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Chaitra
Krishna with his beloved in the month of Chaitra, a Jaipur miniature painting from the National Museum, Warsaw
Native nameचैत्र (Sanskrit)
CalendarHindu calendar
Month number1
Number of days29 or 30
SeasonVasanta (Spring)
Gregorian equivalentMarch–April
Significant days
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Chaitra (Sanskrit: चैत्र, romanized: Caitra) is the first month of the Hindu lunar calendar and the Indian national calendar.[1][2] The name of the month is derived from the position of the Moon near the Chitra nakshatra (star) on the full moon day.[3] The month corresponds to spring (Vasanta) season and falls in March–April in the Gregorian calendar.[4]

In the Hindu solar calendar, it corresponds to the last month of Mina and begins with the Sun's entry into Pisces.[5][6] It corresponds to Choitro, the last month in the Bengali calendar, and Chait, the last month in the Nepali calendar (Vikram Samvat).[5][7] In the Tamil calendar, it corresponds to the third month of Chittirai, falling in the Gregorian months of April–May.[5][8]

In the Sindhi lunisolar calendar, the first month is referred to as Chet and is marked by the celebration of the Cheti Chand (birth of Jhulelal, an incarnation of Vishnu).[9] In the Vaishnav calendar, it corresponds to the first month of Visnu.[10][11]

In the Hindu lunar calendar, each month has 29 or 30 days. The month begins on the next day after Amavasya (new moon) or Purnima (full moon) as per amanta and purnimanta systems respectively. A month consists of two cycles of 15 days each, Shukla Paksha (waning moon) and Krishna Paksha (waxing moon). Days in each cycle is labeled as a thithi, with each thithi repeating twice in a month.[12][13]

Festivals

[edit]

The first day of the month is celebrated as the Hindu New Year's Day, known as Gudi Padwa in Gujarat and Maharashtra,[14][15] Puthandu in Tamil Nadu,[16] Vishu in Kerala,[17][18] and Ugadi in Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh.[19] In West Bengal, Basanti Puja, Annapurna Puja, Ram Navami, Neel Puja, and Chorok Puja are held consecutively before the beginning of Bengali New Year on Poila Baishakh.[20]

The month is also associated with the departure of spring.[21] Holi, the Hindu spring festival of colours, is celebrated on the full moon day (Purnima) of Phalguna, the month before Chaitra, exactly six days after which the Chaiti form of the Chhath festival is observed.[22][23] Ram Navami, which commemorates the birth of the Hindu god Rama, is celebrated on Navami (ninth lunar day) thithi of the Shukla Paksha (waning moon) of the month.[24] Hanuman Jayanti, dedicated to Hanuman, is observed on the Purnima day of the month.[25]

Chitra Pournami is observed on the full moon day (Pournami) of the Tamil month of Chithirai (April–May) and is dedicated to Chitragupta, the divine accountant for Yama.[26] People take a holy bath in rivers or temple tanks on this day to cleanse the sins of the past.[27] Other rituals include special pujas to Indra, offerings of rice, and Kavadi Attam dedicated to Murugan. [28]

In lunar calendar, Chaitra begins with the new moon day and is the first month of the year. The first day of Chaitra is marked as the Chaitra Navaratri, the lunar new year.[29][30] Navadurga (nine forms of the goddess Durga) starts from Chaitra Shukla Pratipada.[31]

According to Jain texts, Mahavira was born on the thirteenth day of the bright half of the moon in the month of Chaitra in 599 BCE (Chaitra Sud 13). Jains celebrate Mahavir Janma Kalyanak commemorating the same.[32][33]

See also

[edit]

References

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Chaitra

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Chaitra (Sanskrit: चैत्र) is the first month in several Hindu lunisolar calendars, including the , and in the (Saka era). This month typically spans from mid-March to mid-April in the , aligning with the onset of spring in the . Regarded as highly auspicious, Chaitra symbolizes renewal, growth, and spiritual abundance, commemorating the creation of the universe by Lord and marking the Hindu in many regions. The significance of Chaitra extends to its role in Hindu cosmology and seasonal cycles, where it represents the flourishing of and the triumph of good over through devotional practices. Devotees observe various vrat (fasts) and rituals during this period, believing it brings prosperity and divine blessings. Each day of the month is often dedicated to specific deities, beginning with worship of Lord Brahma on the first day, followed by observances for Lord Vishnu and other gods. Chaitra is particularly notable for hosting major festivals that highlight its cultural and religious importance. Key celebrations include Chaitra Navratri, a nine-day festival honoring the nine forms of Goddess Durga, culminating in Ram Navami, the birth anniversary of Lord Rama. Other prominent events are , signifying the New Year in and other parts of with hoisting of victory flags, and , commemorating the birth of Lord Hanuman. These festivals involve fasting, prayers, processions, and feasting, fostering community bonds and reinforcing themes of devotion and new beginnings.

Etymology and Calendar Context

Name Origins

The name Chaitra (Sanskrit: चैत्र, ) originates from the term denoting the lunar month in which the full moon occurs in or near the Chitra (constellation), a convention rooted in ancient Indian astronomical nomenclature. This derivation is explicitly described in classical texts such as Varahamihira's Bṛhatsaṃhitā (6th century CE), where Caitra is defined as the month corresponding to when the full moon aligns with Citra (Chitra), symbolizing brightness and variegation that evoke the renewal and vibrancy of spring's onset. The root word chitra itself carries meanings of "bright," "colorful," or "variegated" in , reflecting the month's association with nature's awakening and floral abundance in the Hindu seasonal cycle. Historically, the naming of Chaitra evolved within the broader framework of ancient Indian lunisolar calendars, which integrated Vedic astronomical observations with later Puranic elaborations. The Chitra appears in Vedic texts, where it signifies pictorial or brilliant forms, laying the foundational link between stellar positions and temporal divisions; this system formalized the month names based on full-moon s, with Chaitra marking the period as the year's commencement in many traditions. Puranic , such as the Vishnu Purāṇa (c. 4th–5th century CE), references Chaitra among the sequence of lunar months—Chaitra, Vaiśākha, and so forth—affirming its established role in cosmological and ritual calendars by the early medieval period. This evolution traces back to pre-Puranic calendrical practices, where solar transits like the sun's entry into Meṣa (Aries) determined Chaitra as the inaugural month, ensuring alignment between lunar phases and seasonal markers. Regional linguistic variations of Chaitra reflect adaptations across Indian languages while preserving the core nakshatra-based etymology. In Tamil, it is known as Chittirai (சித்திரை), directly echoing Chitra and corresponding to the Tamil calendar's third month, which begins around mid-April. Similar phonetic shifts appear in other Dravidian and Indo-Aryan dialects, such as Choitro in Bengali and Chaitra in Gujarati, underscoring the month's widespread integration into diverse cultural calendars without altering its astronomical essence.

Position in Hindu Lunar Calendar

Chaitra holds the position of the first month in the calendar and other prominent Hindu lunisolar systems, where the year commences on the first day of its Shukla Paksha, known as Chaitra Shukla Pratipada. This structure emphasizes the waxing as the starting point, symbolizing renewal within the cyclical interplay of solar and lunar movements. The month comprises 30 tithis, evenly split between the 15 days of and 15 of , though the actual solar days occupied range from 29 to 30 due to the synodic month's average length of about 29.53 days. In the amanta variant, prevalent in southern, western, and most parts of , the lunar month begins immediately after the new moon (), placing at the forefront; conversely, the purnimanta variant, common in northern and some eastern regions, starts after the full moon (), with preceding , yet both systems designate Chaitra as the initial month. Regardless of the variant, Chaitra consistently precedes Vaishakha in the sequence of 12 lunar months, ensuring uniformity in the annual ordering. Astronomically, Chaitra's onset is determined by the new moon succeeding the vernal equinox, corresponding to the Sun's ingress into Mesha rashi (Aries), which synchronizes the lunar calendar with the solar tropical year and the progression of seasons. This alignment ties the month's tithis to the relative longitudes of the Moon and Sun, where each tithi represents a 12-degree increase in the Moon's angular separation from the Sun, facilitating the lunisolar harmony essential to Hindu timekeeping.

Temporal and Seasonal Aspects

Gregorian Calendar Correspondence

Chaitra, the inaugural month of the Hindu , typically aligns with the 's mid- to mid-April period, though precise dates fluctuate annually by up to two weeks due to the variability of lunar cycles. In the purnimanta system prevalent in northern , the month encompasses the period from the day after Phalguna to Chaitra ; for instance, Chaitra 2082 spanned 15 to April 12, 2025. In the amanta system used in southern regions, it runs from Chaitra Pratipada to the subsequent , often shifting the start closer to late . The determination of Chaitra's commencement relies on astronomical observations of the moon's phases, beginning with Chaitra Shukla Pratipada—the first of the waxing —which follows the immediately preceding the sun's ingress into (Aries). Adjustments occur through the insertion of an intercalary month, or Adhik Maas, roughly every 32.5 months, when two consecutive lunar months lack a solar transit, ensuring alignment between the 354-day lunar year and the 365-day solar year. Calendar reforms have standardized certain correspondences for official use. The (Saka Varsha), introduced on April 1, 1957, by the , establishes a fixed alignment where Chaitra 1 corresponds permanently to March 22 in common years and March 21 in leap years of the . This reform draws from traditional lunisolar principles but eliminates annual variability for civil purposes.

Seasonal Significance

Chaitra, as the inaugural month of the Hindu lunar calendar, signifies the transition from winter to spring, known as Vasant Ritu, characterized by the blooming of vibrant flowers such as the flame of the forest () and mahua (), heralding nature's awakening and agricultural renewal. This period marks the end of the rabi harvest, with crops fully gathered, and the onset of preparations for kharif , fostering a sense of new beginnings in farming communities across . Symbolically, Chaitra embodies rejuvenation and the cyclical renewal of life, reflecting the eternal rhythms of nature celebrated in ancient Hindu scriptures, including hymns in the that extol spring as a time of , joy, and divine abundance. Vasant Ritu, often termed the "king of seasons" for its mild and invigorating qualities, inspires themes of vitality and growth, aligning human existence with the regenerative forces of the . In the meteorological context of , Chaitra corresponds primarily to and in the , bringing warming temperatures that shift from pleasantly cool to mildly warm and dry conditions, setting the stage for pre-monsoon developments. These changes facilitate the maturation of winter crops while priming the for summer plantings, underscoring the month's role in bridging seasonal extremes toward the impending rains.

Religious Importance

Auspicious Nature

In , the month of Chaitra holds profound auspicious significance, particularly for launching new ventures, marriages, businesses, and sacred rituals, as it embodies renewal, vitality, and the promise of prosperity. This perception stems from its position as the inaugural month of the Hindu , coinciding with the vernal and the awakening of nature in spring, which symbolizes fresh beginnings and the dispelling of winter's inertia. Practitioners view this period as optimally aligned with cosmic energies that support growth and stability, making it a preferred time for commitments intended to yield enduring positive outcomes. From an astrological standpoint, Chaitra's favorability is enhanced by the Sun's ingress into Aries ( ) during this month, a zodiac sign governed by Mars (Mangal), the emblematic of vigor, initiative, and transformative action. This alignment is thought to infuse the period with dynamic planetary influences that promote ambition, resilience, and material as well as spiritual advancement, rendering it particularly propitious for endeavors requiring boldness and long-term success. Mars's rulership over Aries underscores Chaitra's role in channeling energies conducive to prosperity and expansion, as Aries initiates the fiery, cardinal qualities essential for pioneering efforts. Observances in Chaitra stress the cultivation of inner and outer purity alongside unwavering devotion to amplify the month's benevolent vibrations, with a strong admonition against engaging in or tolerating inauspicious behaviors. Adherents are guided to prioritize sattvic (pure) lifestyles, including mindful speech, ethical actions, and rituals that honor divine principles, thereby avoiding disruptions to the harmonious planetary flows. This focus on sanctity and restraint ensures that the auspicious potential of Chaitra is fully realized, fostering an environment of peace and divine favor. Scriptural references affirm this sanctity, portraying Chaitra as a foundational epoch of creation and divine benevolence.

Scriptural References

In the Valmiki Ramayana, the month of Chaitra holds significant mention in connection with the birth of , an incarnation of . Specifically, in the Bala Kanda (Sarga 18), it is described that was born to King and Queen Kausalya on the ninth day () of the Shukla Paksha (bright half) of Chaitra, during the , with the in Karkataka (Cancer) and five planets—Sun, Mars, , , and Saturn—at their exalted positions, alongside a favorable conjunction of and the . This event underscores Chaitra's role as a period of divine manifestation and auspicious beginnings in the epic narrative. The references Chaitra within its descriptions of the Hindu lunar calendar, particularly in aligning months with seasons and celestial events during the epic's timeline. In Puranic literature, the (also known as Srimad Bhagavatam) recounts the story of Vishnu's avatar in its Ninth , which is traditionally associated with Chaitra through accounts in the . Complementing this, the elaborates on Chaitra's importance in the Third (Chapter 26), where it details the observance of Vasanta , venerating the nine forms of the Divine Mother () as incarnations of , symbolizing creation, preservation, and destruction during this vernal period. The notes Chaitra's association with Brahma's initiation of srishti (creation) on its Shukla Pratipada.

Festivals and Observances

Major Festivals

Chaitra Navratri, also known as Vasanta Navratri or Rama Navratri, is a nine-day festival dedicated to the worship of Goddess Durga and her nine forms, or Navadurgas, symbolizing the triumph of good over evil and the onset of spring. It commences on the first day of Chaitra (Pratipada) with the ritual of Ghatasthapana, where a sacred pot (kalash) is installed to invoke the goddess's presence, followed by daily pujas offering flowers, fruits, and incense to each of her avatars, such as Shailputri on the first day and on the second. The festival historically ties to the birth of on the ninth day (), marking its culmination in Ram Navami celebrations that honor his divine . Gudi Padwa, known as in southern traditions, heralds the Hindu New Year on the first day of Chaitra and commemorates Lord Brahma's creation of the universe, as well as Lord Rama's coronation in after his exile. Core rituals include thorough home cleaning, adorning entrances with patterns using colored rice and flowers, and preparing Pachadi—a symbolic dish blending neem flowers, , raw , and to represent life's six tastes of joy, sorrow, and renewal. In , the ceremony features hoisting a , a decorated staff topped with a cloth and inverted pot, signifying victory and prosperity, often accompanied by vibrant processions. Hanuman Jayanti falls on the full moon day () of Chaitra, celebrating the birth of Lord , the devoted follower of renowned for his strength, loyalty, and role in the epic. According to legend, was born to and Kesari as an incarnation of , destined to aid by locating in and retrieving the Sanjeevani herb to revive . Observances center on temple visits where idols are adorned with flowers and lights, communal recitations of the and Sundar Kand from the , and kirtans praising his virtues, fostering a sense of and devotion among devotees.

Fasts and Vrats

Chaitra month features several prominent fasts and vrats observed by devotees to seek spiritual purification, health, and divine protection. These observances emphasize austerity, devotion, and specific rituals tailored to the lunar phases of the month, drawing from Hindu traditions outlined in puranic texts. Papamochani is a key fast dedicated to the removal of sins, observed on the during the Krishna of Chaitra. Devotees undertake a strict fast, often limited to fruits, milk, and water, to cleanse accumulated karmic impurities and gain protection from negative influences such as ghosts or malevolent spirits. The vrat's significance is rooted in the Brahmavaivarta Purana, where it is described as a powerful means to absolve sins equivalent to major charitable acts, with the fast culminating in worship of Lord Vishnu or Krishna through recitation of the mahatmya, offering tulsi leaves, and performing evening aarti. Parana, or breaking the fast, occurs the next day after sunrise, reinforcing the vow's purifying intent. Sheetala Ashtami involves a vrat for safeguarding health and warding off diseases, particularly epidemics like , observed on the Ashtami tithi of Chaitra's Krishna . Participants follow by consuming only cooling foods such as , , and stale (purana) items prepared the previous day, avoiding hot or freshly cooked meals to honor the goddess's association with cooling fevers and illnesses. The puja centers on Sheetala, an incarnation of , with rituals including bathing the idol in cold water, offering yellow flowers, sweets, and neem leaves, and chanting her to invoke protection and prosperity for the . This observance underscores preventive devotion, believed to mitigate seasonal ailments during the transitional weather of early spring. Kalashtami entails a night vigil and fast in devotion to Lord , a fierce manifestation of , held on the Ashtami tithi of Chaitra's Krishna . The vrat promotes through partial or full —abstaining from grains and non-vegetarian food—and an all-night jaagran involving recitation of and stotras to foster inner discipline and remove obstacles. Key rituals include midnight aarti, offerings of black , mustard , and (symbolically for some sects), emphasizing unwavering to seek courage, justice, and liberation from fears. Devotees view this as a monthly practice amplified in Chaitra for renewed spiritual resolve.

Regional and Cultural Variations

North Indian Traditions

In northern India, particularly in the Hindi-speaking regions of and , Chaitra is prominently associated with the celebration of Ram Navami, the birth anniversary of observed on the ninth day of the month. In , serves as the epicenter of these observances, where devotees participate in performances—dramatic enactments of episodes from the epic—staged in open grounds and temples, drawing large crowds to honor 's life and ideals. These events often culminate in vibrant temple processions featuring idols of , , , and , carried through the streets amid chants and music, fostering a sense of communal devotion. In , celebrations emphasize recitations by local mandalis (troupes) and Shobha Yatras, grand processions that traverse towns and villages, reinforcing cultural ties to the epic's narratives of and . Gujarat, integrated into broader North Indian cultural practices, marks the onset of Chaitra with , observed on the first day of the bright half of the month as part of the New Year and a symbol of renewal and prosperity. A key involves the hoisting of a decorated flag, known as the Gudhi—adorned with flowers, mango leaves, and a garland of sweets—on rooftops to ward off evil and invite good fortune, echoing agricultural optimism for the harvest season. Families prepare traditional sweets such as sukhadi (a ghee-based confection with and ) and , shared during communal meals to signify sweetness in the coming year. In , Chaitra's traditions highlight community feasts and almsgiving, intertwined with the season's agricultural renewal as fields awaken in spring. During festivals like , which spans the month, women and families organize elaborate feasts featuring sweets such as ghewar and , distributed among kin and the needy to invoke blessings for bountiful crops and marital harmony. Almsgiving, including grains and clothing to the underprivileged, underscores themes of and social welfare, aligning with the month's auspicious start for and community bonding.

South Indian and Other Regional Practices

In , particularly in and , Chaitra marks the celebration of , the Telugu New Year, which begins on the first day of the month according to the . Families prepare Ugadi Pachadi, a tangy blending six distinct flavors to symbolize the varied experiences of life: sweetness from representing joy, sourness from for disappointment, saltiness for surprise, bitterness from neem flowers for sorrow, pungency from green chilies for anger, and astringency from raw for fear. This dish is consumed at the start of the festivities to remind participants of life's bittersweet balance. A key ritual involves Panchanga Sravanam, where astrologers recite predictions from the new almanac () to forecast the year's prospects in areas like , , and personal fortunes for the community. Homes are cleaned thoroughly, mango leaf decorations adorn doorways, and traditional baths with oil and precede the feasts featuring rice-based dishes and sweets. In , Chaitra heralds , the New Year for , observed on the month's first day with rituals emphasizing renewal and prosperity. The evening prior features Thal Barun, a ceremonial preparation of a (plate) filled with symbolic items: uncooked rice for fertility, and for purity, nuts and fruits for abundance, a pen and book for knowledge, a for , a flower for beauty, and an image of a for divine blessings, topped with the new (Jantri). A small rice-flour cake or , known as tcho'vor, along with a lump of , is placed atop to represent sustenance and tradition. The is ritually washed and arranged by the eldest woman, then covered and placed in the kitchen; at dawn, family members view it first as an auspicious act before seeing the sun or outside world, invoking good fortune for the year. Feasts follow with walnut-based sweets and rice preparations, while visits to temples like Vichar Nag include offerings of rice powder cakes as prasad. Among Bengalis in West Bengal, Chaitra Sankranti on the month's final day culminates in vibrant folk practices tied to the Gajan festival, honoring Lord Shiva through penance and communal gatherings. Fairs (melas) spring up in rural areas, featuring cultural performances, trade stalls, and jatra pala (folk theater) that draw crowds for entertainment and devotion. Central to the observances is Charak Puja, where participants, often from specific castes like Rajbangshi, dress as deities including Shiva, Parvati, and Krishna, installing temporary shrines or effigies to invoke blessings for the harvest and rains. Devotees undertake rigorous austerities, such as fasting and self-mortification with hooks, symbolizing purification and sacrifice, before the idols are immersed in water to mark renewal. These events blend agrarian rituals with ecstatic dances and music, reinforcing community bonds ahead of the Bengali New Year.

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  60. https://www.hindujagruti.org/hinduism/hindu-festivals/gudhi-padva
  61. https://utsav.gov.in/public/view-event/gangaur-festival
  62. https://www.thehosteller.com/blogs/know-more-about-gangaur
  63. https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/ugadi-2022-what-are-the-6-tastes-of-ugadi-pachadi-the-festival-drink-of-andhra-and-telangana-4931426.html
  64. https://www.outlookindia.com/brand-studio/a-recipe-of-emotions-ugadi-pachadi
  65. https://www.indianhealthyrecipes.com/ugadi-recipes-andhra-festival-recipes/
  66. https://www.mystreal.com/history/ugadi/
  67. https://searchkashmir.org/navreh-thal-barun-kashmiri-new-year/
  68. https://www.kanzandmuhul.com/blogs/culture-recipes/navreh-mubarak
  69. http://ikashmir.net/navreh/article1.html
  70. https://organiser.org/2024/03/24/228138/bharat/thaal-barun-a-unique-age-old-tradition-of-kashmir/
  71. https://www.westbengalonline.in/guide/the-electrifying-charak-festival-of-bengal
  72. https://amitabhagupta.wordpress.com/2014/04/11/folk-festival-of-bengal-gajan-charak-and-neel-puja/
  73. https://villagesquare.in/west-bengals-charak-puja-in-pictures/
  74. https://www.outlooktraveller.com/experiences/heritage/from-the-latest-issue-witness-fire-faith-fierce-rituals-at-bengals-charak-puja-festival
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