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This list is of heritage registers, inventories of cultural properties, natural and human-made, tangible and intangible, movable and immovable, that are deemed to be of sufficient heritage value to be separately identified and recorded. In many instances the pages linked below have as their primary focus the registered assets rather than the registers themselves. Where a particular article or set of articles on a foreign-language Wikipedia provides fuller coverage, a link is provided.

International

[edit]

United Nations

Europe

  • European Heritage Label (EHL) are European sites which are considered milestones in the creation of Europe. At the end of 2019 there are 48 sites designed with the European Heritage Label[1]

Antarctica

Organization of Turkic States

Arab League

Caribbean Community

Afghanistan

[edit]

Afghanistan: Society for the Preservation of Afghan Cultural Heritage

Albania

[edit]

Albania: List of Religious Cultural Monuments of Albania

Algeria

[edit]

Algeria: List of cultural assets of Algeria

Andorra

[edit]

Andorra: Bé d'interès cultural, as maintained by Patrimoni Cultural = Cultural Heritage of Andorra; (in Catalan) Llista de monuments d'Andorra

Angola

[edit]

Angola: Património Histórico-Cultural Nacional

Antigua and Barbuda

[edit]

Antigua and Barbuda: National Cultural Heritage of Antigua and Barbuda

Argentina

[edit]

Argentina: National Historic Monuments of Argentina; (in French) Monument historique national (Argentine)

Armenia

[edit]

Armenia: State Heritage of National Register (Armenia)

Australia

[edit]

Australia: Heritage registers in Australia

Federal registers
State and territory registers
State national trusts
Online database of all registers
  • The National Heritage Database is a searchable database which includes:[2]
    • places in the World Heritage List
    • places in the Australian National Heritage List
    • places in the Commonwealth National Heritage list
    • places in the Register of the National Estate (non-statutory archive)
    • places in the List of Overseas Places of Historic Significance to Australia
    • places under consideration, or that may have been considered for, any one of these lists.

Austria

[edit]

Austria: Denkmalgeschütztes Objekt, as maintained by the Bundesdenkmalamt

Azerbaijan

[edit]

Azerbaijan: State Register of Intangible Cultural Heritage Samples of Azerbaijan

Bahamas

[edit]

Bahamas: Bahamas National Trust

Bahrain

[edit]

Bahrain: Bahrain Authority for Culture and Antiquities

Bangladesh

[edit]

Bangladesh: Cultural Heritage of Bangladesh and National Heritage Foundation of Bangladesh

Barbados

[edit]

Barbados: Barbados National Trust

Belarus

[edit]

Belarus: Cultural Properties of Belarus

Belgium

[edit]

Belgium: National Heritage Site (Belgium); (in Dutch) Lijsten van cultureel erfgoed

Benin

[edit]

Benin: (in French) Liste du patrimoine mondial au Bénin

Bhutan

[edit]

Bolivia

[edit]

Bolivia: Bolivian cultural heritage

Bosnia and Herzegovina

[edit]

Bosnia: List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as maintained by the KONS of Bosnia and Herzegovina;

State level

Local level (entities, district Brčko, cantonal, and regional)

  • Institute for the Protection of Monuments of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina [Zavod za zaštitu spomenika Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine][5]
  • Republic Institute for Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage of Republic of Srpska [Republic Institute for Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage of Republic of Srpska][6]
  • Institute for the Protection of Monuments District Brčko [Zavod za zaštitu spomenika District Brčko] (Služba za turizam Vlade Brčko distrikta Bosne i Hercegovine)[7]
  • Cantonal Institute for the Protection of Cultural–Historical and Natural Heritage Sarajevo [Kantonalni zavod za zaštitu kulturno–historijskog i prirodnog naslijeđa Sarajevo][8]
  • Public Institution Institute for the Protection and Use of Cultural–Historical and Natural Heritage of Tuzla Canton [JU Zavod za zaštitu i korištenje kulturno–historijskog i prirodnog naslijeđa Tuzlanskog kantona][9][10]
  • Cantonal Institute for Urbanism, Spatial Planning and Protection of the Cultural and Historical Heritage of the Central Bosnian Canton [Kantonalni zavod za urbanizam, prostorno planiranje i zaštitu kulturno–historijskog naslijeđa Srednjobosanskog Kantona][11]
  • Institute for the Protection of Cultural and Historical Heritage of Herzegovina–Neretva Canton [Zavod za zaštitu kulturno–historijske baštine Hercegovačko–Neretvanskog Kantona][12]
  • Public Institution Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage Bihać – Una-Sana Canton [JU Zavod za zaštitu kulturnog naslijeđa Bihać – Unsko–Sanski Kanton][13]
  • Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of the Zenica–Doboj Canton [Zavod za zaštitu kulturne baštine Zeničko–dobojskog kantona][14][15]
  • Public Institution Agency for cultural–historical and natural heritage and development of the tourist potential of the city of Jajce [JU Agencija za kulturno–povijesnu i prirodnu baštinu i razvoj turističkih potencijala grada Jajca][16]

Botswana

[edit]

Botswana: Sites and monuments in Botswana

Brazil

[edit]

Brazil: List of National Historic Heritage of Brazil, as maintained by the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage;[17] (in Portuguese) Listas de patrimônio do Brasil

Bulgaria

[edit]

Bulgaria: National Institute of Immovable Cultural Heritage

Cambodia

[edit]

Cambodia: Law on the Protection of Cultural Heritage

Cameroon

[edit]

Cameroon (in French): Liste de monuments du Cameroun

Canada

[edit]

Canada: The Canadian Register of Historic Places, while it confers no historic designation or protection itself, endeavours to list all federal, provincial, territorial and local sites.[18]

Federal
Provincial
  • Alberta
    • Sites owned and run by the provincial government as a functioning historic site or museum are known as Provincial Historic Sites and Provincial Historic Areas. Buildings and sites owned by private citizens and companies or other levels or branches of government may gain one of two levels of historic designation, "Registered Historic Resource" or "Provincial Historic Resource".[19] Historic designation in Alberta is governed by the Historic Resources Act.[20] The province also lists buildings deemed historically significant by municipal governments on the Alberta Register of Historic Places, which is also part of the larger Canadian Register of Historic Places although this does not imply provincial or federal government status or protection.[21] The Alberta Main Street Program helps to preserve historic buildings in the downtowns of smaller communities.[22] The Heritage Survey Program is a survey of 80,000 historic buildings in Alberta, with no protective status.[23]
  • British Columbia
    • Historic sites in British Columbia may be added to that province's register of historic places under section 18 of the Heritage Conservation Act.[24]
  • New Brunswick
    • Places and areas designated under the Heritage Conservation Act (the New Brunswick Register of Historic Places acts as a register of sites designated under the Act)[25]
  • Newfoundland
  • Ontario
  • Quebec
Local

Chile

[edit]

Chile: National Monuments of Chile, as maintained by the Consejo de Monumentos Nacionales[28]

China

[edit]

China: Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level (全国重点文物保护单位), designated by State Administration of Cultural Heritage

Hangzhou

Sites Protected at the City Level of Hangzhou are districts, artifacts or buildings legally declared to be "protected". According to the "Regularations of historic districts and historic buildings in Hangzhou" effectivated from 1 January 2005, historic buildings are those artifacts or districts that have lasted more than 50 years, and of significant values for history, science, and art study. In Hangzhou, declaring a historic house requires consulting the urban planning administration bureau, and the real estate administration bureau.

As of 31 June 2011, there are 287 declared historic houses in Hangzhou, proclaimed as 5 batches.[29] In the near future, it is going to issue the sixth batch which includes 51 historic houses.

Harbin

Colombia

[edit]

Colombia: National monuments of Colombia; (in Spanish) Monumentos Nacionales de Colombia

Comoros

[edit]

Comoros: National Committee of Intangible Cultural Heritage (Comoros)

Republic of the Congo

[edit]

Republic of the Congo: Protection of Cultural Heritage in the Republic of the Congo

Costa Rica

[edit]

Costa Rica (in Spanish) Monumento Nacional de Costa Rica

Croatia

[edit]

Croatia: Register of Protected Natural Values of the Republic of Croatia

Cuba

[edit]

Cuba: Consejo Nacional de Patrimonio Cultural[30]

Cyprus

[edit]

Cyprus: Heritage Gazetteer of Cyprus

Czech Republic

[edit]

Czech: (in Czech) Seznam národních kulturních památek České republiky, (in German) Liste der Nationalen Kulturdenkmale Tschechiens, as featuring on MonumNet[31]

Democratic Republic of the Congo

[edit]

Democratic Republic of the Congo: National Inventory of the Cultural Heritage of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Denmark

[edit]

Denmark: National Register of Sites and Monuments, as maintained by the Danish Agency for Culture[32]

Djibouti

[edit]

Djibouti: List of monuments of Djibouti

Dominica

[edit]

Dominica: Dominica Cultural Division

Dominican Republic

[edit]

Dominican Republic: Cultural heritage sites in the Dominican Republic

East Timor

[edit]

East Timor: Intangible Cultural Heritage of East Timor

Ecuador

[edit]

Ecuador: Monuments of Ecuador

Egypt

[edit]

Egypt: List of Historic Monuments in Cairo as recorded by Comité de Conservation des Monuments de l'Art Arabe, the predecessor of the Supreme Council of Antiquities.

El Salvador

[edit]

El Salvador: Cultural heritage sites in El Salvador

Estonia

[edit]

Estonia: National Registry of Cultural Monuments, maintained by the National Heritage Board of Estonia [ee].[33] It has been described as one of the most successful and more complete heritage registers.[34]

Eswatini

[edit]

Eswatini: National Monuments of Swaziland, as maintained by the Swaziland National Trust Commission[36]

Ethiopia

[edit]

Ethiopia: Ethio-SPaRe: Cultural Heritage of Christian Ethiopia

Fiji

[edit]

Fiji: National Trust of Fiji and National Sites and Places of Heritage Significance

Finland

[edit]

Finland: There are two registers confirmed at the state level:

France

[edit]

France: Monument historique

Gabon

[edit]

Gabon: List of monuments of Gabon

Gambia

[edit]

Gambia: HerMaP Gambia

Georgia

[edit]

Georgia: The National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia is a government agency responsible for preservation, protection, research and promotion of cultural heritage of the country. The Agency maintains three registers of Georgia's cultural heritage:[40]

Germany

[edit]

Germany: The Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz is an organization which facilitates public awareness and protection of heritage sites listed. These lists are kept on the website denkmalliste.org, which has all German heritage registers ("Denkmallisten") gathered together in one portal.[41]

Ghana

[edit]

Ghana: Ghana's material cultural heritage

Greece

[edit]

Greece: Cultural heritage of Greece

Grenada

[edit]

Grenada: Grenada National Trust

Guam

[edit]

Guam: Chamorro heritage sites (Guam)

Guatemala

[edit]

Guatemala: Historical monuments of Guatemala

Guinea

[edit]

Guinea: List of monuments of Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

[edit]

Guinea-Bissau: List of monuments of Guinea-Bissau

Guyana

[edit]

Guyana: National Trust of Guyana

Haiti

[edit]

Haiti: (in French) Culture et Patrimoine, as maintained by the Gouverment d'Haïti

Honduras

[edit]

Honduras: Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación (Honduras)

Hong Kong

[edit]

Hong Kong:

Hungary

[edit]

Hungary: The Forster Gyula Nemzeti Örökségvédelmi és Vagyongazdálkodási Központ was an organization which facilitates public awareness and protection of heritage sites listed up to 2016.12.31. (There are partial list from 8 county of Hungary). From 2017.01.01. the cultural heritage management is in the competence the Prime Minister's Office and the Hungarian Academy of Arts.

  • Műemlékem is a non official list maintained by a non-governmental organization.

Iceland

[edit]

Iceland: Cultural Heritage Agency of Iceland

India

[edit]

India: National Archives of India, a government agency run by Ministry of Culture

National level
State level

Indonesia

[edit]

Indonesia: Cultural Properties of Indonesia

Iran

[edit]

Iran: Iran National Heritage List is a register of nationally significant monuments, places, buildings, archaeological sites, events, etc., officially registered under the National Heritage Preservation Act of 1930. According to Article 1 of this law, "All the industrial monuments and buildings that were built up to the end of the Zand dynasty in the country of Iran, including movable and immovable in accordance with Article 13 of this law, can be considered as national heritage of Iran and under the protection and supervision of the state."

Iraq

[edit]

Iraq: Iraq Heritage

Ireland

[edit]

Ireland: In the Republic of Ireland, some registers are maintained by sections of the Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage (The National Monuments Service, Archaeological Survey of Ireland, and National Inventory of Architectural Heritage). Others are maintained by the local authority for the county, city, or city and county where the monument or building is sited.

Name Type Maintenance
National monument "a monument or the remains of a monument the preservation of which is a matter of national importance by reason of the historical, architectural, traditional, artistic, or archaeological interest attaching thereto"[43] Owned or managed by the National Monuments Service. The Service's own list of monuments is not definitive.[44]
National Inventory of Architectural Heritage "all—
(a) structures and buildings together with their settings and attendant grounds, fixtures and fittings,
(b) groups of such structures and buildings, and
(c) sites,
which are of architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, cultural, scientific, social or technical interest"[45] 		National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. The NIAH's survey is not yet complete.[46]
protected structure "structures, or parts of structures, which form part of the architectural heritage and which are of special architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, cultural, scientific, social or technical interest"[47] Relevant planning authority maintains a list as part of its development plan.[48]
architectural conservation area "a place, area, group of structures or townscape, taking account of building lines and heights, that—
(a) is of special architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, cultural, scientific, social or technical interest or value, or
(b) contributes to the appreciation of protected structures"[47] 		Planning authority
special planning control area "an architectural conservation area [...] of special importance to, or as respects, the civic life or the architectural, historical, cultural or social character of a city or town in which it is situated"[47] Planning authority
area of special amenity "by reason of—
(a) its outstanding natural beauty, or
(b) its special recreational value,
and having regard to any benefits for nature conservation"[47] 		Planning authority
Database of Historic Gardens and Designed Landscapes Gardens marked on the first- or second-edition (1850–95) maps of the Ordnance Survey of Ireland.[49] National Inventory of Architectural Heritage[50]

Israel

[edit]

Israel: List of National Heritage Sites of Israel; cf. Council for Conservation of Heritage Sites in Israel

Italy

[edit]

Italy: Catalogo Generale dei Beni Culturali[51] under creation; catalogo regionale dei beni culturali already maintained by each region:

Ivory Coast

[edit]

Ivory Coast: (in French) Liste des monuments historiques de la Côte d'Ivoire

Jamaica

[edit]

Jamaica: Jamaica National Heritage Trust, established in 1958.[55] The organisation maintains a list of National Heritage Sites in Jamaica.[56]

Japan

[edit]

Japan: Cultural Properties of Japan, as maintained by the Agency for Cultural Affairs; see also National Treasures of Japan

Jordan

[edit]

Jordan: Department of Antiquities (Jordan)

Kazakhstan

[edit]

Kazakhstan: Cultural Heritage (Kazakhstan)

Kenya

[edit]

Kenya: List of sites and monuments in Kenya

Kiribati

[edit]

Kiribati: Cultural Heritage of Kiribati

Korea (North)

[edit]

North Korea: National Treasures of North Korea, Cultural assets of North Korea

Korea (South)

[edit]

South Korea: National Treasures of South Korea, Historic Sites of South Korea, Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Korea, etc., as maintained by Cultural Heritage Administration

Kosovo

[edit]

Kosovo: Cultural heritage of Kosovo

Kuwait

[edit]

Kuwait: National Council for Culture, Arts and Literature

Laos

[edit]

Laos: Cultural Heritage Management (Laos)

Latvia

[edit]

Latvia: "The list of State protected cultural monuments", available at [1].[57] Contains information about 7371 monuments of culture (As of March 2021). The list is maintained by State Inspection for Heritage Protection, a government agency.[58]

Full list is available at valsts aizsargājamo kultūras pieminekļu saraksts (in Latvian).

Lebanon

[edit]

Lebanon: (in French) Monument historique (Liban)

Lesotho

[edit]

Lesotho: Lesotho Heritage Network

Liberia

[edit]

Liberia: Heritage Liberia

Libya

[edit]

Libya: Heritage Gazetteer of Libya

Liechtenstein

[edit]

Liechtenstein: Liechtenstein National Archives.

Kulturgüterregister (in German).

Lithuania

[edit]

Lithuania: Registry of Cultural Property (Lithuania)

The list is available here.

Luxembourg

[edit]

Luxembourg

  • "Buildings and objects classified as national monuments or listed on supplementary inventory".

The list is maintained by Service des sites et monuments nationaux, a Government agency. The latest version is available here.

See Lëscht vun de klasséierte Monumenter on lb-wiki and commons:Category:Cultural heritage monuments in Luxembourg.

Madagascar

[edit]

Madagascar (in French): Liste des sites et monuments culturels de Madagascar

Malaysia

[edit]

Malaysia: National Heritage Register (Malaysia)

Malta

[edit]

Malta: National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands[59]

Marshall Islands

[edit]

Marshall Islands: Cultural Heritage Legislation in the Marshall Islands

Martinique

[edit]

Martinique: Cultural heritage of Martinique

Mauritania

[edit]

Mauritania (in French) Liste des monuments nationaux de la Mauritanie

Mauritius

[edit]

Mauritius: Ministry of Arts and Cultural Heritage (Mauritius)

Mexico

[edit]

Mexico: National Monuments of Mexico[60]

Moldova

[edit]

Moldova: National Register of Intangible Cultural Heritage (Moldova)

Mongolia

[edit]

Mongolia: Cultural Heritage Program (Mongolia)

Morocco

[edit]

Morocco: Historic Monuments and Sites of Morocco

Mozambique

[edit]

Mozambique: Cultural Properties of Mozambique

Myanmar

[edit]

Myanmar:

Namibia

[edit]

Namibia: National Monuments, as maintained by the National Heritage Council of Namibia;[62] (in German) Liste der Nationalen Denkmäler in Namibia

Nauru

[edit]

Nauru: Nauru National Heritage Register

Nepal

[edit]

  Nepal: List of monuments in Nepal

Netherlands

[edit]

Netherlands: List of Rijksmonuments (Monumentenregister van de Rijksdienst voor het cultureel erfgoed)[63]

New Caledonia

[edit]

New Caledonia: Patrimoine natural et culturel de la Nouvelle-Caledonia.

New Zealand

[edit]

New Zealand Rarangi Taonga:[64] The Register of Historic Places, Historic Areas, Wahi Tapu and Wahi Tapu Areas (administered by New Zealand Historic Places Trust.)

Nicaragua

[edit]

Nicaragua: List of monuments of Nicaragua

Niger

[edit]

Niger: Niger Heritage

Nigeria

[edit]

Nigeria: National Cultural Policy (Nigeria)

North Macedonia

[edit]

North Macedonia: (in French) Patrimoine culturel de la République de Macédoine

Norway

[edit]

Norway: (in Norwegian) Lister over kulturminner i Norge; Immateriell kulturarv; Norway Heritage Community; Cultural Heritage Act

Pakistan

[edit]

Pakistan: There are several organizations that take care of historic and heritage sites in Pakistan.

  1. Department of Archaeology and Museums (Ministry of Heritage and National Integration (Pakistan))
  2. National Archives of Pakistan
  3. Directorate of Archaeology & Museums, Sindh
    1. Sindh Building Control Authority
  4. Directorate General of Archaeology, Punjab
  5. Directorate of Archaeology & Museums, of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
  6. Directorate General of Archaeology, Balochistan
  7. List of cultural heritage sites in Pakistan

Palau

[edit]

Palau: Bureau of Cultural and Historic Preservation, as maintained by Title 19, Chapter 1 of the Palau National Code

Palestine

[edit]

Palestine: Palestinian Heritage Foundation

Panama

[edit]

Panama (in Spanish) Monumentos de Panamá

Papua New Guinea

[edit]

Papua New Guinea: National Cultural Commission (Papua New Guinea)

Paraguay

[edit]

Paraguay: El Inventario Nacional de Bienes Culturales, under creation by the Dirección de Catalogación del Patrimonio Cultural[65]

Peru

[edit]

Peru: Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación (Perú)

Philippines

[edit]

Philippines: Cultural Properties of the Philippines

Poland

[edit]

Poland: A list of objects of cultural heritage in Poland (zabytki) is maintained by the National Heritage Board of Poland. It is primarily composed of objects in the register of objects of cultural heritage (rejestr zabytków), objects with the status of Historical Monument (pomnik historii), objects classified as a cultural park (park kulturowy).[66]

Portugal

[edit]

Portugal: National Monuments, as maintained by IGESPAR; (in Portuguese) pt:Lista de património edificado em Portugal

Puerto Rico

[edit]

Puerto Rico: (in Spanish) Patrimonio Histórico Edificado, as maintained by the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture (Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña) which functions as the territory State Historic Preservation Office, in association to the United States National Register of Historic Places.[67] The Puerto Rico Planning Board also maintains the Puerto Rico Register of Historic Sites and Zones (Registro Nacional de Sitios y Zonas Históricas).[68]

Qatar

[edit]

Qatar: Qatar Foundation

Romania

[edit]

Romania: National Register of Historic Monuments in Romania – The list, created in 2004–2005, contains historical monuments entered in the National Cultural Heritage of Romania. It is maintained by the Romanian National Institute of Historical Monuments, part of the Ministry of Culture and National Patrimony in Romania.

Russia

[edit]

Russia: Russian cultural heritage register; (in Russian) Списки объектов культурного наследия России; Historical Cities of Russia

Rwanda

[edit]

Rwanda: List of cultural heritage monuments in Rwanda

Saint Kitts and Nevis

[edit]

Saint Kitts and Nevis: St. Christopher National Trust

Saint Lucia

[edit]

Saint Lucia: Saint Lucia National Trust

Samoa

[edit]

Samoa:

San Marino

[edit]

San Marino: Institute for the Conservation and Valorization of Cultural Heritage

Saudi Arabia

[edit]

Saudi Arabia: National Antiquities Register, as maintained by the Heritage Commission.

Senegal

[edit]

Senegal: Sites et Monuments historiques;[69] (in French) Liste des monuments et sites historiques au Sénégal

Serbia

[edit]

Serbia

Cultural Heritage of Serbia

The register is divided into twelve categories:

Exceptional Importance Great Importance Protected
Archaeological Sites of Exceptional Importance Archaeological Sites of Great Importance Protected Archaeological Sites
Monuments of Culture of Exceptional Importance Monuments of Culture of Great Importance Protected Monuments of Culture
Historic Landmarks of Exceptional Importance Historic Landmarks of Great Importance Protected Historic Landmarks
Spatial Cultural-Historical Units of Exceptional Importance Spatial Cultural-Historical Units of Great Importance Protected Spatial Cultural-Historical Units

Seychelles

[edit]

Seychelles: Seychelles Heritage Foundation

Sierra Leone

[edit]

Sierra Leone: National Monuments of Sierra Leone, as maintained by the Ancient Monuments and Relics Commission[70]

Singapore

[edit]

Singapore: National Monuments of Singapore

Slovakia

[edit]

Slovakia: Cultural Heritage Monuments of Slovakia; (in German) Liste (Kulturdenkmale in der Slowakei)

Slovenia

[edit]

Slovenia: Register of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia; (in Slovenia) Register kulturne dediščine Slovenije

The register consists of three parts:

Solomon Islands

[edit]

Solomon Islands: Protected Areas Act (Solomon Islands) and Culture Division (Solomon Islands)

Somalia

[edit]

Somalia: Cultural Heritage Database (Somalia)

South Africa

[edit]

South Africa: South African Heritage Resources Agency

Spain

[edit]

Spain: Monument (Spain) (Monumento histórico or Bien de Interés Cultural)

Sri Lanka

[edit]

Sri Lanka: Archaeological Heritage Management (Sri Lanka)

Sudan

[edit]

Sudan: Digital Cultural Heritage Register (Sudan)

Suriname

[edit]

Suriname: Suriname Heritage Guide

Sweden

[edit]

Sweden: Listed buildings in Sweden, as maintained by the Swedish National Heritage Board; see also (in Swedish) Kulturmärkning i Sverige

Switzerland

[edit]

 Switzerland: Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property (German: Schweizerisches Inventar der Kulturgüter, French: Inventaire suisse des biens culturels). National register of some 8,300 objects of international, national, regional and local significance. Managed by the Federal Office for Civil Protection (see its website).

Syria

[edit]

Syria: Syrian Heritage Initiative

Taiwan

[edit]

Taiwan: Bureau of Cultural Heritage, which keeps a list on their website.

Tanzania

[edit]

Tanzania: National Historic Sites in Tanzania

Thailand

[edit]

Thailand: see Cultural heritage conservation in Thailand

Togo

[edit]

Togo: (in French) Liste nationale d'inventaire des biens culturels du Togo

Tonga

[edit]

Tonga: Tonga Heritage Society

Trinidad and Tobago

[edit]

Trinidad and Tobago: National Trust of Trinidad and Tobago

Tunisia

[edit]

Tunisia: (in French) Liste des monuments classés de Tunisie

Turkey

[edit]

Turkey: Immovable Cultural and Natural Properties (Turkish: Korunması Gerekli Taşınmaz Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıkları) (see [2])

Turkmenistan

[edit]

Turkmenistan: National Register of Cultural Heritage Sites (Turkmenistan)

Tuvalu

[edit]

Tuvalu: Tuvalu National Cultural Policy

Uganda

[edit]

Uganda: National Cultural Sites of Uganda

Ukraine

[edit]

Ukraine:

United Arab Emirates

[edit]

United Arab Emirates: Cultural heritage of the United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

[edit]

United Kingdom

Main articles: Listed building and Scheduled monument

Heritage, culture, planning and conservation are devolved issues in the United Kingdom, and are dealt with by the governments of the constituent countries. England, which does not have its own devolved government, is covered by an agency of the United Kingdom government.

See also historic environment records (HERs) and sites and monuments records (SMRs), maintained usually at a local government level (archaeological trusts in Wales).

Other Associated States or Territories

[edit]

Although not part of the United Kingdom itself, these are self-governing states or territories with strong ties to the British Crown or the United Kingdom, often putting defence and foreign relations in to their hands while handling all other matters internally. All have the British Monarch as their head of state.

Crown Dependencies

[edit]

The Crown Dependencies are three states which are possessions of the Crown, geographically in the British Isles or the Channel Islands.

Overseas Territories

[edit]

The British Overseas Territories (also known as the "United Kingdom Overseas Territories") are the last remnants of the British Empire. There are fourteen total, however, not all of these have heritage registers.

United States

[edit]

In the United States, a site is only listed on the National Register of Historic Places on recommendation from the state historic preservation offices in the relevant state. Some states maintain their own state-level historic registers, although in some U.S. states all properties on the state register duplicate the National Register listing. The National Register listing in itself confers no protection to a historic property but may qualify the site for matching grants for historic restoration. Local historic designations in many municipalities provide some limited protection against demolition of historic landmarks.

National
State-level and local-level
See also: State historic preservation office and List of locally designated landmarks by U.S. state

Uruguay

[edit]

Uruguay: (in Spanish) Monumento Histórico Nacional

Uzbekistan

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Uzbekistan: List of monuments of Uzbekistan

Vanuatu

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Vanuatu: Vanuatu National Heritage Registry

Venezuela

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Venezuela: Inventario de monumentos, as maintained by the Instituto de Patrimonio Cultural[81]

Vietnam

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Vietnam: Friends of Vietnam Heritage

Yemen

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Yemen: Ancient Yemen Digital Atlas

Zambia

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Zambia: Monuments and Historic Sites of Zambia

Zimbabwe

[edit]

Zimbabwe: National Monuments of Zimbabwe

References

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

List of heritage registers

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A list of heritage registers is a compilation of official inventories that document cultural, natural, historical, and sometimes intangible heritage places worthy of protection and preservation, maintained by governments, international organizations, and other authoritative bodies worldwide. These registers function as permanent, ongoing records that identify sites' locations, significance, and condition to support legal safeguards, conservation efforts, management planning, , and public awareness. By cataloging such assets, they help mitigate threats like development, conflict, or , often linking to financial incentives or enforcement mechanisms for heritage owners and authorities. At the international level, prominent examples include the UNESCO World Heritage List, which serves as a global register of 1,248 properties (as of July 2025, including 26 new sites inscribed that year) across 170 countries, recognizing sites of outstanding universal value under the 1972 World Heritage Convention for their cultural, natural, or mixed importance. Other international frameworks, such as the 1999 Hague Convention Protocol, mandate inventories to protect cultural property during armed conflicts by designating "no-strike" lists, while the Council of Europe's 1985 and 1992 conventions promote registers for architectural and archaeological heritage in Europe. Nationally, registers vary by country but typically embody values central to a nation's identity; for instance, the United States' National Register of Historic Places lists over 100,000 districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation under federal law (as of mid-2025). In Australia, the National Heritage List identifies more than 120 natural, historic, and Indigenous places of outstanding national significance, providing legal protection and conservation support. Similarly, Canada's system includes National Historic Sites, designating over 1,000 locations associated with key aspects of the country's history. These lists collectively form a critical network for global heritage stewardship, enabling cross-border collaboration, research, and policy alignment while addressing challenges like illicit trafficking through resources such as UNESCO's Database of National Cultural Heritage Laws, which compiles over 3,000 legal texts from nearly 180 countries to aid in protection and enforcement. By prioritizing comprehensive documentation, heritage registers not only preserve tangible and intangible legacies but also foster sustainable development and cultural education for future generations.

International heritage registers

World Heritage Sites (UNESCO)

The World Heritage Sites program, established under the 1972 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, serves as the primary international register for cultural, natural, and mixed properties of outstanding universal value. This convention, adopted on November 16, 1972, and entered into force on December 17, 1975, has been ratified by 196 states parties as of 2025, making it one of the most widely adopted international treaties for heritage protection. The program's core objective is to encourage the identification, protection, and preservation of these sites, recognizing their irreplaceable contribution to humanity's shared legacy, while promoting international cooperation among nations. To qualify for inscription on the World Heritage List, a site must demonstrate outstanding universal value by meeting at least one of ten criteria, divided into six cultural (i–vi) and four natural (vii–x). Cultural criteria include: (i) representing a masterpiece of human creative genius; (ii) exhibiting an important interchange of human values through developments in architecture, technology, arts, town-planning, or landscape design; (iii) bearing unique testimony to a cultural tradition or vanished civilization; (iv) serving as an outstanding example of a building type, architectural ensemble, or landscape illustrating significant stages in human history; (v) exemplifying traditional human settlements or land/sea-use representative of a culture, especially when vulnerable to irreversible change; and (vi) being directly associated with events, traditions, ideas, beliefs, or literary/artistic works of outstanding significance (typically used with other criteria). Natural criteria encompass: (vii) containing superlative natural phenomena or exceptional beauty; (viii) representing major stages of Earth's history, significant geological processes, or geomorphic features; (ix) illustrating ongoing ecological and biological processes in ecosystem evolution; and (x) providing critical habitats for in-situ conservation of biodiversity, including threatened species of scientific or conservation importance. These criteria ensure that inscribed sites are not merely notable but possess global significance that transcends national boundaries. Governance of the program is overseen by the , composed of 21 elected states parties serving four-year terms, which meets in biennial ordinary sessions to make decisions on inscriptions, funding, and policy. The committee is supported by advisory bodies such as the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) for cultural properties and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) for natural ones, along with the World Heritage Centre for administrative coordination. Funding primarily comes from the World Heritage Fund, contributed by states parties (at least 1% of their UNESCO dues) and supplemented by voluntary donations, totaling approximately $4–5 million annually to support nominations, conservation, and technical assistance. As of November 2025, the World Heritage List includes 1,248 properties across 170 countries, comprising 972 cultural, 235 natural, and 41 mixed sites, with 51 transboundary or transnational properties. This total reflects 26 new inscriptions from the 47th session of the held in July 2025 in , . The nomination process begins with states parties submitting tentative lists and detailed dossiers to , followed by evaluation: ICOMOS conducts expert assessments and missions for cultural sites, while IUCN does the same for natural ones, providing recommendations within 18–20 months. The committee then decides on inscription during its sessions, requiring authenticity, integrity, and effective protection/management plans. Ongoing monitoring includes periodic reporting every six to ten years by states parties on site conditions and reactive monitoring for emerging threats like armed conflict, natural disasters, or development pressures. Unique aspects of the program include the List of World Heritage in Danger, which currently features 53 properties facing ascertained threats, allowing for enhanced international assistance and corrective actions to prevent deterioration. In rare cases, sites may be delisted if threats are not addressed; for instance, Oman's Sanctuary was removed in 2007 due to substantial boundary reduction and impacts that compromised its outstanding . Other mechanisms include boundary extensions or modifications to better reflect a site's significance, such as the 2018 expansion of the . Many World Heritage Sites overlap with national heritage registers, where local inventories often serve as the foundation for international nominations. Iconic examples illustrate the program's scope: The in , inscribed in 1983 under cultural criterion (i), exemplifies a masterpiece of and symmetrical design, built by Emperor as a mausoleum for his wife . As a natural counterpart, Australia's Great Barrier Reef, inscribed in 1981 under natural criteria (vii), (viii), (ix), and (x), represents the world's largest system, spanning 348,000 square kilometers and showcasing exceptional , geological processes, and ecological dynamics. These sites highlight how the register balances cultural monuments with natural wonders, fostering global conservation efforts.

Intangible Cultural Heritage (UNESCO)

The (ICH) framework under was established through the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, adopted by the General Conference on 17 October 2003 and entering into force on 20 April 2006. This convention defines as the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, and skills recognized by communities as part of their cultural heritage, encompassing oral traditions, , social practices, rituals, festive events, knowledge about nature and the universe, and traditional craftsmanship. As of November 2025, the convention has 181 states parties, reflecting broad international commitment to protecting these living cultural expressions threatened by , , and modernization. The convention's core components include three main lists: the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, which promotes awareness and visibility of diverse cultural practices; the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding, which identifies elements facing imminent threats; and the Register of Good Safeguarding Practices, which recognizes effective community-led initiatives for preservation. These lists serve distinct purposes: the Representative List fosters international dialogue and highlights viable traditions, while the Urgent List prioritizes immediate action for endangered elements, and the Register disseminates successful safeguarding models. Inscription criteria for the Representative List (R.1–R.5) emphasize that the element must constitute as defined in Article 2 of the convention (R.1), its inscription should raise visibility and awareness while reflecting and human creativity (R.2), adequate measures must be in place to ensure viability and involvement (R.3), the nomination must involve wide participation and from communities, groups, or individuals concerned (R.4), and the element must be included in a national inventory (R.5). For the Urgent Safeguarding List (U.1–U.6), criteria include confirmation as (U.1), evidence of serious threats or risks despite existing efforts (U.2), specific measures to address urgency and enable transmission (U.3), consent and participation (U.4), inclusion in a national inventory (U.5), and, in cases of extreme urgency, consultation with the submitting state(s) party (U.6). These criteria underscore the role of communities, groups, and individuals as primary bearers, focusing on the viability of practices and the severity of threats. Governance of the ICH framework is overseen by the , comprising 24 states parties elected for four-year terms to ensure equitable geographical representation. The promotes the convention's objectives, examines nominations, provides guidance on best practices, and monitors implementation through periodic reporting by states parties every six years to assess capacities and challenges. Additionally, the Fund offers international assistance for activities, including training, documentation, and community projects, with grants allocated based on decisions to support developing states and urgent needs. As of November 2025, the Representative List features 788 elements from 150 countries, illustrating the global scope of recognized practices; the Urgent List includes 63 elements facing critical risks; and the Register of Good Practices documents 17 initiatives. Representative examples include the craftsmanship of traditional Japanese hand-made paper (), inscribed in 2014 for its enduring techniques passed down through generations, and the festival of , added in 2023 as a vibrant tradition of , , and masquerade embodying . The nomination process is inherently bottom-up, originating from communities, groups, or individuals who, with state party support, submit proposals emphasizing their involvement; these are evaluated by an independent body of experts before review, ensuring ethical representation and consent throughout. National inventories of ICH, required under the convention, serve as prerequisites for nominations, linking local efforts to international recognition. Unique aspects of the ICH framework include its emphasis on intergenerational transmission to ensure practices endure for , addressing ethical concerns such as equitable representation and avoiding commodification of . It also integrates with by promoting as a driver for social cohesion, economic viability, and environmental stewardship in community-based safeguarding. In some cases, ICH elements complement tangible World Heritage Sites by enhancing their living cultural significance through associated practices and knowledge systems.

Memory of the World Register (UNESCO)

The Memory of the World Programme was launched by UNESCO in 1992 to safeguard humanity's documentary heritage from the risk of collective amnesia, prompted by concerns over the destruction and neglect of archives, libraries, and other records worldwide. This initiative formalized its structure in 1995 through the adoption of General Guidelines, which established the International Register along with complementary regional and national registers to systematically identify and protect items of enduring global value. The programme targets tangible and intangible carriers of knowledge, such as manuscripts, printed books, audio-visual materials, and digital records, that hold universal significance for understanding human history, culture, and identity; representative examples include the Gutenberg Bible, inscribed in 2001 for its pivotal role in the spread of printed knowledge, and the cuneiform clay tablets from ancient Mesopotamia, recognized in 2001 as foundational records of early human civilization. Nominations for inscription on the International Register can be submitted by UNESCO member states, non-governmental organizations, or individuals, provided they obtain prior consent from the custodians of the heritage; these proposals are evaluated by the International Advisory Committee (IAC), a body of 14 independent experts appointed by the Director-General, which assesses items based on flexible yet rigorous criteria emphasizing world significance, authenticity, historical or cultural testimony, rarity, integrity, and vulnerability to loss. The IAC's recommendations are forwarded to 's Executive Board for final endorsement, typically occurring biennially, without a predetermined quota to allow merit-based selections. This process underscores the programme's commitment to inclusivity, enabling diverse voices to highlight underrepresented heritages. Governance of the programme is coordinated by the Secretariat in , with advisory support from the IAC and a network of autonomous regional committees—such as those for , Arab States, and the Pacific, and —alongside over 50 national committees that promote local preservation efforts. Funding for preservation projects is facilitated through UNESCO's budget, international partnerships, and the UNESCO/ Memory of the World Prize, established in 2004 to reward innovative safeguarding initiatives, particularly in developing countries. As of 2025, the International Register comprises 570 inscribed items, following the addition of 74 new collections in April of that year, while regional and national registers collectively encompass thousands more, reflecting broad global participation. Recent inscriptions have increasingly prioritized digital formats, including 2024 additions of archives documenting endangered indigenous languages to ensure their accessibility amid cultural erosion. Distinctive aspects of the programme include its strong emphasis on digitization to enhance public access—exemplified by international conferences like the 2012 event on —and collaborative partnerships with libraries, archives, and institutions worldwide to counter historical biases favoring Western sources by amplifying non-European documentary traditions. Key entries illustrate the programme's scope: the , a comprehensive 11th-century survey of inscribed on the United Kingdom's national Memory of the World Register in 2004 (with early recognition efforts dating to the late 1980s), provides invaluable insights into medieval land ownership and societal structures. Similarly, archives related to the , including constitutional documents and revolutionary records inscribed on the and regional register in 2023, preserve evidence of the first successful slave revolt leading to an independent nation, highlighting themes of emancipation and resistance. The programme occasionally integrates with UNESCO's World Heritage List when sites house significant documentary collections, fostering holistic protection of cultural memory.

Biosphere Reserves (UNESCO)

Biosphere reserves are designated under 's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme, launched in 1971 to foster sustainable interactions between people and the environment through research, , and conservation. As of November 2025, the encompasses 785 sites across 142 countries, covering more than 7.4 million square kilometers and home to approximately 275 million people. These reserves serve as model regions for balancing protection with human development, emphasizing ecological, social, and economic . Each biosphere reserve follows a structured zoning system to integrate conservation and human activities. The core area consists of strictly protected zones dedicated to preserving ecosystems, species, and , often overlapping with existing national parks. Surrounding this is the , where activities like , monitoring, , and limited sustainable resource use are permitted to support the core without compromising it. The outermost transition area promotes economic development through cooperative efforts involving local communities, such as eco-tourism and , ensuring zoning criteria align with broader environmental goals. The designation process begins with nominations from national governments, which are evaluated by UNESCO's International Coordinating Council (MAB-ICC) based on statutory framework criteria, including representativeness, conservation measures, and potential. Successful sites join the World Network, with periodic reviews every 10 years to assess compliance and adaptability. is coordinated by the MAB Secretariat at , which supports the network through capacity-building and international cooperation, alongside regional and thematic networks focused on areas like coastal and urban environments. A key feature of biosphere reserves is their emphasis on involvement in , alongside and monitoring stations that generate for global challenges like . They align closely with the (SDGs), particularly those related to (SDG 15), sustainable cities (SDG 11), and (SDG 13), by serving as testing grounds for innovative solutions. Examples include the Yellowstone Reserve in the United States, designated in 1976 as one of the first in the network, which demonstrates integrated of geothermal and resources. Recent African additions, such as Angola's Quiçama Reserve approved in 2025, highlight efforts to protect coastal hotspots amid growing pressures. In 2025 alone, 26 new reserves and expansions were added, prioritizing and underrepresented regions. Despite these strengths, biosphere reserves face challenges, including conflicts between conservation priorities and development pressures, such as resource extraction or encroaching on buffer zones. Enforcement of zoning regulations remains difficult in areas with limited resources or competing land uses, requiring ongoing international support to maintain their effectiveness. Some reserves, like Yellowstone, also hold dual designations as World Heritage sites, enhancing their global protection status.

Global Geoparks (UNESCO)

The Global Geoparks programme, initiated in 2004 through the establishment of the Global Geoparks Network (GGN) in partnership with , builds on European geopark models developed in the 1990s to promote the conservation and sustainable use of geological heritage. This network fosters international cooperation among areas of exceptional geological significance, with the programme formally endorsed by Member States in 2015 under the International Geosciences and Geoparks Programme (IGGP). As of November 2025, there are 247 across 52 countries, reflecting rapid growth with 18 new designations endorsed during the 43rd General Conference, including expansions in (e.g., a site in ) and Africa (e.g., a geopark in ). Designation as a Global requires a unified geographical area to demonstrate significant geological heritage of international value, such as unique fossils, volcanic formations, or landscapes, integrated with local , , and strategies that emphasize community involvement. The process begins with a national proposal from a legally recognized managing body, followed by evaluation by GGN experts who assess compliance with operational guidelines, including the development of , education programmes, and protection measures. Successful sites receive designation for four years, subject to revalidation every four to six years to ensure ongoing adherence, with themes often focusing on specific geological processes like volcanic arcs or tectonic histories. Governance of the network is overseen by a UNESCO chair within the IGGP, supported by regional networks such as the Geoparks Network and annual international conferences that facilitate knowledge exchange and best practices. These gatherings, like the 2025 conference in , highlight collaborative efforts in conservation and . Unique features of Global Geoparks include geotrails for educational exploration, interpretive centers that blend with local stories, and that generates economic benefits—such as increased local employment and revenue from visitors—while yielding conservation outcomes like enhanced habitat protection and reduced illegal resource extraction. For instance, studies show that geoparks with high visitor engagement, often exceeding 100,000 annually in established sites, correlate with improved monitoring and community-led restoration projects. Early examples include the UNESCO Global in the , designated in 2004 for its iconic basalt columns formed by ancient volcanic activity. More recent additions feature Indonesian sites like the Kebumen Geopark, recognized in 2025 for its caves and marine fossils, alongside emerging geoparks in underrepresented regions such as , where the proposed Aral Geopark in aims to highlight saline landscapes and tectonic features around the basin. Some Global Geoparks also synergize with Reserves, enabling combined geo-bio management in areas like volcanic islands.

National and subnational heritage registers

Africa

In Africa, national heritage registers emerged predominantly after the wave of in the 1960s, often adapting colonial-era legal frameworks from French and British administrations to protect a blend of archaeological, built, and natural resources alongside intangible elements like oral traditions and . These registers emphasize the continent's rich pre-colonial histories, while addressing post- challenges such as and impacts on sites. Administered by ministries of or dedicated agencies, they typically cover cultural landscapes, monuments, and wildlife-integrated heritage, with many countries integrating involvement to preserve living traditions. Algeria's National Inventory of Classified , managed by the and Arts since the 1967 Ordonnance No. 67-281, safeguards built environments, archaeological remains, and historical monuments, with ongoing classifications adding to a growing list that includes over 1,000 protected items as of recent inventories. Egypt's register, overseen by the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (formerly the ) under Law No. 117 of 1983, protects all artifacts and sites over 100 years old, focusing on pharaonic, Greco-Roman, and Islamic heritage; it encompasses thousands of entries, prioritizing ancient temples and necropolises through systematic and excavation permits. Ethiopia's Authority for Cultural Heritage, established in 2020 via Proclamation No. 1200/2020, maintains a national register of tangible and intangible assets, including rock-hewn churches and ancient manuscripts, with expansions in 2024 involving the restoration of 760 cultural items in the alone to counter conflict-related damage. Kenya's National Register of Historic Monuments, administered by the under the 1983 National Museums and Heritage Act (amended 2006), covers approximately 200 archaeological, built, and natural sites, such as coastal ruins and prehistoric fossil locales, with post-2023 updates incorporating digital mapping to include more community-nominated intangible practices like traditional crafts. Mali's cultural heritage register, handled by the , Arts, and Tourism since the 1985 Law on , lists key assets like the and mosques, though exact totals are not publicly specified; conflict in northern regions has prompted international collaborations for emergency inventories since 2012. Morocco's List of Historical Monuments, rooted in the 1912 French decree and updated via Dahir No. 1-80-341 of 1980 by the Ministry of Youth, and Communication, protects medinas, ksars, and archaeological zones, with recent additions bringing the classified count to over 1,000 buildings and sites as of 2024. Nigeria's National Monument Register, managed by the National Commission for Museums and Monuments under the 1979 National Commission for Museums and Monuments Act (amended 1990), declares around 60 key sites including ancient walls and sacred groves, with 2024 efforts focusing on digital databases to expand listings of ethnic intangible heritages amid urbanization threats. South Africa's national and provincial heritage registers, governed by the 1999 National Heritage Resources Act and coordinated by the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA), protect over 8,000 resources encompassing apartheid-era sites, indigenous rock art, and biodiversity hotspots, emphasizing inclusive post-apartheid reconciliation through community consultations. In Zimbabwe, the National Monuments and Relics Act of 1974, administered by the Department of Museums and Monuments, registers about 200 sites like Great Zimbabwe ruins, blending Stone Age artifacts with colonial structures to highlight Bantu migration histories. Across the , these registers collectively safeguard an estimated 100,000+ items, though exact figures vary due to decentralized provincial systems and ongoing . Challenges persist in conflict zones, such as Mali's collections damaged in 2012 rebellions, requiring adaptive protection strategies. Recent developments include ' 2023 establishment of a National Committee for under the Ministry of Culture, compiling initial lists of oral epics and rituals, and Kenya's 2024 updates adding 50+ community-suggested entries to address vulnerabilities in coastal registers. African national registers often complement international efforts, with many sites contributing to listings while prioritizing local governance.

Asia and the Middle East

Heritage registers in and the reflect the region's profound historical depth, with protections tracing back to ancient practices along trade routes like the and shaped by religious traditions such as Islamic guardianship of sacred sites, Hindu temple custodianship, and Confucian emphasis on ancestral legacies. Modern systems largely developed after , influenced by and urbanization pressures, leading to national laws that balance preservation with development; for instance, many incorporate both tangible monuments and intangible practices to address threats from rapid infrastructure growth. These registers often prioritize ancient civilizations' remnants, religious complexes, and natural landscapes, contributing briefly to supranational efforts like the heritage network for Southeast Asian sites. Afghanistan's Directorate of Cultural Affairs under the Ministry of Information and Culture oversees a national inventory of historical and cultural properties, established post-2001 to protect sites like the Bamiyan Valley amid conflict-related damages. Bhutan's Department of Culture maintains a register of over 261 heritage sites, emphasizing natural and spiritual elements under the 2008 Cultural Heritage Bill, with a focus on dzongs (fortresses) and monasteries integrated into biodiversity conservation. China's Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics (1982, revised 2024) classifies heritage into eight categories—ranging from ancient tombs to folk customs—administered by the National Cultural Heritage Administration, safeguarding more than 400,000 immovable relics and millions of artifacts nationwide. India's Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (1958, amended 2010) empowers the Archaeological Survey of India to protect over 3,691 centrally listed monuments and sites, including prehistoric rock shelters and Mughal-era structures, with state-level registers adding thousands more. Indonesia's Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology manages the National Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage, recording 9,770 elements as of 2020, with 2025 updates incorporating new entries like regional performing arts under the 2017 Cultural Heritage Law to counter urbanization impacts. Iran's National Organization for Cultural Heritage, established in 1987 but building on 1930 registrations, maintains the National List of Immovable Historical Sites with over 30,000 entries, including Persepolis and qanats (ancient aqueducts), categorized by era and significance to preserve pre-Islamic and Islamic layers despite sanctions limiting resources. This system, one of the oldest in the region, requires annual inventories and restoration plans, exemplifying a blend of legal safeguards and community involvement; for example, sites like the Gonbad-e Qabus tower receive ongoing geophysical monitoring to mitigate seismic risks. Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs, under the 1950 Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties (revised 2018), designates approximately 13,000 items as National Treasures or Important Cultural Properties, spanning tangible assets like Horyu-ji Temple treasures and intangible ones such as Noh theater, with a registered tangible cultural properties category adding over 900,000 structures for adaptive reuse. Kazakhstan's Ministry of Culture and Information launched digital heritage platforms in 2024, integrating the State Register of Historical and Cultural Monuments—totaling around 5,000 sites—into an online database for virtual access, addressing remote Central Asian steppes' preservation challenges through GIS mapping. Saudi Arabia's Heritage Commission, via the 2020 National Register of Historical Sites, documents over 13,000 urban heritage elements and 30,000+ archaeological sites as of 2025, focusing on Nabatean ruins like Al-Ula and Islamic architecture, with recent additions of 3,202 sites emphasizing Vision 2030's tourism-driven protections. Taiwan's Bureau of Cultural Heritage, under the 1982 Cultural Heritage Preservation Act (amended 2016), independently lists over 1,200 historic monuments and 10,000+ cultural assets, including aboriginal sites and colonial buildings, through a decentralized system involving local governments for post-2025 seismic resilience updates. Across the region, these registers collectively protect more than 1 million heritage items, from China's vast relic collections to Iran's extensive lists, though comprehensive tallies fluctuate with annual inscriptions. Updates in 2025 include Indonesia's expanded intangible inventory and Kazakhstan's digital expansions, enhancing accessibility amid climate and development threats. Geopolitical instability poses acute challenges, particularly in and , where conflict-driven looting and destruction have damaged thousands of registered sites since 2011, complicating inventory maintenance despite international emergency funds.

Europe

Europe's heritage registers reflect a longstanding commitment to preserving the continent's diverse cultural landscapes, dating back to the Enlightenment period when systematic documentation of historical sites began in nations like and the . This tradition evolved through 19th-century national inventories and gained continental coordination via the , whose conventions—such as the 1954 European Cultural Convention and the 1969 European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage—established shared standards for safeguarding built, archaeological, and intangible heritage. The European Union's policies further harmonize efforts, as outlined in the 2012 Guidelines on , which emphasize integrated approaches to the historic , including and . These frameworks promote cross-border collaboration, with EU funding programs like Creative Europe supporting restoration projects and digital inventories across member states. National and subnational registers in primarily focus on , encompassing , , and industrial-era structures, though some incorporate natural elements like historic landscapes. Administered by or dedicated agencies, these registers provide legal protections under national laws, often requiring permits for alterations to listed properties. For instance, France's Mérimée database, established in 1862 under the Commission des Monuments Historiques and now managed by the , inventories over 46,000 protected monuments historiques, covering buildings, sites, and objects of architectural, historical, or artistic significance dating from antiquity to the . In , protection falls under state-level Denkmalschutz regulations aligned with the Federal (BauGB), resulting in approximately 1 million listed monuments—including archaeological sites, churches, castles, and industrial complexes—overseen by Land preservation offices. Italy's National Catalogue of , coordinated by the Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione (ICCD) since its digital integration in , comprises around 800,000 records of cultural assets, such as archaeological finds, artworks, and architectural ensembles, emphasizing comprehensive for research and conservation. The maintains a tiered system, with the recording 379,443 listed buildings as of 2024 under the 1947 Town and Country Planning Act, graded I, II*, or II based on significance, alongside separate registers for scheduled monuments protecting over 19,000 prehistoric and ancient sites. Representative examples from other European countries illustrate the diversity of approaches, often tailored to regional histories while aligning with pan-European standards. In Nordic countries, emphasis extends to intangible heritage; Finland's Finnish Heritage Agency leads initiatives like the LIVIND project (2022–2025), which inventories living cultural practices—such as traditional crafts and oral traditions—across to support . For microstates like , heritage protection operates under national ordinances, with 2024 expansions in public access through European Heritage Days opening over 40 sites, including the Prince's Palace, and a 2025 agreement with the enhancing archival inventories of architectural and artistic assets. Post-Brexit, the has pursued alignments with EU heritage efforts via the and bilateral agreements, maintaining cooperation on shared sites like the while facing challenges in funding access to EU programs. Collectively, Europe's registers encompass over 2 million entries, underscoring the continent's dense layering of urban and rural heritage from the to the . In 2025, updates include enhanced protections for war-damaged sites in , where the launched a Team Europe initiative to safeguard cultural assets amid verified destruction of 509 sites since 2022, including churches and historical buildings, through emergency funding and digital documentation. Challenges persist, particularly in , where sites like and Pompeii impose entry limits—such as Venice's daytripper fee expansion and Pompeii's daily caps—to mitigate wear on structures and preserve local communities.
CountryRegister NameEstablishment YearAdministering BodyScopeApproximate Entries
FranceMérimée Database (Monuments Historiques)1862Cultural (buildings, sites, objects)46,714
GermanyDenkmalschutz RegistersVaries by state (post-1913 federal framework)Cultural, archaeological, industrial1,000,000
ItalyNational Catalogue of Cultural Heritage2004 (digital)ICCD ()Cultural, archaeological, artistic800,000
United Kingdom (England)National Heritage List (Listed Buildings & Scheduled Monuments)1947Architectural, historical, ancient sites379,443 buildings; 19,969 monuments
FinlandLiving Heritage Inventory (via LIVIND)2022 (project; builds on earlier efforts)Intangible (traditions, crafts)Ongoing (regional focus)

North America

North America's heritage registers emphasize the integration of indigenous perspectives and rights, particularly through collaborations with First Nations in Canada and Native American tribes in the United States, alongside protections for Mexico's indigenous archaeological legacies. This regional approach stems from 19th-century preservation movements, such as the U.S. push for national parks in the 1870s, which aimed to safeguard cultural and natural sites amid expansionist pressures, often initially overlooking indigenous claims but evolving to include them. These registers collectively encompass over 300,000 sites, blending federal oversight with subnational and community-led initiatives to address diverse historical narratives, from pre-Columbian ruins to settler-era structures. In , the Canadian Register of Historic Places, established in 1991 and managed by , designates more than 17,000 historic places as of 2025, including national historic sites, provincial and territorial registers, and municipal listings. These entries often highlight thematic histories, such as fur trade posts like Lower Fort Garry National Historic Site, which illustrate interactions between European traders and indigenous communities. Recent advancements include 2024 indigenous co-management agreements, enabling First Nations to lead preservation at sites like Q'ali Čax^w (Point Roberts) and integrating into decision-making. Mexico's heritage framework is anchored by the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), created in 1939 to protect cultural patrimony under the Federal Law on Archaeological, Artistic, and Historical Monuments and Zones. INAH catalogs and safeguards over 190,000 archaeological sites, with a primary focus on pre-Columbian heritage, including detailed inventories of Mayan, Aztec, and other Mesoamerican ruins such as those at and . These registers prioritize excavation, restoration, and public access while respecting indigenous descendant communities' rights, as outlined in INAH's operational guidelines. The maintains a tiered system through the (NRHP), enacted in 1966 via the and administered by the (NPS), which lists over 95,000 properties as of 2025. This federal register feeds into state and local tiers, with approximately 2,600 National Historic Landmarks receiving the highest designation for national significance, such as the . Preservation is incentivized through mechanisms like the federal historic rehabilitation tax credit, which has facilitated over $30 billion in investments since 1976 by allowing deductions for certified rehabilitations. In 2025, additions include civil rights-era sites like the , while NPS initiatives address climate-vulnerable listings, such as coastal lighthouses threatened by sea-level rise, through strategies. Cross-border efforts exemplify North American collaboration, notably the , a binational area spanning and the U.S. designated as a in 1995 for its ecological and cultural unity, including sacred indigenous landscapes.

Central America and the Caribbean

Heritage registers in and the operate within post-colonial frameworks that prioritize the safeguarding of diverse legacies, including pre-Columbian Mayan sites, Afro-Caribbean traditions, and Spanish colonial fortifications. These systems have evolved to address the region's acute vulnerability to natural disasters such as hurricanes and climate change impacts, incorporating resilience measures to protect cultural assets from erosion, flooding, and rising sea levels. National and subnational registers across the region encompass over 50,000 documented items, ranging from archaeological artifacts to intangible practices, with recent efforts focusing on biodiversity integration and disaster-prone sites. In small island states like , challenges include limited resources for maintenance amid frequent storms, yet initiatives by the Grenada National Trust maintain an inventory of elements such as traditional boatbuilding. Key registers are organized alphabetically by country, highlighting representative examples:
  • Antigua and Barbuda: The Antigua and Barbuda National Parks Authority oversees heritage protections, including colonial forts and archaeological sites, integrated with environmental conservation.
  • Bahamas: The Bahamas Historical and Museum Commission maintains a national register of historic structures and shipwrecks, emphasizing post-colonial maritime heritage.
  • Barbados: Barbados National Trust's register lists over 200 historic buildings and landscapes, focusing on plantation-era sites.
  • Belize: The National Institute of Culture and Heritage (NICH) administers the National Register of Historic and Ancient Monuments, with recent 2024-2025 updates enhancing protections for the Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System through expanded marine heritage designations following its removal from UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger.
  • Costa Rica: Established in the 1980s, the National Register of Archaeological Goods under the Ministry of Culture and Youth inventories pre-Columbian artifacts and sites, supporting biodiversity-linked protections in national parks.
  • Cuba: The National Monuments Commission, created in 1978 as part of the Ministry of Culture, oversees the National Register of Cultural Property, which includes over 300 declared national monuments such as colonial architecture in Havana.
  • Dominica: The Dominica National Trust manages a register of natural and cultural heritage, including volcanic sites and Kalinago indigenous territories.
  • Dominican Republic: The National Office of Historic Heritage maintains the General Inventory of Cultural Patrimony, cataloging Taíno archaeological remains and colonial zones.
  • El Salvador: The National Council for Culture and Art's register protects Mayan ruins like Joya de Cerén, integrating seismic resilience post-earthquakes.
  • Grenada: The Grenada National Trust's Intangible Cultural Heritage Inventory, developed through UNESCO-supported projects, documents traditions like string band music and storytelling.
  • Guatemala: The Instituto de Antropología e Historia (IDAEH), under the Ministry of Culture and Sports, maintains the Registry of Cultural Property, specializing in Mayan archaeological sites such as Tikal, with over 1,500 registered pre-Columbian structures emphasizing biodiversity corridors.
  • Haiti: Following post-2023 stabilization efforts, the National Institute of Haitian Heritage has updated its cultural register, including the 2024 inscription of the Bois Caïman site into UNESCO's network of historical memory sites and recognition of Konpa music in the National Register of Intangible Cultural Heritage.
  • Honduras: The Institute of Anthropology and History's national register inventories Copán Mayan ruins and Garifuna cultural elements.
  • Jamaica: The National Registry of Intangible Cultural Heritage, established around 2010 under the Jamaica National Heritage Trust (JNHT), safeguards practices like Revival Zion rituals and Maroon heritage, complementing the JNHT's tangible monuments list.
  • Martinique (French overseas territory): Integrated into France's Mérimée database, the regional heritage inventory lists over 500 historic monuments, including plantation ruins and Creole architecture, with recent UNESCO recognition of slavery records.
  • Nicaragua: The Nicaraguan Institute of Culture's register protects León's colonial cathedral and indigenous petroglyphs.
  • Panama: The Historical and Cultural Patrimony List, formalized in the 1990s by the Ministry of Culture, includes canal-era sites like the Panama Canal Railway and Fort Amador, totaling around 200 entries focused on isthmian trade history.
  • Saint Kitts and Nevis: The St. Christopher and Nevis National Trust registers Brimstone Hill Fortress and sugar mill ruins.
  • Saint Lucia: The Saint Lucia National Trust maintains inventories of Pitons geosites and colonial batteries.
  • Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: The National Trust of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines lists volcanic heritage and Carib rock carvings.
  • Trinidad and Tobago: The National Trust registers Hosay processions as intangible heritage alongside colonial estates.
Unique aspects include Caribbean-focused intangible registers, such as Jamaica's emphasis on oral traditions and music, which preserve Afro-Caribbean identities. In , Guatemala's IDAEH exemplifies biodiversity-integrated approaches, linking Mayan site protections with conservation. These registers contribute briefly to marine heritage efforts, particularly in protections, while U.S. territories like maintain separate inventories under local laws overlapping with federal standards.

South America

South America's heritage registers reflect a profound blend of pre-Columbian indigenous legacies, colonial influences from and , and contemporary efforts to safeguard biodiversity-rich ecosystems like the . These national and subnational inventories prioritize the protection of archaeological sites from ancient civilizations such as the Inca and Moche, monumental architecture from the independence era, and intangible practices tied to indigenous communities. With a shift toward eco-heritage in recent decades, registers increasingly incorporate natural landscapes and sustainable cultural expressions, addressing threats from , , and resource extraction. Argentina: The National Register of Cultural Heritage, established under Law 25.197 in 2001, is administered by the Dirección Nacional de Bienes y Sitios Culturales within the Ministry of Culture. This register focuses on architectural and urban heritage, cataloging historic buildings, urban ensembles, and archaeological zones across the country, with an emphasis on colonial-era structures in cities like Buenos Aires and Córdoba. It mandates the inventory, documentation, and protection of public and private cultural assets, including over 1,000 declared national historic monuments, promoting urban conservation amid rapid modernization. The process involves expert evaluations and public notifications to ensure community involvement in preservation efforts. Bolivia: 's framework is governed by Law No. 530 of 2014, which defines and protects tangible and intangible elements with a strong emphasis on indigenous knowledge and plurinational identity. The law classifies heritage into categories like archaeological sites, traditional practices, and natural landscapes, establishing the National Registry of Cultural Heritage managed by the Ministry of Cultures, Descolonization and Despatriarchalization. It prioritizes community-led conservation, particularly for Andean and Amazonian indigenous groups, integrating eco-heritage such as and hotspots. Brazil: The National Historic and Artistic Heritage Institute (IPHAN), founded in 1937, maintains a comprehensive federal register of over 1,047 protected sites, including colonial towns, indigenous archaeological areas, and Amazonian cultural landscapes. IPHAN coordinates preservation of both tangible assets like Ouro Preto's historic center and intangible elements such as samba and capoeira, serving as a model for state and municipal heritage bodies. Its work extends to eco-heritage, safeguarding biodiversity corridors in the Amazon through integrated cultural-natural inventories. Chile: Established in 1925, the National Monuments Council oversees a register of more than 1,600 national monuments, encompassing archaeological sites from the , colonial churches, and natural reserves like Rapa Nui. The council, under the Ministry of Cultures, Arts and Heritage, conducts inventories and declarations to protect urban historic zones and indigenous patrimony, with recent expansions including artificial mummification practices as intangible heritage. Colombia: Colombia maintains multiple specialized registers through the Ministry of Culture, including the National Register of Archaeological Assets and the Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage. These cover pre-Columbian sites like San Agustín, colonial architecture, and living traditions such as marimba music from the Pacific region, with over 100,000 inventoried elements emphasizing archaeological and Afro-Colombian expressions. The system supports trans-Andean networks by linking Andean and Amazonian sites in collaborative preservation efforts. Ecuador: The National Institute of Cultural Heritage (INPC), part of the Ministry of Culture and Heritage, manages the national register of cultural assets, focusing on Inca-related sites, colonial , and Amazonian indigenous practices. Established to inventory and protect over 10,000 assets, it includes recent updates like the 2024 expansion of the Galápagos Marine Reserve by 60,000 km², enhancing eco-heritage protections for this UNESCO-linked . Peru: Under the and Law 28296 (General Law of , 2004), the National Registry of Movable Cultural Assets and declarations of national patrimony catalog more than 20,000 Inca-related archaeological sites, colonial monuments, and intangible traditions like the Qhapaq Ñan Andean road system. The register emphasizes pre-Columbian civilizations, with ongoing inventories addressing threats to Amazonian heritage. Across , these registers collectively encompass hundreds of thousands of entries, with 2025 initiatives including Amazon-wide collaborations for transboundary indigenous and ecological sites, such as UNESCO-linked Amazonian heritage networks. Regional pacts like facilitate shared inventories for cross-border Andean and Amazonian patrimony.

Oceania

Oceania's heritage registers encompass a diverse array of cultural, natural, and indigenous sites across a vast oceanic region, emphasizing the protection of Aboriginal, , and Pasifika traditions alongside maritime and colonial histories. These registers are particularly vital due to the strong involvement of indigenous communities in their management, reflecting oral histories, sacred landscapes, and navigational knowledge passed down through generations. Many sites face acute threats from , including sea-level rise that endangers low-lying atolls and coastal areas critical to Pasifika cultural identity. Heritage protection in Oceania highlights unique indigenous-led initiatives, such as Australia's Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs), established in the 1990s to voluntarily conserve land and sea under traditional ownership. As of 2025, there are 91 dedicated IPAs covering over 104 million hectares, managed collaboratively by Traditional Owners and the Australian Government to preserve and cultural practices. In the Pacific, intangible heritage registers focus on oral traditions and customary practices; for example, Fiji's Heritage Bill of 2023 created the Register to safeguard iTaukei cultural elements like and sites, building on efforts from the 2010s to document indigenous heritage amid modernization.
Country/TerritoryKey RegisterEstablishment YearApproximate Number of ItemsNotes
AustraliaNational Heritage List (under Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water)2003 (amending 1975 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act)120 placesIncludes natural, historic, and Indigenous sites of national significance; complemented by state/territory registers totaling over 20,000 entries in the Australian Heritage Database. Indigenous involvement is central, with IPAs adding substantial coverage.
FijiFiji Register of Heritage (via Heritage Bill)2023Emerging (focus on iTaukei sites)Protects tangible and intangible iTaukei heritage, including oral traditions and sacred places; addresses colonial-era sites and maritime history.
French PolynesiaInventory of Historic Monuments (under French overseas territory laws, updated via regional decrees)1940s (ongoing updates)Hundreds of sites, with recent UNESCO ties2024 addition of Marquesas Islands (Te Henua Enata) to UNESCO World Heritage List highlights Polynesian cultural landscapes; local registers emphasize ancient marae and colonial architecture.
Guam (U.S. territory)Guam Register of Historic Places (Guam State Historic Preservation Office)1974 (under National Historic Preservation Act)Over 130 sitesAligns with U.S. National Register (134 listings as of recent updates); focuses on Chamorro indigenous sites, Spanish colonial forts, and WWII remnants like Japanese caves.
NauruEmerging cultural heritage framework (post-ratification of UNESCO conventions)2024 (ratification of World Heritage Convention)Initial sites under developmentNew protections for tangible and intangible heritage, including WWII relics and traditional practices; vulnerable to environmental degradation in remote areas.
New ZealandNew Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero (under Historic Places Act, managed by Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga)1993 (amending 1980 Act)Over 80,000 places (including archaeological and historic sites)Categories include Category 1 (outstanding significance), historic areas, and wāhi tapu (Māori sacred sites protected for spiritual and cultural value); emphasizes Māori co-governance and oral traditions.
Solomon IslandsNational Heritage Register (under Culture and Tourism Division, Ministry of Culture and Tourism)1994 (Cultural Policy framework)Dozens of key sites, expandingIncludes WWII battlefields like Guadalcanal relics (e.g., Bloody Ridge, Henderson Field); 2025 efforts focus on adding more Pacific War sites amid tourism and preservation challenges in remote atolls.
TuvaluEmerging cultural heritage repository (under National Culture Policy)2024 (tentative UNESCO list submission)Digital and physical sites in developmentRatified UNESCO conventions in 2023; focuses on safeguarding intangible heritage like fatele dances and navigation knowledge against sea-level rise, with digital backups for atoll vulnerabilities.
VanuatuNational Cultural Heritage Register (under Vanuatu Cultural Centre)1980s (ongoing via cultural policies)Hundreds of sitesProtects ni-Vanuatu oral histories, chiefly titles, and WWII artifacts; strong emphasis on maritime heritage and community-led inventories in dispersed islands.
Across , these registers collectively protect over 150,000 heritage items, though remote Pacific atolls pose ongoing challenges for documentation and enforcement due to isolation and impacts. Ties to UNESCO's Pacific sites, such as Taputapuatea in , underscore regional cooperation in preserving shared Polynesian and Melanesian legacies.

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