[204]
- October 26
- Gerty Cori, Austrian-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1896)[205]
- Nikos Kazantzakis, Greek writer (b. 1883)[206]
- October 27 – Giovanni Battista Caproni, Italian aeronautical, civil and electrical engineer, aircraft designer and industrialist (b. 1886)[207]
- October 29
- José Patricio Guggiari, Paraguayan politician, 32nd President of Paraguay (b. 1884)[208]
- Louis B. Mayer, American film studio mogul, former head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) (b. 1885)[209]
November
[edit]
- November 2 – Ted Meredith, American Olympic athlete (b. 1891)[210]
- November 3
- Charles Brabin, American director and screenwriter (b. 1882)[211]
- Laika, Soviet space dog (b. c. 1954)[212][self-published source?]
- Wilhelm Reich, Austrian psychoanalyst (b. 1897)[213]
- November 4
- Joseph Canteloube, French composer and singer (b. 1879)[214]
- Shoghi Effendi, Bahá'í leader (b. 1897)[215]
- Grigore Preoteasa, Romanian activist (b. 1915)[216]
- November 7 – Hasui Kawase, Japanese painter and printmaker (b. 1883)[217]
- November 11 – Masao Maruyama, Japanese general (b. 1889)[218][self-published source?]
- November 13 – Antonín Zápotocký, 6th President and 15th Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (b. 1884)[219]
- November 15 – Andrzej Bursa, Polish poet (b. 1932)[220]
- November 17 – Cora Witherspoon, American actress (b. 1890)[221]
- November 18 – Rudolf Diels, German Nazi civil servant and Gestapo chief (b. 1900)[222]
- November 24
- Prince George of Greece and Denmark, high commissioner of the Cretan State (b. 1869)[223]
- Diego Rivera, Mexican painter (b. 1886)[224]
- November 25 – William V. Pratt, American admiral (b. 1869)[225]
- November 26
- Billy Bevan, Australian actor (b. 1887)[226]
- Petros Voulgaris, Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1884)[227]
- November 28 – Joan Garriga Bacardí, psychotherapist, author
- November 29 – Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Austrian composer (b. 1897)[228]
- November 30 – Beniamino Gigli, Italian tenor (b. 1890)[229]
December
[edit]
- December 2 – Harrison Ford, American silent film actor (b. 1884)[230]
- December 4 – Sir John Lavarack, Australian general, Governor of Queensland (b. 1885)[231]
- December 6 – Robert Esnault-Pelterie, French aircraft designer and pioneer rocket theorist (b. 1881)[232]
- December 10
- Maurice McLoughlin, American tennis champion (b. 1890)[233]
- Napoleon Zervas, Greek World War II Resistance leader (b. 1891)[234]
- December 11 – Musidora, French actress (b. 1889)[235]
- December 15 – Alfonso Bedoya, Mexican actor (b. 1904)[236]
- December 17 – Dorothy L. Sayers, British crime writer, poet, playwright and essayist (b. 1893)[237]
- December 21 – Eric Coates, English composer (b. 1886)[238]
- December 24 – Norma Talmadge, American actress (b. 1894)[239]
- December 25 – Charles Pathé, French film pioneer (b. 1863)[240]
- December 31 – Óscar Domínguez, Spanish painter (b. 1906)[241]
Nobel Prizes
[edit]
References
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- ^ Jacobs, Seth (2006). Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-4447-8.
- ^ "HI Taipei 1957 Riot". Archived from the original on October 5, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
- ^ "When Paul McCartney met John Lennon". National Museums Liverpool. Retrieved September 2, 2025.
- ^ Flight. Vol. 73. IPC Transport Press Limited. 1958.
- ^ The Roundel. Vol. 11. Published on the authority of the Chief of the Air Staff, Royal Canadian Air Force. 1959. p. 20.
- ^ Mallin, Jay (1974). "Fulgencio Batista, Ousted Cuban Dictator".
- ^ "September 5, 1957: Cienfuegos at the heart of the Homeland". September 4, 2023.
- ^ "Histoire du Camp Nou | FC Barcelona". FC Barcelona (in French). Retrieved January 21, 2017.
- ^ Kerr, Walter (September 27, 1957). "West Side Story". New York Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on September 26, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2011.
The radioactive fallout from West Side Story must still be descending on Broadway this morning.
- ^ "First Man-made Satellite". From All Quarters. Flight International. October 11, 1957. p. 562. Archived from the original on May 17, 2014. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ Grimwood, James M. "Part 1 (A) Major Events Leading to Project Mercury March 1944 through December 1957". Project Mercury - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4001. NASA. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ "The Arrow Unveiled". From All Quarters. Flight International. October 11, 1957. pp. 562–563. Archived from the original on May 17, 2014. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
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- ^ "DOG MAY UNLOCK MEDICAL SECRETS; Scientists Hoping for Data on Weightlessness and Other Flight Problems". The New York Times. November 4, 1957. Page 8, column 8. Retrieved May 13, 2023.
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- ^ Macneil, Jessica (July 17, 2019). "Laser pioneer Gordon Gould is born, July 17, 1920". EDN Moments. EDN. AspenCore, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
- ^ Abel, Elie (November 16, 1957). "YUGOSLAVS TO END BOYCOTT OF SPAIN; Early Resumption of Trade Expected--Renewal of Diplomatic Tie Hinted Ultimate Recognition Hinted Prospective Exchange Goods". The New York Times. Page 6, columns 6-7. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
- ^ "43 DEAD IN CRASH OF BRITISH PLANE; Flying Boat With 58 Falls on Isle of Wight Soon After Southampton Take-Off". The New York Times. Associated Press. November 16, 1957. Page 1, column 2. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
- ^ "Memorial to island plane crash". Hampshire. BBC News. October 12, 2008. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
- ^ Durdin, Tillman (December 1, 1957). "Sukarno Escapes Assassin, But Grenades Kill 7 Others; Scores Hurt in Bombing as Indonesia President Leaves a School SUKARNO ESCAPES ATTEMPT ON LIFE". The New York Times. Page 1, columns 2-3. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
- ^ "New Zealand Votes Labor Into Power; LABOR WINS VOTE IN NEW ZEALAND". The New York Times. December 1, 1957. Page 1, column 7. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
- ^ Langley, Brig. C.A. (1958). Report on the Collision which occurred on 4th December 1957 near St. Johns station, Lewisham in the Southern Region British Railways (PDF) (Report). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
- ^ "INDONESIA TO EXPEL DUTCH AS REPRISAL". The Canberra Times. Vol. 31, no. 9, 345. A.A.P.-Reuter. December 6, 1957. Page 1, columns 1-3. Retrieved April 30, 2023 – via Trove.
- ^ Grimwood, James M. "Part 1 (A) Major Events Leading to Project Mercury March 1944 through December 1957". Project Mercury - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4001. NASA. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
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television personality Katie Couric in 1957 (age 62)
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- ^ R. G. (December 12, 1957). "La mort de Musidora" [The death of Musidora]. Le Monde (in French). Retrieved April 29, 2023.
- ^ San Antonio Light. December 17, 1957. p. 20.
{{cite news}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "Dorothy Sayers, Author, Dies at 64". The New York Times. December 19, 1957. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
- ^ Payne, Michael (2016). Life and Music of Eric Coates. London: Routledge. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-138-27149-4.
- ^ Notice de personne "Talmadge, Norma (1894-1957)" [Person notice "Talmadge, Norma (1894-1957)"] (in French). Bibliothèque nationale de France. July 9, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
- ^ Notice de personne "Pathé, Charles (1863-1957)" [Person notice "Pathé, Charles (1863-1957)"] (in French). Bibliothèque nationale de France. August 27, 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
- ^ "Oscar Dominguez Biography". The Annex Galleries. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
- ^ "6 Women Scientists Who Were Snubbed Due to Sexism". National Geographic News. May 19, 2013. Archived from the original on September 3, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
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from Grokipedia
1957 marked the dawn of the Space Age when the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik 1, the world's first artificial satellite, on October 4, demonstrating advanced rocketry capabilities that prompted the United States to accelerate its own space efforts and military preparations amid fears of a technological gap.[1][2] The year also saw Ghana secure independence from British colonial rule on March 6, as the first sub-Saharan African country to do so, galvanizing pan-African movements and subsequent decolonizations.[3][4] In Europe, the Treaty of Rome was signed on March 25 by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany, creating the European Economic Community to foster economic cooperation and integration among the signatories.[5][6]
Domestically in the United States, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 on September 9, the first such federal law since Reconstruction, establishing the Civil Rights Commission and Division to safeguard voting rights amid ongoing racial tensions exemplified by the integration crisis at Little Rock Central High School, where federal troops enforced court-ordered desegregation.[7] The Federation of Malaya attained independence from Britain on August 31, transitioning toward self-governance in Southeast Asia.[8] Scientifically, the year advanced computing with the release of FORTRAN, IBM's influential programming language, while culturally, works like Jack Kerouac's On the Road captured the Beat Generation's ethos, reflecting post-war restlessness.[9] These events underscored 1957's role in reshaping global power dynamics, technological frontiers, and paths to national sovereignty.
Historical Context
Economic and Social Conditions
In 1957, the world economy transitioned from post-war boom conditions toward moderation, with industrial nations facing leveling output and inflationary strains that prompted tighter fiscal and monetary measures. The United Nations noted persistent inflation across developed economies from excess demand and cost-push factors, underdeveloped regions from import dependencies and poor harvests, and planned economies from resource imbalances, leading to varied anti-inflationary responses like credit restrictions.[10][11] Early-year investment surges gave way to declines in trade and activity, particularly in the United States and Europe, where foreign purchases dropped over $4 billion annually, exacerbating domestic slowdowns.[12] The United States, the largest economy, recorded gross domestic product of $474 billion but entered recession in August, driven by Federal Reserve rate hikes to combat 3.3% consumer price inflation from prior expansions.[13][14] Unemployment climbed from 4.1%, peaking effects into 1958 with 7.5% amid auto and durable goods slumps, though median family income rose 4% to $5,000, buoyed by earlier gains.[15][16] In Europe, the March 25 Treaty of Rome created the European Economic Community among six nations, promoting tariff reductions and market integration to counter fragmentation and support recovery.[17] Socially, high birth rates defined demographics in Western nations, with U.S. live births reaching 4,308,000—the annual peak of the baby boom—at 25.3 per 1,000 population, fueling family-oriented consumption and suburban migration.[18] Median home prices averaged near $19,000, but residential construction slowed with credit tightening, limiting new housing amid rising demand.[19] Labor force participation reflected prosperity's tail end, with nonfarm employment up 1.8 million from 1955 before recessionary layoffs hit manufacturing hardest.[20] These trends underscored stable living standards tempered by emerging economic vulnerabilities, with decolonization in Africa adding social flux through new national identities and resource reallocations.[10]Geopolitical Background
In 1957, the geopolitical landscape was dominated by intensifying Cold War rivalries between the United States and the Soviet Union, with decolonization accelerating and Western Europe pursuing economic integration to bolster stability. The Eisenhower Doctrine, announced by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower on January 5, authorized economic and military assistance to Middle Eastern nations resisting aggression from international communism, aiming to counter Soviet influence in the power vacuum left by the 1956 Suez Crisis and the withdrawal of British and French forces.[21] This policy marked a proactive U.S. extension of containment strategy into the region, emphasizing military force if necessary to secure territorial integrity and political independence.[21] Decolonization gained momentum as European empires contracted, exemplified by Ghana's independence from Britain on March 6, becoming the first sub-Saharan African nation to achieve sovereignty under majority rule, led by Kwame Nkrumah.[22] This event symbolized the broader wave of anti-colonial movements, inspiring independence struggles across Africa and Asia. Similarly, the Federation of Malaya attained independence from the United Kingdom on August 31, following the suppression of communist insurgency, transitioning to a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth.[7] These developments shifted global power dynamics, creating new non-aligned states amid superpower competition for influence in the Third World. On March 25, the Treaty of Rome was signed by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany, establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) to foster trade liberalization, common markets, and coordinated policies, with the aim of preventing future conflicts and strengthening Western Europe's position against Soviet expansionism.[5] The treaty, entering force on January 1, 1958, laid foundational steps for supranational integration, reflecting a consensus on economic interdependence as a bulwark for democratic capitalism. The Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik 1 on October 4 demonstrated its advanced rocketry, orbiting Earth as the first artificial satellite and signaling intercontinental ballistic missile potential, which alarmed U.S. policymakers and escalated the arms and space races.[23] This technological triumph bolstered Soviet prestige in the Third World and prompted American reforms in education and defense to close the perceived gap.[23]Key Events
January–March
On January 5, 1957, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower delivered a message to Congress proposing what became known as the Eisenhower Doctrine, authorizing the use of U.S. military and economic aid to combat communist aggression in the Middle East.[21] This policy aimed to fill the power vacuum left by declining British and French influence following the Suez Crisis, emphasizing containment of Soviet expansion through regional alliances and direct intervention if requested by affected nations.[24] The doctrine was approved by Congress on March 9, reflecting Cold War priorities amid ongoing decolonization and anti-communist efforts. January 21 marked Eisenhower's second inauguration as the 34th President, with Richard Nixon sworn in for his second term as Vice President, amid a ceremony highlighting themes of national unity and prosperity under Republican leadership. The event underscored the stability of the U.S. political system post-World War II, with Eisenhower pledging continued economic growth and defense against global threats. In the realm of European integration, the Treaty of Rome was signed on March 25 by representatives of Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany, establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). This foundational agreement promoted free trade, common markets, and nuclear cooperation, laying the groundwork for economic recovery and political unity in Western Europe to counter Soviet influence. The treaty's emphasis on supranational institutions marked a shift from post-war nationalism toward interdependence. March 6 saw the Gold Coast achieve independence from the United Kingdom, renaming itself Ghana under Prime Minister Kwame Nkrumah, becoming the first sub-Saharan African nation to gain sovereignty from European colonial rule. Nkrumah's leadership, rooted in pan-Africanism, symbolized the accelerating wave of decolonization, with Ghana adopting a republican constitution and fostering non-aligned foreign policy amid Cold War tensions. The transition involved retaining the British monarch as head of state initially, with full republican status achieved in 1960. Elsewhere, Egypt reopened the Suez Canal on March 8, nearly five months after its nationalization and the failed Anglo-French-Israeli invasion, restoring vital global trade routes under President Gamal Abdel Nasser's control. This development bolstered Nasser's stature in the Arab world and highlighted the decline of European imperial power, influencing subsequent U.S. policy via the Eisenhower Doctrine.April–June
On April 11, the British government agreed to grant Singapore internal self-government through a new constitution, allowing the colony to manage its domestic affairs while Britain retained control over foreign policy, defense, and internal security until implementation in 1959.[25] This agreement followed negotiations between Singapore's Chief Minister David Marshall and British officials, marking a step toward decolonization in Southeast Asia amid post-World War II pressures for self-rule.[26] In May, Britain conducted its first thermonuclear weapon test as part of Operation Grapple on Malden Island in the Pacific, detonating a device dropped from a Vickers Valiant bomber on May 15 that yielded approximately 300 kilotons, primarily from fission boosting rather than full fusion.[27] This test represented a critical advancement in the UK's independent nuclear deterrent capability, reducing reliance on the United States following the 1952 McMahon Act restrictions, though subsequent evaluations revealed it fell short of a true hydrogen bomb design. Additional Grapple tests occurred on May 31 and June 19 at Christmas Island, refining the technology toward a successful multi-stage thermonuclear weapon later in the year.[27] On June 10, Canada's federal election resulted in a minority victory for the Progressive Conservative Party led by John Diefenbaker, securing 112 seats against the incumbent Liberals' 105, ending 22 years of Liberal dominance under Louis St. Laurent.[28] Diefenbaker was sworn in as prime minister on June 21, initiating policies focused on national unity, economic development, and opposition to perceived elitism in prior governments.[29] Concurrently, on June 18, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 (H.R. 6127) by a vote of 286–126, establishing a bipartisan Civil Rights Commission and a Justice Department division to address voting rights interference, though the bill lacked robust enforcement mechanisms like jury trial provisions for contempt, reflecting compromises amid Southern Democratic opposition.[30] The measure advanced to the Senate, where it faced extended debate before passage in August and presidential signature in September.[31]July–September
In August 1957, racial tensions in the United States escalated in Levittown, Pennsylvania, when William and Daisy Myers, the first African American family to purchase a home there, faced violent protests, cross burnings, and riots from white residents opposed to their presence in the suburb originally developed with racially restrictive covenants.[32] The disturbances, lasting several days starting August 16, required state police intervention and highlighted suburban resistance to desegregation amid broader civil rights challenges.[33] On August 31, 1957, the Federation of Malaya gained independence from the United Kingdom following the Federation of Malaya Independence Act, with Tunku Abdul Rahman proclaiming sovereignty at midnight in Kuala Lumpur's Merdeka Stadium before a crowd of over 100,000. This event, ending British colonial rule after the Malayan Emergency, positioned Malaya as a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth, with Rahman as prime minister, and set the stage for economic development through rubber and tin exports.[34] The Little Rock desegregation crisis began on September 4, 1957, when Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus ordered the state National Guard to prevent nine African American students, known as the Little Rock Nine, from entering Central High School despite a federal court order implementing Brown v. Board of Education.[35] Mobs gathered, forcing the students to withdraw, as Faubus cited threats to public safety, though federal authorities viewed the action as defiance of constitutional mandates.[36] On September 9, 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957, the first such federal legislation since Reconstruction, which created the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights to investigate voting rights violations and authorized the Justice Department to seek injunctions against interference with voting, though a jury trial amendment diluted potential penalties for contempt.[37] The act responded to documented disenfranchisement in the South but faced criticism for lacking robust enforcement mechanisms.[38] The Little Rock standoff intensified, prompting Eisenhower on September 24 to federalize the Arkansas National Guard, remove Faubus's control, and deploy the 101st Airborne Division to escort the students into school on September 25, marking the first use of federal troops for desegregation since Reconstruction and underscoring tensions between state sovereignty and federal authority.[35] The students attended amid ongoing hostility, with the military presence lasting until November.October–December
On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome using an R-7 Semyorka rocket, marking the first successful placement of an artificial satellite into Earth orbit.[39] The spherical satellite, weighing 83.6 kilograms (184 pounds), transmitted radio signals for 21 days and completed 1,440 orbits over 92 days before burning up in the atmosphere on January 4, 1958.[39] This achievement demonstrated Soviet rocketry capabilities derived from intercontinental ballistic missile technology and initiated the Space Age, while eliciting alarm in the United States over perceived gaps in scientific education and defense preparedness.[39] The launch prompted immediate U.S. responses, including accelerated funding for missile and satellite programs, though initial efforts faced setbacks.[39] On November 3, 1957, the Soviet Union followed with Sputnik 2, a 508-kilogram spacecraft that carried Laika, a three-year-old stray dog selected for her adaptability to confinement, as the first animal to orbit Earth.[40] Laika survived the launch but perished within hours due to overheating and stress in the untested life support system, providing data on biological effects of spaceflight despite the mission's ethical implications regarding animal experimentation.[40] U.S. attempts to match Soviet successes faltered on December 6, 1957, when the Vanguard TV3 rocket, intended to deploy a 1.36-kilogram grapefruit-sized satellite, ignited at Cape Canaveral but lost thrust two seconds after liftoff, rising only about 1.2 meters before crashing back onto the launch pad and exploding.[41] The failure, attributed to low fuel tank pressure, was broadcast live and heightened public and congressional pressure on American space endeavors, underscoring challenges in the Navy-led Vanguard program compared to the more reliable Army alternatives.[41] These Soviet milestones and U.S. setback catalyzed legislative actions, including the establishment of NASA in 1958 to centralize non-military space activities.[39]Controversies and Debates
U.S. Civil Rights Enforcement and Federalism
The Civil Rights Act of 1957, signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on September 9, 1957, marked the first federal civil rights legislation enacted since Reconstruction, establishing the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights to investigate voting rights violations and creating a dedicated Civil Rights Division within the Department of Justice to pursue injunctions against interference with federal elections.[37][31] The Act authorized the Attorney General to seek court orders preventing conspiracies to deprive citizens of voting rights, but its provisions were significantly diluted during congressional debates to secure passage, including the removal of stronger criminal penalties and jury trial protections for defendants, which critics argued undermined effective enforcement against widespread Southern disenfranchisement tactics like literacy tests and poll taxes.[42] Southern Democrats, invoking states' rights doctrines, mounted resistance, exemplified by Senator Strom Thurmond's record 24-hour filibuster, reflecting broader tensions over federal intrusion into state-administered elections.[30] A pivotal enforcement challenge emerged in the Little Rock Crisis, where Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus deployed the state National Guard on September 4, 1957, to prevent nine African American students from integrating Central High School, defying a federal court order implementing the Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board of Education desegregation ruling.[43] Eisenhower, initially hesitant to escalate federal involvement due to concerns over states' autonomy, issued Executive Order 10730 on September 23, 1957, federalizing the Arkansas National Guard and deploying 1,000 troops from the U.S. Army's 101st Airborne Division to escort the students and maintain order, an action that ensured their entry on September 25 amid violent mob opposition.[44] Federal troops remained in Little Rock until May 1958, highlighting the practical limits of judicial mandates without executive backing.[36] These events intensified debates on federalism, pitting constitutional supremacy—rooted in the Supremacy Clause and the federal government's duty to enforce equal protection—against Southern claims of states' rights to control local education and elections, as articulated in the 1956 Southern Manifesto signed by 101 congressional members urging resistance to Brown through "all lawful means."[45] Proponents of federal intervention, including Eisenhower's administration, argued that state nullification efforts equated to anarchy, necessitating overrides to preserve national unity and rule of law, while opponents, primarily segregationist governors and legislators, contended that such actions eroded the Tenth Amendment's reservation of powers to states, potentially setting precedents for broader centralization.[46] Empirical outcomes showed modest progress: the Act led to few prosecutions initially due to evidentiary hurdles and local jury biases, but it established institutional mechanisms that informed stronger 1960s legislation, underscoring causal linkages between incremental federal assertions and eventual erosion of de jure segregation amid persistent state-level obstruction.[37]Labor Union Corruption Investigations
The United States Senate established the Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management, commonly known as the McClellan Committee, on January 30, 1957, to probe racketeering, embezzlement, and criminal infiltration in labor unions.[47] Chaired by Senator John L. McClellan (D-Arkansas), the bipartisan eight-member panel, drawn from the Senate Labor and Public Welfare and Government Operations committees, aimed to address longstanding concerns over union officials' misuse of funds, ties to organized crime, and violence against members, prompted by scandals in locals like the International Brotherhood of Teamsters.[48] Robert F. Kennedy served as chief counsel, leading investigations that uncovered systematic abuses, including extortion, bribery, and fraudulent loans totaling millions from union pension funds.[49] Hearings commenced on February 26, 1957, initially targeting the Teamsters Union in the Pacific Northwest, where testimony revealed President Dave Beck's personal enrichment through unauthorized expense reimbursements exceeding $300,000 and rigged vendor contracts.[50] Witnesses, including coerced informants and subpoenaed records, detailed how union leaders like Beck diverted member dues for luxury purchases, such as cashmere coats and hotel suites, while suppressing dissent through threats and beatings.[51] The committee's early probes extended to other unions, exposing similar patterns in the International Longshoremen's Association and United Auto Workers, where officials embezzled over $1.5 million via sham organizations and kickbacks from employers.[48] These revelations highlighted causal links between unchecked union power post-World War II—bolstered by federal protections under the Wagner Act—and opportunistic corruption, as low barriers to leadership accountability enabled mob figures to install puppets for profit extraction.[52] By mid-1957, focus shifted to Jimmy Hoffa, Beck's successor as Teamsters vice president, with August hearings grilling him on Midwest operations involving hidden bank accounts and loans to gambling interests totaling hundreds of thousands.[49] Hoffa invoked the Fifth Amendment over 100 times, but cross-examination by Kennedy exposed discrepancies in his financial dealings, including unexplained assets growth from $150,000 in 1940 to millions by 1957, tied to alleged mob alliances for jurisdiction control.[50] The committee documented over 20 instances of violence and intimidation in Teamster locals, underscoring how corruption eroded worker trust and fueled employer resistance to collective bargaining.[51] Despite union defenses claiming political targeting, empirical evidence from audited records and insider accounts affirmed the investigations' validity, revealing that corruption rates in investigated locals exceeded 40% of leadership, far above general estimates.[53] The 1957 proceedings, broadcast nationally, prompted the AFL-CIO to expel the Teamsters in July for ethical violations, marking a rare internal reckoning, though Hoffa won the presidency in September amid member apathy toward reform.[54] McClellan's interim reports decried "a small clique of union leaders" preying on members, estimating annual losses from racketeering at $1 billion nationwide, based on sampled cases.[55] These findings laid groundwork for federal safeguards, emphasizing that union autonomy without oversight bred predatory incentives, as basic economic pressures—high dues dependency and opaque finances—facilitated elite capture over democratic representation.[49]Moral and Legal Reforms in the West
In the United Kingdom, the Report of the Departmental Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution, chaired by John Wolfenden, was published on September 4, 1957, recommending that homosexual behavior between consenting adults in private cease to be treated as a crime.[56] The committee argued for a distinction between offenses against public order and those of private morality, proposing that the latter should fall outside criminal law enforcement, while maintaining penalties for solicitation and importuning in public.[56] This stance drew sharp criticism from some press outlets, religious organizations, and politicians, who viewed it as undermining societal standards, though it laid groundwork for eventual partial decriminalization a decade later.[57] The report also addressed prostitution, advocating against criminalizing the act itself but supporting controls on street solicitation to protect public decency, reflecting empirical observations of enforcement challenges rather than moral absolutism.[56] Evidence presented included police data showing over 1,000 prosecutions annually for homosexual offenses, often involving entrapment or public scandals, which the committee deemed inefficient for addressing underlying behaviors.[58] Concurrently, the Homicide Act 1957, receiving royal assent on July 31, modified English and Welsh law on murder by narrowing the definition of capital murder and introducing partial defenses such as diminished responsibility due to mental abnormality, provocation reducing culpability, and killings in suicide pacts.[59] These changes abolished the doctrine of constructive malice, requiring intent for murder convictions, and limited the death penalty to specific categories like murder during robbery or of police officers, responding to post-war data indicating arbitrary application of capital punishment—over 700 executions since 1900, with public opinion polls showing declining support for mandatory death sentences.[59] The reforms aimed at greater proportionality, converting many murder verdicts to manslaughter with life imprisonment, amid debates on deterrence efficacy evidenced by recidivism studies.[60] In the United States, the Supreme Court's decision in Roth v. United States on June 24, 1957, upheld the federal obscenity statute under 18 U.S.C. § 1461, ruling that material lacking redeeming social importance and appealing to prurient interest in sex was not protected by the First Amendment.[61] The Court, in a 6-3 opinion by Justice Brennan, established a test requiring contemporary community standards for offensiveness, affirming Congress's authority to regulate mailed obscene content based on historical precedents tracing to 19th-century postal laws.[61] This clarified boundaries on expressive freedoms amid rising distribution of borderline materials, with the ruling applied alongside Alberts v. California to state laws, though later critiqued for subjective standards leading to inconsistent enforcement.[62]Science and Technological Advances
Ignition of the Space Race
The International Geophysical Year (IGY), from July 1, 1957, to December 31, 1958, promoted global scientific collaboration, including efforts to launch artificial satellites for geophysical research.[63] On October 4, 1957, at 19:28 UTC, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 aboard an R-7 Semyorka rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, marking the first successful orbiting of an artificial satellite by any nation.[64] The 83.6-kilogram polished aluminum sphere, 58 cm in diameter, transmitted radio pulses at 20 and 40 MHz for 21 days until its batteries depleted, completing 1,440 orbits over three months before reentering on January 4, 1958.[65] This achievement, leveraging intercontinental ballistic missile technology, demonstrated Soviet superiority in rocketry and stunned the United States, where intelligence had underestimated the USSR's capabilities despite prior announcements of satellite ambitions during the IGY.[2] The launch ignited the Space Race as a central Cold War competition, with Sputnik 1's beeping signals audible via radio worldwide fueling American fears of a "missile gap" and technological lag, despite the satellite carrying no weapons or surveillance equipment.[66] U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower initially downplayed the event publicly to avoid panic, but it prompted congressional hearings, increased defense spending, and reforms in science education, including the National Defense Education Act of 1958.[67] The Soviet success contrasted with U.S. delays in its Vanguard program, originally intended for an IGY satellite launch, heightening national security concerns rooted in the R-7's dual-use as an ICBM capable of delivering nuclear warheads.[64] On November 3, 1957, the Soviets escalated with Sputnik 2, launched at 02:30 UTC on another R-7, weighing 508 kilograms and carrying Laika, a 6-kilogram stray dog from Moscow streets, as the first living creature to orbit Earth.[40] The spacecraft's life support system provided oxygen, food, and temperature regulation, but Laika perished from overheating and stress within hours due to a faulty thermal system, with telemetry confirming her heart rate quadrupled during ascent.[68] Orbiting at 212–1,538 km altitude for 162 days until disintegration on April 14, 1958, Sputnik 2 gathered data on radiation and microgravity effects on biology, advancing preparations for human spaceflight.[40] These 1957 launches crystallized the Space Race's ignition, shifting global focus to space as a domain of strategic rivalry, with the U.S. responding through accelerated Army Ballistic Missile Agency efforts under Wernher von Braun, though its first success, Explorer 1, came in January 1958.[67] A U.S. Vanguard TV-3 attempt on December 6, 1957, failed spectacularly when the rocket rose 1.2 meters before exploding, amplifying perceptions of Soviet dominance and catalyzing institutional changes like the National Aeronautics and Space Council's formation.[66]Other Innovations and Developments
In computing, IBM released the first commercial implementation of FORTRAN (Formula Translation), a high-level programming language designed for scientific and engineering calculations, enabling more efficient code development on the IBM 704 computer.[69] This marked a significant advancement in software, shifting from machine-specific assembly languages to portable, formula-oriented coding that facilitated complex numerical computations.[70] In medicine, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Enovid, the first oral contraceptive pill containing norethynodrel and mestranol, for treating menstrual disorders on June 10, though its contraceptive efficacy—demonstrated in clinical trials since 1956—remained off-label until 1960.[71] This development, stemming from research by Gregory Pincus and John Rock, introduced hormonal regulation of ovulation, laying groundwork for family planning innovations despite initial regulatory framing.[72] Neurochemically, British biochemist Kathleen Montagu isolated and identified dopamine as a distinct substance in human brain tissue, independent of norepinephrine, using fluorometric assays on postmortem samples.[73] Published in August, her findings challenged prior views of dopamine as merely a precursor, establishing its presence in mammalian brains at concentrations around 5-10 micrograms per gram of tissue and prompting further inquiry into its neurological roles.[74] In radio astronomy, the Lovell Telescope at Jodrell Bank Observatory in England became operational in August after construction delays, featuring a 76.2-meter fully steerable dish that was then the world's largest, capable of tracking signals across a wide sky area with high precision.[75] Funded by the UK government and designed by Bernard Lovell, it advanced cosmic radio source mapping and meteor trail studies, detecting echoes from ionized trails at sensitivities down to 10^{-23} watts per square meter per hertz.[76]Cultural and Societal Milestones
Entertainment and Media
In cinema, 1957 saw the release of David Lean's The Bridge on the River Kwai on October 14, which depicted Allied prisoners constructing a railway bridge under Japanese captivity during World War II and earned $26.9 million at the U.S. box office, making it one of the year's top earners.[77] Sidney Lumet's 12 Angry Men, released April 13, portrayed a jury's deliberations in a murder trial and received critical acclaim for its tense exploration of reasonable doubt, grossing $4 million domestically.[77] Stanley Kubrick's Paths of Glory, released December 20, critiqued military injustice through the story of French soldiers court-martialed for cowardice in World War I, influencing anti-war sentiment with its stark realism.[77] Television expanded with key premieres amid growing U.S. household penetration reaching 85%.[9] NBC launched The Tonight Show under Jack Paar on July 29, shifting late-night format toward conversational interviews and comedy sketches that boosted ratings over competitors.[78] ABC's American Bandstand, hosted by Dick Clark, debuted nationally on August 5, showcasing teenagers dancing to pop records and amplifying rock 'n' roll's cultural reach to millions weekly.[78] CBS introduced Perry Mason on September 21, starring Raymond Burr as a defense attorney solving crimes, which ran for nine seasons due to its procedural intrigue and legal accuracy drawn from Erle Stanley Gardner's novels.[78] Leave It to Beaver premiered October 4 on CBS, portraying suburban family life through the lens of young Theodore "Beaver" Cleaver, reflecting post-war ideals of domestic stability.[9] Music charts highlighted rock 'n' roll's ascent, with Elvis Presley's "All Shook Up" topping Billboard's year-end list after 8 weeks at #1, selling over 2 million copies amid his shift from Sun Records to RCA.[79] Pat Boone's "Love Letters in the Sand" ranked second, exemplifying clean-cut pop's commercial rivalry to edgier rock, while The Diamonds' doo-wop "Little Darlin'" captured rhythmic novelty.[79] Presley's Jailhouse Rock film and soundtrack, released November 8, further entrenched his influence, with the title track hitting #1.[79] Jerry Lee Lewis recorded "Great Balls of Fire" on October 8, its piano-driven energy presaging rock's raw edge despite later controversy over his personal life.[7] Presley concluded his CBS Ed Sullivan Show appearances on January 6, viewed by 82 million, after prior episodes censored his hip movements amid moral debates on youth culture.[78]Literature, Sports, and Social Shifts
In literature, Jack Kerouac's On the Road was published in September 1957 by Viking Press, depicting cross-country journeys that embodied the Beat Generation's rejection of suburban conformity and embrace of existential freedom, drawing from the author's real-life experiences with figures like Neal Cassady.[80] Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged appeared in October 1957, a 1,000-page novel arguing through its plot of industrialists withdrawing from a collapsing society that rational self-interest and innovation sustain progress while altruism erodes it, influencing objectivist philosophy and economic debates.[81] Theodor Geisel, writing as Dr. Seuss, released The Cat in the Hat in 1957 via Random House, using 236 simple words to teach phonics amid concerns over declining literacy, selling over a million copies within three years and reshaping children's educational books.[82] Sports in 1957 featured the Milwaukee Braves' upset victory in the World Series, defeating the New York Yankees 4 games to 3 on October 10, with Lew Burdette pitching three complete-game wins including two shutouts, marking the first non-New York team to claim the title since 1948.[83] In basketball, the Boston Celtics secured their inaugural NBA championship on April 13, overcoming the St. Louis Hawks 125-123 in double overtime of Game 7, propelled by rookie center Bill Russell's rebounding (22 in the finale) and defensive prowess that altered the league's emphasis on interior play.[84] Tennis saw Althea Gibson, the first African American competitor at Wimbledon, win the singles title on July 6 against Darlene Hard 6-3, 6-2, followed by the U.S. Nationals on September 7, achievements that highlighted athletic merit transcending racial barriers in a segregated era.[85] Social shifts reflected tensions between postwar prosperity and emerging dissent, as the U.S. baby boom peaked with 4.3 million births—highest annual total to date—fueling suburban migration and family-centric consumerism via expanded housing like Levittown models.[22] The Beat ethos gained visibility through On the Road's release, promoting nomadic individualism and jazz-infused spontaneity against the era's organizational man ideal, laying groundwork for 1960s counterculture by questioning material success's spiritual costs.[86] Norman Mailer's essay "The White Negro" in Dissent magazine that fall portrayed urban hipsters as psychopathic rebels adopting outsider vitality to escape atomic-age alienation, capturing early youth alienation amid economic abundance.[87]Economic Developments
Onset of Recession in the West
The recession of 1957–1958 began in the United States in August 1957, marking the onset of an eight-month contraction that spread to other Western economies.[88] Industrial production fell by 13.5 percent from peak to trough, while real GDP declined by approximately 3.7 percent, reflecting a sharp inventory adjustment and reduced business investment following the postwar boom.[88] Unemployment rose from 4.1 percent in July 1957 to a peak of 7.7 percent by June 1958, with over 2.6 million jobs lost in manufacturing and durable goods sectors.[88] Key triggers included the Federal Reserve's monetary tightening starting in late 1955, which raised the federal funds rate to combat inflation that had accelerated to 3.3 percent annually by mid-1957, thereby increasing borrowing costs and curbing credit-fueled expansion in consumer durables like automobiles.[89] A simultaneous drop in federal defense spending, down 5 percent from 1956 levels after the Korean War demobilization, compounded the slowdown by reducing demand for steel and machinery.[15] Auto sales plummeted 31 percent from their 1955 peak, as excess inventories forced production cuts, illustrating how sector-specific overinvestment led to broader demand contraction without evidence of structural policy failures beyond standard countercyclical measures.[88] In Western Europe, the downturn synchronized with the U.S. cycle, with economic activity leveling off by early 1957 amid declining exports and investment; output in countries like the United Kingdom fell below year-earlier levels by late 1957, prompting Bank of England rate cuts from 7 percent in September 1957 back to pre-tightening levels by spring 1958.[10][12] The United Kingdom experienced a quarterly GDP contraction of around 1 percent in late 1957, exacerbated by influenza outbreaks but rooted in overheating from prior credit controls and a 16 percent rise in living costs since 1953, contrasting with milder inflation in Germany (6 percent) and France (4 percent).[90][91] Overall, the episode highlighted vulnerabilities in export-dependent Western economies to U.S.-led demand shifts, with world trade declining by over $4 billion annually, yet recovery was swift due to underlying productivity gains from prior expansions.[12]Global and Soviet Economic Reforms
In 1957, the Soviet Union implemented a sweeping reorganization of its industrial administration to address inefficiencies in the centralized command economy inherited from the Stalin era. On 10 May, the Council of Ministers decreed the dissolution of most of the 50-odd branch industrial ministries and their replacement with 105 regional economic councils, or sovnarkhozy, tasked with managing production on a territorial basis.[92] This reform, championed by Nikita Khrushchev, aimed to reduce bureaucratic layers—eliminating tens of thousands of administrative positions—and foster better coordination between factories, suppliers, and local resources, thereby accelerating growth rates that had stagnated around 7-8% annually in the mid-1950s.[93] By late 1957, the sovnarkhozy oversaw roughly 17,000 enterprises, encompassing about 200,000 industrial facilities and half as many construction sites, with the stated goal of injecting initiative into planning while maintaining overall state directives from Gosplan.[94] The restructuring sought to counteract the rigidities of sectoral ministries, which had prioritized national targets over practical implementation, often resulting in imbalances like overproduction in heavy industry at the expense of consumer goods. Regional councils were empowered to adjust plans within central guidelines, theoretically leveraging local knowledge for efficiency gains; initial reports claimed reductions in administrative staff by up to 20% in some areas.[92] However, the reform quickly encountered practical hurdles, including jurisdictional overlaps with retained all-union ministries (such as those for defense and energy), supply chain disruptions from redrawn boundaries, and emerging regional autarky that hindered national specialization.[93] Empirical data from subsequent years showed mixed results: industrial output grew 11% in 1958, but planning errors increased, prompting partial recentralization by 1962-1965 through the creation of inter-regional bodies and restored branch oversight.[95] Globally, 1957 featured institutional reforms promoting economic integration amid post-war recovery and decolonization. The Treaty of Rome, signed on 25 March by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany, established the European Economic Community (EEC), instituting a common external tariff and phased elimination of internal duties to create a unified market serving 170 million people. This supranational framework, building on the European Coal and Steel Community, targeted annual trade growth of 5-7% through policy harmonization in agriculture and transport, contrasting with unilateral national planning by redirecting competition toward collective efficiency. In parallel, the Federation of Malaya's formation on 31 August consolidated economic governance across 11 states, streamlining resource extraction (notably tin and rubber) under federal control to support developmental budgeting amid independence transitions.[93] These initiatives reflected causal efforts to harness comparative advantages via institutional design, though EEC implementation faced early tariff disputes resolved through compensatory mechanisms.Awards and Honors
Nobel Prizes
In 1957, the Nobel Prizes recognized advancements in fundamental physics, biochemistry, pharmacology, literature, and international peacekeeping efforts. The awards highlighted theoretical breakthroughs challenging established symmetries in particle interactions, structural elucidations of biological molecules, development of therapeutic agents, philosophical explorations of human existence, and diplomatic initiatives to avert escalation in the Middle East. Laureates were selected by the respective Nobel Committees based on contributions from prior years, with announcements typically in October and ceremonies in December.[96][97][98][99][100] The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded jointly to Chen Ning Yang, aged 35, and Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee, aged 31, both working at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws, particularly through the discovery that parity is not conserved in weak interactions." Their 1956 theoretical work predicted that mirror symmetry, long assumed invariant in nature, breaks down in processes involving the weak nuclear force, such as beta decay; this was experimentally verified by Chien-Shiung Wu's team at Columbia University in early 1957 using cobalt-60, confirming non-conservation and reshaping understanding of fundamental symmetries. Both laureates, Chinese-born physicists educated in the United States, shared the prize amount of 126,637 Swedish kronor.[96][101] In Chemistry, Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd of Trumpington, a Scottish biochemist at the University of Cambridge, received the prize "for his studies of the nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes and their relation to the constitution of nucleic acids," elucidating the structures of adenosine di- and triphosphate (ADP and ATP), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and other key biochemical intermediates essential for energy transfer and nucleic acid synthesis. His syntheses from the 1940s onward laid groundwork for later DNA structure discoveries, though predating Watson and Crick's model. Todd, aged 49, was the sole recipient.[97] The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine went to Daniel Bovet, an Italian pharmacologist born in Switzerland and working at the Istituto Superiore di Sanità in Rome, for "his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and in particular the transmitters of chemical impulses," including the first antihistamines (e.g., phenbenzamine in 1937) and curare-like muscle relaxants such as succinylcholine, which revolutionized allergy treatment and anesthesiology by blocking histamine and acetylcholine effects without toxicity issues of natural analogs. Bovet, aged 50, conducted much of this research at the Pasteur Institute in Paris during the 1930s–1940s.[98] Albert Camus, a French-Algerian philosopher, author, and journalist, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times," encompassing works like The Stranger (1942), The Plague (1947), and essays critiquing absurdity, rebellion, and moral isolation amid 20th-century crises, including his resistance journalism during World War II. At 44, Camus was the second-youngest Literature laureate to that point, accepting the honor while emphasizing limits of art in addressing injustice.[99] The Peace Prize was conferred on Lester Bowles Pearson, Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs, "for his crucial contribution to the deployment of a United Nations Emergency Force to the area where the hostilities broke out," proposing the first UN peacekeeping force (UNEF) in November 1956 to supervise the ceasefire during the Suez Crisis, which de-escalated tensions after Israel's invasion of Egypt and Anglo-French intervention; UNEF, comprising 6,000 troops from neutral nations, withdrew combatants and stabilized the region without great-power confrontation. Pearson, aged 60, drew on his experience as UN General Assembly President (1952–1953) and NATO architect.[100]| Category | Laureate(s) | Key Contribution Summary |
|---|---|---|
| Physics | Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-Dao Lee | Violation of parity conservation in weak interactions.[96] |
| Chemistry | Alexander R. Todd | Structural work on nucleotides and co-enzymes like ATP and FAD.[97] |
| Physiology or Medicine | Daniel Bovet | Synthetic inhibitors of body transmitters, e.g., antihistamines and relaxants.[98] |
| Literature | Albert Camus | Illuminating human conscience through novels and essays on absurdity and ethics.[99] |
| Peace | Lester B. Pearson | Establishment of UN Emergency Force for Suez Crisis resolution.[100] |
Notable Births
January–June
Notable births in the first half of 1957 included several figures who later achieved prominence in entertainment, politics, and other fields. Katie Couric, American broadcast journalist and author known for her roles on Today and as the first solo female anchor of a network evening news program, was born on January 7 in Arlington, Virginia. John Lasseter, American animator and filmmaker who co-founded Pixar Animation Studios and served as its chief creative officer, was born on January 12 in Hollywood, California. Steve Harvey, American comedian, television host, and author, was born on January 17 in Welch, West Virginia.[102] Donald Tusk, Polish politician who served as Prime Minister of Poland from 2007 to 2014 and President of the European Council from 2014 to 2019, was born on January 22 in Gdańsk. Frank Miller, American comic book writer, penciller, and film director known for works like The Dark Knight Returns, was born on January 27 in Olney, Maryland. In February, Ainsley Harriott, British chef and television presenter famous for hosting Can't Cook, Won't Cook, was born on February 4 in London. Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Singaporean politician who became the country's eighth president in 2023 after serving as deputy prime minister, was born on February 25 in Singapore. March saw the births of Osama bin Laden, Saudi-born militant who founded the Islamist extremist group al-Qaeda, on March 10 in Riyadh, Qasem Soleimani, Iranian major general in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps who commanded the Quds Force, on March 11 in Qanat-e Malek, Spike Lee, American filmmaker known for films addressing race relations such as Do the Right Thing, on March 20 in Atlanta, Georgia, and Christopher Lambert, French-American actor recognized for roles in Highlander, on March 29 in Great Neck, New York. Daniel Day-Lewis, English-American actor renowned for method acting in films like There Will Be Blood and a record three Academy Awards for Best Actor, was born on April 29 in London. Sid Vicious, English bassist and vocalist for the punk rock band Sex Pistols, was born on May 10 in London. Frances McDormand, American actress who won multiple Academy Awards including for Fargo and Nomadland, was born on June 23 in Gibson City, Illinois.July–December
- July 2 – Bret Hart, Canadian professional wrestler known for his tenure in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), where he won multiple championships including the WWF Championship twice.
- July 26 – Nana Visitor, American actress recognized for portraying Major Kira Nerys in the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.
- August 24 – Stephen Fry, English actor, comedian, and writer noted for his roles in Blackadder and Jeeves and Wooster, as well as hosting QI.
- September 1 – Gloria Estefan, Cuban-American singer, songwriter, and actress who rose to fame as lead vocalist of Miami Sound Machine, achieving hits like "Conga" and solo success with Grammy-winning albums.
- December 6 – Andrew Cuomo, American politician who served as Governor of New York from 2011 to 2021.
- December 13 – Steve Buscemi, American actor and filmmaker known for roles in films such as Fargo, Reservoir Dogs, and the television series The Sopranos.
- December 21 – Ray Romano, American actor and comedian best known for starring in the sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond.
- December 24 – Hamid Karzai, Afghan politician who served as President of Afghanistan from 2004 to 2014.
- December 25 – Shane MacGowan (died 2023), Irish musician and singer-songwriter, frontman of the Pogues, influential in punk and Celtic rock with songs like "Fairytale of New York".
Notable Deaths
January–June
Notable births in the first half of 1957 included several figures who later achieved prominence in entertainment, politics, and other fields. Katie Couric, American broadcast journalist and author known for her roles on Today and as the first solo female anchor of a network evening news program, was born on January 7 in Arlington, Virginia. John Lasseter, American animator and filmmaker who co-founded Pixar Animation Studios and served as its chief creative officer, was born on January 12 in Hollywood, California. Steve Harvey, American comedian, television host, and author, was born on January 17 in Welch, West Virginia.[102] Donald Tusk, Polish politician who served as Prime Minister of Poland from 2007 to 2014 and President of the European Council from 2014 to 2019, was born on January 22 in Gdańsk. Frank Miller, American comic book writer, penciller, and film director known for works like The Dark Knight Returns, was born on January 27 in Olney, Maryland. In February, Ainsley Harriott, British chef and television presenter famous for hosting Can't Cook, Won't Cook, was born on February 4 in London. Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Singaporean politician who became the country's eighth president in 2023 after serving as deputy prime minister, was born on February 25 in Singapore. March saw the births of Osama bin Laden, Saudi-born militant who founded the Islamist extremist group al-Qaeda, on March 10 in Riyadh, Qasem Soleimani, Iranian major general in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps who commanded the Quds Force, on March 11 in Qanat-e Malek, Spike Lee, American filmmaker known for films addressing race relations such as Do the Right Thing, on March 20 in Atlanta, Georgia, and Christopher Lambert, French-American actor recognized for roles in Highlander, on March 29 in Great Neck, New York. Daniel Day-Lewis, English-American actor renowned for method acting in films like There Will Be Blood and a record three Academy Awards for Best Actor, was born on April 29 in London. Sid Vicious, English bassist and vocalist for the punk rock band Sex Pistols, was born on May 10 in London. Frances McDormand, American actress who won multiple Academy Awards including for Fargo and Nomadland, was born on June 23 in Gibson City, Illinois.July–December
- July 2 – Bret Hart, Canadian professional wrestler known for his tenure in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), where he won multiple championships including the WWF Championship twice.
- July 26 – Nana Visitor, American actress recognized for portraying Major Kira Nerys in the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.
- August 24 – Stephen Fry, English actor, comedian, and writer noted for his roles in Blackadder and Jeeves and Wooster, as well as hosting QI.
- September 1 – Gloria Estefan, Cuban-American singer, songwriter, and actress who rose to fame as lead vocalist of Miami Sound Machine, achieving hits like "Conga" and solo success with Grammy-winning albums.
- December 6 – Andrew Cuomo, American politician who served as Governor of New York from 2011 to 2021.
- December 13 – Steve Buscemi, American actor and filmmaker known for roles in films such as Fargo, Reservoir Dogs, and the television series The Sopranos.
- December 21 – Ray Romano, American actor and comedian best known for starring in the sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond.
- December 24 – Hamid Karzai, Afghan politician who served as President of Afghanistan from 2004 to 2014.
- December 25 – Shane MacGowan (died 2023), Irish musician and singer-songwriter, frontman of the Pogues, influential in punk and Celtic rock with songs like "Fairytale of New York".