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Metropolitan area
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A metropolitan area or metro is a region consisting of a densely populated urban agglomeration and its surrounding territories which share industries, commercial areas, transport network, infrastructures and housing.[1][2] A metropolitan area usually comprises multiple principal cities, jurisdictions and municipalities: neighborhoods, townships, boroughs, cities, towns, exurbs, suburbs, counties, districts and even states and nations in areas like the eurodistricts. As social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions.[3]
In the United States, metropolitan areas are delineated around the core of a core based statistical area, which is defined as an urban area and includes central and outlying counties.[4][5][6] In other countries metropolitan areas are sometimes anchored by one central city such as the Paris metropolitan area (Paris). In other cases, metropolitan areas contain multiple centers of equal or close to equal importance, especially in the United States; for example, the Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area has eight principal cities. The Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area in Pakistan, the Rhine-Ruhr in Germany, and the Randstad in The Netherlands are other examples.[7]
In the United States, the concept of metropolitan statistical areas has gained prominence. The area of the Greater Washington metropolitan area is an example of statistically grouping independent cities and county areas from various states to form a larger city because of proximity, history, and recent urban convergence. Metropolitan areas may themselves be part of a greater megalopolis. For urban centres located outside metropolitan areas that generate a similar attraction at a smaller scale for a region, the concept of a regiopolis and a respective regiopolitan area, or regio, was introduced by German professors in 2006.[8] In the United States, the term micropolitan statistical area is used.
Definition
[edit]
A metropolitan area combines an urban agglomeration with the contiguous built-up areas, which are not necessarily urban in character but are closely bound to the center by employment or other commerce. These outlying zones are sometimes known as a commuter belt and may extend well beyond the urban zone to other political entities. For example, East Hampton, New York, on Long Island is considered part of the New York metropolitan area.
In 2020, the European Commission, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the International Labour Organization, the OECD, and the World Bank have agreed on a common methodological framework for delimitation of urban and rural areas, which contains a definition of metropolitan areas called the Functional urban area.[9] It is defined as a city and its commuting zone, which is a contiguous area of spatial units that have at least 15% of their employed residents working in the city.[10]
In practice, the parameters of metropolitan areas, in both official and unofficial usage, are not consistent. Sometimes they are little different from an urban area, and in other cases, they cover broad regions that have little relation to a single urban settlement; comparative statistics for metropolitan areas should take this into account. The term metropolitan can also refer to a county-level municipal government structure, with some shared services between a central city and its suburbs, which may or may not include the entirety of a metropolitan area. Population figures given for one metro area can vary by millions.
There has been no significant change in the basic concept of metropolitan areas since its adoption in 1950,[11] although significant changes in geographic distributions have occurred since then, and more are expected.[12] Because of the fluidity of the term "metropolitan statistical area", the term used colloquially is more often "metro service area", "metro area", or "MSA", taken to include not only a city but also the surrounding suburban, exurban and sometimes rural areas, all of which the city is presumed to influence. A polycentric metropolitan area contains multiple urban agglomerations not connected by continuous development. In defining a metropolitan area, it is sufficient that a city or cities form a nucleus with which other areas have a high degree of integration.
A metropolitan area is commonly known and characterized by a high concentration in service sector labor and enterprises.[13][14] Macroeconomics views metropolitan areas as trade regions of economic significance.[15]
Since, presently, urban data are based on arbitrary definitions that vary from country to country and from year or census to the next, making them difficult to compare, an Urban Metric System (UMS) has been conceived that could correct the problem,[16] since it allows computing the urban area limits and central points, and it can be applied in the same way to all past, present and future population and job distributions. It is based on vector field calculations obtained by assuming that, in a given space, all inhabitants and jobs exert the same attractive force A and repulsive force R. The net force (A - R) exerted by each inhabitant or job is given by [1/(1 + d)] - [1/( β + d/2)], where d = distance and β is the only parameter. UMS distinguishes the following types of urban areas, each type corresponding to a given value of β:
| Urban area | Distance at which the attractive force = the repulsive force | Value of β | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Central city | 10 km | 6 |
| 2 | Agglomeration | 20 km | 11 |
| 3 | Metropolis | 40 km | 21 |
| 4 | Patropolis | 80 km | 41 |
| 5 | Megalopolis | 160 km | 81 |
| 6 | Urban system | 320 km | 161 |
| 7 | Urban macrosystem | 640 km | 321 |
| 8 | Continental system | 1,280 km | 641 |
| 9 | Intercontinental system | 2,560 km | 1,281 |
| 10 | World system | 5,120 km | 2,561 |
UMS has been applied to some Canadian cases since 2018, but the data presented in this article are still based on the various existing national definitions, which are disparate.
List of metropolitan areas
[edit] | This article needs attention from an expert in urban studies and planning. The specific problem is: The population figures sourced from the Copernicus Programme refer neither to the metropolitan areas nor even to the urban areas (which are not synonymous concepts), but only to the high-density centres of the urban areas. (August 2025) |
Africa
[edit]Algeria
[edit]Urban population rate: 72% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Algiers Metropolitan Area
The Algiers Metropolitan Area consists of four provinces: Tipaza, Blida, Algiers, and Boumerdès. It spans approximately 5,726 km² and had a population of 5,384,175 as of the 2008 census.[19] Projections estimate that the population may exceed 9 million.
The area is served by a modern railway system, the Algiers Tramway,[20] and the Algiers Metro.[21] There are plans to expand public transport to the surrounding provinces of Tipaza and Boumerdès.
Notable urban and suburban areas include Sidi Abdellah and Hydra. Major commercial and industrial zones are located in Reghaïa and Ouled Hedadj. The metropolitan area is also home to key maritime trade infrastructure, including the Port of Algiers and the planned Port of El Hamdania.
- Sétif–Constantine Metropolitan Area
The Sétif–Constantine Metropolitan Area includes seven provinces: Sétif, Béjaïa, Bordj Bou Arréridj, Mila, Constantine, Skikda, and Annaba. It covers an area of approximately 24,946 km² and had a population of 6,238,698. Current estimates suggest the population may be closer to 8 million.
The region is connected by a national rail system, and major cities such as Constantine and Sétif have operational tramway networks.[22] Tramway projects are also planned for Béjaïa and Annaba.
This metropolitan area hosts several of the largest commercial and industrial zones in North Africa, including El Eulma, Chelghoum Laïd, El Hadjar, and Akbou. Major urban centers include Sétif city, Constantine city, El Khroub, Béjaïa, and Annaba. The area also encompasses important agricultural zones, particularly in Béjaïa and Bordj Bou Arréridj.
Key maritime ports serving the region include the Port of Béjaïa, Port of Annaba, and Port of Skikda.
- Oran Metropolitan Area
The Oran Metropolitan Area comprises seven provinces: Oran, Aïn Témouchent, Mostaganem, Tlemcen, Sidi Bel Abbès, Mascara, and Relizane. It covers a total area of 35,643 km² and had a population of approximately 5,757,096, with estimates indicating a population nearing 7 million.
The region is served by a high-speed rail line linking Oran, Sidi Bel Abbès, and Tlemcen,[23] as well as modern rail connections between other provinces. Tramway systems are currently operational in Oran,[24] Sidi Bel Abbès,[25] and Mostaganem.[26] Expansion projects are planned for Mascara, Relizane, and Tlemcen.[27]
Notable urban and suburban centers include Oran city, Sidi Bel Abbès, Tlemcen, and Mostaganem. The area includes major industrial zones such as Es Sénia, Tafraoui, Hassi Mamèche, and Sig.
The region is also home to several key maritime ports, including the Port of Oran, Port of Mostaganem, Port of Ghazaouet, and Port of Béni Saf. Significant agricultural activity takes place in Mascara, Relizane, and the eastern parts of Mostaganem.
Urban population rate: 72% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
Angola
[edit]Urban population rate: 67% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Luanda Metropolitan Area: 11,672,134
- Lubango Metropolitan Area: 1,331,213
- Cabinda Metropolitan Area: 1,220,204
- Malanje Metropolitan Area: 1,052,124
Benin
[edit]Urban population rate: 50%(2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Cotonou Metropolitan Area: 2,647,117
Botswana
[edit]Urban population rate: 68% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Gaborone Metropolitan Area: 298,993
Burkina Faso
[edit]Urban population rate: 35% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Ouagadougou Metropolitan Area: 3,616,268
- Bobo Dioulasso Metropolitan Area: 1,297,389
Burundi
[edit]Urban population rate: 16% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Bujumbura Metropolitan Area: 1,403,419
Cabo Verde
[edit]Urban population rate: 69% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Joao Teves Metropolitan Area: 161,477
Cameroon
[edit]Urban population rate: 67% ((2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
Central Africa
[edit]Urban population rate: 47% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Bangui Metropolitan Area: 1,270,414
Chad
[edit]Urban population rate: 36% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- N'Djamena Metropolitan Area: 1,910,082
Comoros
[edit]Urban population rate: 33% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
Congo (Democratic Republic)
[edit]Urban population rate: 43% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Kinshasa Metropolitan Area: 12,945,683
- Kasai Metropolitan Area: 3,596,107
- Lubumbashi Metropolitan Area: 2,907,724
- Beni Metropolitan Area: 1,872,705
- Kanaga Metropolitan Area: 1,538,649
- Tshikapa Metropolitan Area: 1,074,735
Congo (Republic)
[edit]Urban population rate: 69% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Brazzaville Metropolitan Area: 3,190,743
Djibouti
[edit]Urban population rate: 83% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Djibouti Metropolitan Area: 735,132
Egypt
[edit]Urban population rate: 51% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Population |
|---|---|
| Cairo Metropolitan Area | 20,035,086 |
| Alexandria Metropolitan Area | 5,532,976 |
| Al Fayyum Metropolitan Area | 1,369,514 |
| Luxor Metropolitan Area | 1,263,645 |
| Al Mansurah Metropolitan Area | 1,073,697 |
| Asyut Metropolitan Area | 983,785 |
| Sawhaj Metropolitan Area | 978,161 |
| Az Zaqazig Metropolitan Area | 924,760 |
| Jirja Metropolitan Area | 873,425 |
| Dumyat Metropolitan Area | 847,229 |
| Al Mahallah Metropolitan Area | 835,072 |
| Tanta Metropolitan Area | 779,681 |
| Bur Said Metropolitan Area | 646,209 |
| Al Qurayn Metropolitan Area | 633,194 |
| Al Ismailiyah Metropolitan Area | 599,110 |
| Banha Metropolitan Area | 594,814 |
| Al Minya Metropolitan Area | 572,386 |
| As Suways Metropolitan Area | 499,891 |
| Bani Suwayf Metropolitan Area | 479,649 |
| Al Qusiyah Metropolitan Area | 474,894 |
| Qus Metropolitan Area | 470,911 |
| Damanhur Metropolitan Area | 444,065 |
| Al Balyana Metropolitan Area | 442,816 |
| Mit Ghamr Metropolitan Area | 441,800 |
| Tuh Metropolitan Area | 425,706 |
| Shebin el Kom Metropolitan Area | 419,348 |
| Mallawi Metropolitan Area | 411,534 |
| Manfalut Metropolitan Area | 388,756 |
| Tima Metropolitan Area | 357,977 |
| Aswan Metropolitan Area | 329,229 |
| Farshut Metropolitan Area | 327,342 |
| Abu Al Juhur Metropolitan Area | 312,990 |
| Faqus Metropolitan Area | 305,082 |
| Al Matariyah Metropolitan Area | 293,641 |
| Kafr Ashshaykh Metropolitan Area | 286,873 |
| Tuwah Bani Ibrahim Metropolitan Area | 282,110 |
| Al Maraghah Metropolitan Area | 276,323 |
| Disuq Metropolitan Area | 263,931 |
| Al Ismailiyah Metropolitan Area | 261,107 |
| Kafr Az Zayyat Metropolitan Area | 249,716 |
| Ashmun Metropolitan Area | 240,116 |
| Minuf Metropolitan Area | 230,547 |
| Quwaysina Metropolitan Area | 227,213 |
| Tahta Metropolitan Area | 224,338 |
| Tala Metropolitan Area | 215,128 |
| Qina Metropolitan Area | 208,319 |
| Armant Metropolitan Area | 206,411 |
| Fuwah Metropolitan Area | 203,506 |
| Rasid Metropolitan Area | 199,755 |
| Minyat Al Qamb Metropolitan Area | 193,935 |
| Akhmim Metropolitan Area | 191,684 |
| Zawiyat Barmasha Metropolitan Area | 191,065 |
| Samalut Metropolitan Area | 176,978 |
| Jirzah Metropolitan Area | 175,687 |
| Marsha Matruh Metropolitan Area | 170,798 |
| As Sinbillawayn Metropolitan Area | 170,695 |
| Al Wasitah Metropolitan Area | 170,140 |
| Sirsal Layyanah Metropolitan Area | 165,983 |
| 7th October City Metropolitan Area | 163,097 |
| Juhanyah Metropolitan Area | 160,046 |
| Bani Mazar Metropolitan Area | 148,488 |
| Maghaghah Metropolitan Area | 148,200 |
| Shirbin Metropolitan Area | 145,612 |
| Abu Kabir Metropolitan Area | 141,947 |
| As Saff Metropolitan Area | 134,766 |
| Kafr Al Haddadin Metropolitan Area | 131,937 |
| Al Badari Metropolitan Area | 130,359 |
| Abu Qurqas Metropolitan Area | 127,764 |
| Al Ayat Metropolitan Area | 126,244 |
| Mit as Siraj Metropolitan Area | 124,611 |
| Isna Metropolitan Area | 124,582 |
| Abu Tij Metropolitan Area | 122,602 |
| Idku Metropolitan Area | 114,896 |
| Kafr Al Wasushah Metropolitan Area | 113,797 |
| Qusayr Bakhanis Metropolitan Area | 112,927 |
| Ityayal Barud Metropolitan Area | 111,355 |
| Abnub Metropolitan Area | 110,639 |
| Nawaj Metropolitan Area | 109,113 |
| Al Anayim Metropolitan Area | 108,623 |
| Al Ghanayim Metropolitan Area | 107,890 |
| Diyarb Najm Metropolitan Area | 105,659 |
| Salwa Qibli Metropolitan Area | 101,726 |
Equatorial Guinea
[edit]Urban population rate: 45% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Bata Metropolitan Area: 789,800
Eritrea
[edit]Urban population rate: 28% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Asmara Metropolitan Area: 251,980
Eswatini
[edit]Urban population rate: 28% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Manzini Metropolitan Area: 103,406
Ethiopia
[edit]Urban population rate: 22% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Addis Ababa Metropolitan Area: 7,280,463
Gabon
[edit]Urban population rate: 89% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Libreville Metropolitan Area: 917,056
Gambia
[edit]Urban population rate: 42%(2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Serrekunda Metropolitan Area: 1,313,465
Ghana
[edit]Urban population rate: 59% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Accra Metropolitan Area: 5,890,466
- Kumasi Metropolitan Area: 4,923,115
- Takoradi Metropolitan Area: 1,255,809
Guinea
[edit]Urban population rate: 43% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Coyah Metropolitan Area: 2,991,111
Guinea Bissau
[edit]Urban population rate: 38% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Bissau Metropolitan Area: 674,444
Ivory Coast
[edit]Urban population rate: 59% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Abidjan Metropolitan Area: 6,450,316
- Yamoussoukro Metropolitan Area: 227,859
Kenya
[edit]Urban population rate: 29% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Nairobi Metropolitan Area: 6,646,257
- Mombasa Metropolitan Area: 1,617,739
Lesotho
[edit]Urban population rate: 36% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Maseru Metropolitan Area: 296,516
Liberia
[edit]Urban population rate: 56% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Monrovia Metropolitan Area: 2,049,818
Libya
[edit]Urban population rate: 83% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Tripoli Metropolitan Area: 1,248,354
Madagascar
[edit]Urban population rate: 38% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Antananarivo Metropolitan Area: 4,255,254
Malawi
[edit]Urban population rate: 25% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Lilongwe Metropolitan Area: 1,018,798
Mali
[edit]Urban population rate: 45% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Bamako Metropolitan Area: 3,960,563
Mauritania
[edit]Urban population rate: 49% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Nouakchott Metropolitan Area: 1,625,384
Mauritius
[edit]Urban population rate: 50% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Port Louis Metropolitan Area: 557,431
Morocco
[edit]Urban population rate: 66% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Casablanca Metropolitan Area: 4,577,677
- Rabat Metropolitan Area: 2,094,221
- Fez Metropolitan Area: 1,434,235
- Tangier Metropolitan Area: 1,300,223
- Marrakesh Metropolitan Area: 1,152,691
Mozambique
[edit]Urban population rate: 45% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Maputo Metropolitan Area: 3,533,370
- Nampula Metropolitan Area: 1,028,776
Namibia
[edit]Urban population rate: 46% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Windhoek Metropolitan Area: 417,842
Niger
[edit]Urban population rate: 23% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Niamey Metropolitan Area: 1,600,656
Nigeria
[edit]Urban population rate: 58% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Lagos Metropolitan Area: 12,846,045
- Onitsha Metropolitan Area: 5,788,296
- Kano Metropolitan Area: 5,110,616
- Ibadan Metropolitan Area: 4,043,955
- Owerri Metropolitan Area: 3,594,823
- Port Harcourt Metropolitan Area: 2,623,780
- Kaduna Metropolitan Area: 1,937,932
- Benin Metropolitan Area: 1,912,370
- Warri Metropolitan Area: 1,617,739
- Uyo Metropolitan Area: 1,606,054
- Aba Metropolitan Area: 1,472,091
- Ilorin Metropolitan Area: 1,359,617
- Abuja Metropolitan Area: 1,322,229
- Maiduguri Metropolitan Area: 1,293,406
- Aboh Metropolitan Area: 1,282,172
- Enugu Metropolitan Area: 1,086,434
- Okene Metropolitan Area: 1,036,027
Rwanda
[edit]Urban population rate: 25% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Kigali Metropolitan Area: 1,621,760
Sao Tome e Principe
[edit]Urban population rate: 71% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Sao Tome Metropolitan Area: 154,878
Senegal
[edit]Urban population rate: 51% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
Sierra Leone
[edit]Urban population rate: 46% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Freetown Metropolitan Area: 2,150,533
Somalia
[edit]Urban population rate: 45% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Mogadishu Metropolitan Area: 4,798,453
- Hargesia (Somaliland) Metropolitan Area: 1,500,449
South Africa
[edit]The Greater Johannesburg metropolitan area is the fourth largest metropolitan area in South Africa. Its population was over 9.6 million as of the 2011 South Africa Census, in contrast to its urban area, which consisted of approximately 7.9 million inhabitants as of 2011. Conversely, metropolitan municipalities in South Africa are defined as commonly governed areas of a metropolitan area. The largest such metropolitan municipal government entity in South Africa is the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, which presided over nearly 5 million people as of 2016. However, the Greater Johannesburg metropolitan area houses roughly ten times the population of its core municipal city of Johannesburg, which contained 957,441 people as of the 2011 census.
Urban population rate: 69% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Johannesburg Metropolitan Area: 8,592,843
- Cape Town Metropolitan Area: 4,338,251
- Durban Metropolitan Area: 3,270,868
- Pretoria Metropolitan Area: 1,826,232
- Soshanguve Metropolitan Area: 1,463,579
South Sudan
[edit]Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Juba Metropolitan Area: 296,087
Sudan
[edit]Urban population rate: 48% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
Tanzania
[edit]Urban population rate: 34% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Dar es Salaam Metropolitan Area: 8,918,525
- Zanzibar Metropolitan Area: 1,026,755
Togo
[edit]Urban population rate: 52% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Lomé Metropolitan Area: 2,498,074
Tunisia
[edit]Urban population rate: 72% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Tunis Metropolitan Area: 2,790,169
Uganda
[edit]Urban population rate: 19% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Kampala Metropolitan Area: 5,177,898
Zambia
[edit]Urban population rate: 44% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Lusaka Metropolitan Area: 3,658,064
Zimbabwe
[edit]Urban population rate: 46% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Harare Metropolitan Area: 2,076,037
Asia
[edit]Afghanistan
[edit]Urban population rate: 29% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Population |
|---|---|
| Kabul Metropolitan Area | 6,254,679 |
| Herat Metropolitan Area | 1,489,156 |
| Kandahar Metropolitan Area | 872,755 |
| Mazar i Sharif Metropolitan Area | 465,528 |
| Jalalabad Metropolitan Area | 417,828 |
| Puli Khumri Metropolitan Area | 214,258 |
| Laskar Gah Metropolitan Area | 207,569 |
| Qunduz Metropolitan Area | 190,793 |
| Charikar Metropolitan Area | 177,152 |
| Taloqan Metropolitan Area | 162,418 |
| Sibargan Metropolitan Area | 131,716 |
| Farah Metropolitan Area | 122,843 |
Armenia
[edit]Urban population rate: 70% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
Azerbaijan
[edit]Urban population rate: 60% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Baku Metropolitan Area: 1,973,054
- Sumgayit Metropolitan Area: 637,053
- Ganca Metropolitan Area: 344,734
- Mingchevir Metropolitan Area: 124,961
- Naxcivan Metropolitan Area: 123,266
- Lankaran Metropolitan Area: 113,449
Bahrain
[edit]Urban population rate: 80% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Al Manamah Metropolitan Area: 1,361,833
Bangladesh
[edit]In Bangladesh, the large population centres which have significant financial, political and administrative importance are considered to be as Metropolitan cities, which are governed by City Corporations. In total, there are 12 city corporations in Bangladesh.[28] 4 of them (Dhaka North City Corporation, Dhaka South City Corporation, Narayanganj City Corporation, Gazipur City Corporation) are part of Dhaka Metropolitan Area.
Urban population rate: 36% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Dhaka Metropolitan Area: 37,307,160
Brunei
[edit]Urban population rate: 45% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Bandar Seri Begawan Metropolitan Area: 149,321
Cambodia
[edit]Urban population rate: 26% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Phnum Penh Metropolitan Area: 2,419,131
- Siem Reab Metropolitan Area: 315,248
- Bat Dambang Metropolitan Area: 129,058
China
[edit]In China, there used to be no clear distinction between megalopolis (城市群, lit. city cluster) and metropolitan area (都市圈) until National Development and Reform Commission issued Guidelines on the Cultivation and Development of Modern Metropolitan Areas (关于培育发展现代化都市圈的指导意见) on Feb 19, 2019, in which a metropolitan area was defined as "an urbanized spatial form in a megalopolis dominated by (a) supercity(-ies) or megacity(-ies), or a large metropolis playing a leading part, and within the basic range of 1-hour commute area."[29]
Data are referred to borders determined by Sino-British Joint Declaration (1984), Sino-Portugal Joint Declaration (1987) and later agreements with countries that share a land border with China or influenced by disputes in the sea where China faces (see Territorial disputes focus).
Urban population rate: 57% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Province/Autonomous region/Municipality/SAR | Population |
|---|---|---|
| Nenjiang Metropolitan Area | Heilongjiang | 140,203 |
| Beian Metropolitan Area | Heilongjiang | 106,291 |
| Hulanergi Metropolitan Area | Heilongjiang | 180,724 |
| Qiqihar Metropolitan Area | Heilongjiang | 880,401 |
| Hailun Metropolitan Area | Heilongjiang | 131,625 |
| Suileng Metropolitan Area | Heilongjiang | 118,062 |
| Hegang Metropolitan Area | Heilongjiang | 526,931 |
| Fujin Metropolitan Area | Heilongjiang | 136,235 |
| Shuangyashan Metropolitan Area | Heilongjiang | 210,959 |
| Jiamusi Metropolitan Area | Heilongjiang | 660,888 |
| Suihua Metropolitan Area | Heilongjiang | 248,077 |
| Daqing Metropolitan Area | Heilongjiang | 1,049,903 |
| Zhaodong Metropolitan Area | Heilongjiang | 272,080 |
| Qitaihe Metropolitan Area | Heilongjiang | 458,945 |
| Mishan Metropolitan Area | Heilongjiang | 107,631 |
| Jixi Metropolitan Area | Heilongjiang | 507,651 |
| Harbin Metropolitan Area | Heilongjiang | 4,441,336 |
| Acheng Metropolitan Area | Heilongjiang | 243,479 |
| Shuangcheng Metropolitan Area | Heilongjiang | 186,835 |
| Shangzhi Metropolitan Area | Heilongjiang | 116,851 |
| Wuchang Metropolitan Area | Heilongjiang | 134,640 |
| Mudanjiang Metropolitan Area | Heilongjiang | 760,143 |
| Suifenhe Metropolitan Area | Heilongjiang | 107,582 |
| Baicheng Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 288,896 |
| Taonan Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 122,973 |
| Daan Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 134,202 |
| Fuyu Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 487,550 |
| Yushu Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 189,349 |
| Shulan Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 200,866 |
| Dehui Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 152,930 |
| Jiutai Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 127,023 |
| Changchun Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 3,424,261 |
| Gongzhuling Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 188,002 |
| Siping Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 494,103 |
| Shuangyang Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 106,312 |
| Jilin Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 1,501,500 |
| Jiaohe Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 137,749 |
| Dunhua Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 221,907 |
| Liaoyuan Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 374,651 |
| Huadian Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 134,283 |
| Huinan Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 105,818 |
| Meihekou Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 238,275 |
| Tonghua Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 313,603 |
| Jian Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 174,362 |
| Baishan Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 273,627 |
| Linjiang Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 109,941 |
| Changbai Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 228,143 |
| Yanji Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 469,217 |
| Tumen Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 104,826 |
| Hunchun Metropolitan Area | Jilin | 128,152 |
| Kaiyuan Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 239,064 |
| Tiefa Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 142,100 |
| Zhangwu Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 140,185 |
| Tieling Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 194,020 |
| Xinmin Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 163,541 |
| Shenyang Metropolitan Area (Shenyang + Fushun) | Liaoning | 6,718,611 |
| Fuxin Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 677,455 |
| Heishan Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 128,639 |
| Jinzhou Metropolitan Area (Jinzhou + Linghai) | Liaoning | 947,725 |
| Huludao Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 514,586 |
| Xingcheng Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 143,237 |
| Panjin Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 698,676 |
| Benxi Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 843,798 |
| Anshan Metropolitan Area (Anshan + Liaoyang) | Liaoning | 2,145,857 |
| Haicheng Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 374,899 |
| Dashiqiao Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 299,100 |
| Yingkou Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 492,161 |
| Bayuquan Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 395,999 |
| Gaizhou Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 197,547 |
| Kuandian Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 100,814 |
| Fengcheng Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 115,312 |
| Xiuyan Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 106,650 |
| Dandong Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 1,007,051 |
| Donggang Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 105,309 |
| Zhuanghe Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 136,269 |
| Wafangdian Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 279,945 |
| Pulandian Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 122,811 |
| Dalian Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 3,511,057 |
| Beipiao Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 122,527 |
| Chaoyang Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 474,460 |
| Lingyuan Metropolitan Area | Liaoning | 176,317 |
| Bayannur Metropolitan Area | Nei Menggu (Inner Mongolia) | 304,036 |
| Dongsheng Metropolitan Area | Nei Menggu (Inner Mongolia) | 424,966 |
| Baotou Metropolitan Area | Nei Menggu (Inner Mongolia) | 2,171,436 |
| Hohhot Metropolitan Area | Nei Menggu (Inner Mongolia) | 1,881,076 |
| Ulanqab Metropolitan Area | Nei Menggu (Inner Mongolia) | 273,520 |
| Pingzhuang Metropolitan Area | Nei Menggu (Inner Mongolia) | 100,561 |
| Chifeng Metropolitan Area | Nei Menggu (Inner Mongolia) | 628,633 |
| Xilingol Metropolitan Area | Nei Menggu (Inner Mongolia) | 161,465 |
| Tongliao Metropolitan Area | Nei Menggu (Inner Mongolia) | 527,049 |
| Hinggan Metropolitan Area | Nei Menggu (Inner Mongolia) | 217,420 |
| Zhalantun Metropolitan Area | Nei Menggu (Inner Mongolia) | 116,426 |
| Yakeshi Metropolitan Area | Nei Menggu (Inner Mongolia) | 132,936 |
| Hulunbuir Metropolitan Area | Nei Menggu (Inner Mongolia) | 209,890 |
| Jagdaqi Metropolitan Area | Nei Menggu (Inner Mongolia) | 123,405 |
| Manzhuoli Metropolitan Area | Nei Menggu (Inner Mongolia) | 103,618 |
| Datong Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 1,571,547 |
| Huairen Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 169,525 |
| Hunyuan Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 106,479 |
| Shuozhou Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 324,877 |
| Yuanping Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 126,746 |
| Xinzhou Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 229,257 |
| Xingxian Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 115,918 |
| Yangquan Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 580,875 |
| Taiyuan Metropolitan Area (Taiyuan + Jinzhong) | Shanxi | 4,777,282 |
| Gujiao Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 172,353 |
| Jiaocheng Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 241,649 |
| Wenshui Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 118,494 |
| Pingyao Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 177,193 |
| Fenyang Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 126,193 |
| Xiaoyi Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 165,448 |
| Jiexiu Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 159,368 |
| Luliang Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 554,109 |
| Liulin Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 141,684 |
| Huozhou Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 134,636 |
| Hongtong Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 110,831 |
| Linfen Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 1,090,241 |
| Lucheng Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 103,558 |
| Changzhi Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 727,719 |
| Gaoping Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 350,483 |
| Jincheng Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 921,145 |
| Yangcheng Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 109,782 |
| Houma Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 319,376 |
| Yongji Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 151,148 |
| Yuncheng Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 687,353 |
| Baode Metropolitan Area | Shanxi | 170,408 |
| Shenmu Metropolitan Area | Shaanxi | 274,814 |
| Yulin Metropolitan Area | Shaanxi | 510,159 |
| Jingbian Metropolitan Area | Shaanxi | 138,912 |
| Yanan Metropolitan Area | Shaanxi | 475,071 |
| Hancheng Metropolitan Area | Shaanxi | 224,048 |
| Chengcheng Metropolitan Area | Shaanxi | 100,864 |
| Chengguan Metropolitan Area | Shaanxi | 197,762 |
| Tongchuan Metropolitan Area | Shaanxi | 130,607 |
| Hangkongjidi Metropolitan Area | Shaanxi | 126,962 |
| Weinan Metropolitan Area | Shaanxi | 273,989 |
| Guanzhong Conurbation (Xian + Xianyang + Xingping) | Shaanxi | 7,390,637 |
| Baoji Metropolitan Area | Shaanxi | 773,901 |
| Shangluo Metropolitan Area | Shaanxi | 110,703 |
| Ankang Metropolitan Area | Shaanxi | 807,066 |
| Hanzhong Metropolitan Area | Shaanxi | 371,212 |
| Mianxian Metropolitan Area | Shaanxi | 131,027 |
| Tianshui Metropolitan Area | Gansu | 735,294 |
| Gangu Metropolitan Area | Gansu | 145,758 |
| Longxi Metropolitan Area | Gansu | 141,596 |
| Pingliang Metropolitan Area | Gansu | 461,066 |
| Qingyang Metropolitan Area | Gansu | 201,936 |
| Linxia Metropolitan Area | Gansu | 229,343 |
| Lintao Metropolitan Area | Gansu | 110,642 |
| Dingxi Metropolitan Area | Gansu | 110,323 |
| Baiyin Metropolitan Area | Gansu | 222,677 |
| Lanzhou Metropolitan Area | Gansu | 2,799,977 |
| Wuwei Metropolitan Area | Gansu | 128,072 |
| Jinchang Metropolitan Area | Gansu | 144,055 |
| Zhangye Metropolitan Area | Gansu | 198,224 |
| Jiuquan Metropolitan Area | Gansu | 181,625 |
| Jiayuguan Metropolitan Area | Gansu | 199,681 |
| Cizhou Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 131,025 |
| Fengfeng Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 246,068 |
| Linzhang Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 143,050 |
| Handan Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 2,099,937 |
| Wuan Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 185,361 |
| Liuying Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 371,474 |
| Xingtai Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 775,750 |
| Wanggongzhuang Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 116,470 |
| Fenghuang Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 125,190 |
| Zhaozhou Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 120,149 |
| Hengshui Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 348,778 |
| Shijiazhuang Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 3,271,840 |
| Xinle Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 115,941 |
| Gaocheng Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 134,899 |
| Jinzhou Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 122,665 |
| Xinji Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 203,404 |
| Dingzhou Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 241,199 |
| Botou Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 181,728 |
| Cangzhou Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 635,841 |
| Baoding Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 1,251,379 |
| Mancheng Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 122,317 |
| Ansu Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 168,502 |
| Hejian Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 103,189 |
| Renqiu Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 180,982 |
| Gaobeidian Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 247,926 |
| Zhuozhou Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 199,207 |
| Baigou Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 136,371 |
| Bazhou Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 105,714 |
| Tangerli Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 131,167 |
| Guan Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 122,927 |
| Jinghai Metropolitan Area | Tianjin + Hebei | 190,044 |
| Tianjin Metropolitan Area | Tianjin + Hebei | 10,495,062 |
| Baodi Metropolitan Area | Tianjin + Hebei | 266,910 |
| Beijing Metropolitan Area | Beijing + Hebei | 21,031,565 |
| Langfang Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 490,411 |
| Qianwang Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 102,006 |
| Jixian Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 164,804 |
| Yutian Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 132,031 |
| Xuanhua Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 334,936 |
| Zhangjiakou Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 638,613 |
| Tangshan Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 3,432,141 |
| Zunhua Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 162,409 |
| Changli Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 126,078 |
| Qinhuangdao Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 727,667 |
| Chengde Metropolitan Area | Hebei | 241,385 |
| Xinyang Metropolitan Area | Henan | 399,077 |
| Huangchuan Metropolitan Area | Henan | 170,282 |
| Xixian Metropolitan Area | Henan | 113,279 |
| Gushi Metropolitan Area | Henan | 220,275 |
| Dengzhou Metropolitan Area | Henan | 1,095,052 |
| Tanghe Metropolitan Area | Henan | 230,454 |
| Nanyang Metropolitan Area | Henan | 768,610 |
| Zhenping Metropolitan Area | Henan | 156,472 |
| Xichuan Metropolitan Area | Henan | 127,044 |
| Huiche Metropolitan Area | Henan | 110,130 |
| Zhumadian Metropolitan Area | Henan | 405,959 |
| Shangcai Metropolitan Area | Henan | 199,931 |
| Xiping Metropolitan Area | Henan | 121,920 |
| Luohe Metropolitan Area | Henan | 1,183,149 |
| Xiangcheng Metropolitan Area | Henan | 257,291 |
| Shenqiu Metropolitan Area | Henan | 114,048 |
| Lingbao Metropolitan Area | Henan | 173,956 |
| Sanmenxia Metropolitan Area | Henan | 288,771 |
| Liuquan Metropolitan Area | Henan | 105,748 |
| Yichuan Metropolitan Area | Henan | 145,126 |
| Huiguozhen Metropolitan Area | Henan | 184,149 |
| Mengzhou Metropolitan Area | Henan | 122,479 |
| Dengfeng Metropolitan Area | Henan | 121,845 |
| Ruzhou Metropolitan Area | Henan | 190,383 |
| Zhangdian Metropolitan Area | Henan | 101,065 |
| Pingdingshan Metropolitan Area | Henan | 703,405 |
| Anliang Metropolitan Area | Henan | 104,351 |
| Linying Metropolitan Area | Henan | 187,946 |
| Xuchang Metropolitan Area (Xuchang + Changge) | Henan | 1,821,624 |
| Yuzhou Metropolitan Area | Henan | 245,470 |
| Yellow River conurbation (Zhengzhou + Luoyang + Kaifeng + Yanshi + Gongyi + Xingyang + Xinzheng) | Henan | 10,395,361 |
| Zhoukou Metropolitan Area | Henan | 392,625 |
| Huaiyang Metropolitan Area | Henan | 140,625 |
| Dancheng Metropolitan Area | Henan | 112,306 |
| Shangqiu Metropolitan Area | Henan | 779,507 |
| Xinmi Metropolitan Area | Henan | 277,556 |
| Laiji Metropolitan Area | Henan | 100,132 |
| Yongcheng Metropolitan Area | Henan | 334,148 |
| Jiyuan Metropolitan Area | Henan | 405,860 |
| Jiaozuo Metropolitan Area (Jiaozuo + Boai) | Henan | 1,072,637 |
| Huizian Metropolitan Area | Henan | 167,118 |
| Xinxiang Metropolitan Area | Henan | 870,741 |
| Changyuan Metropolitan Area | Henan | 212,986 |
| Huaxian Metropolitan Area | Henan | 174,470 |
| Puyang Metropolitan Area | Henan | 871,559 |
| Hebi Metropolitan Area | Henan | 238,324 |
| Huixian Metropolitan Area | Henan | 167,118 |
| Linzhou Metropolitan Area | Henan | 133,999 |
| Anyang Metropolitan Area (Anyang + Qugou) | Henan | 1,942,838 |
| Wuxue Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 199,876 |
| Huangshi Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 753,021 |
| Qichun Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 103,945 |
| Xishui Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 132,231 |
| Ezhou Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 583,820 |
| Xianning Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 276,077 |
| Chibi Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 171,579 |
| Xinzhou Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 128,392 |
| Macheng Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 136,894 |
| Baiyun Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 123,715 |
| Jianli Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 143,632 |
| Gongan Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 123,573 |
| Jingzhou Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 625,685 |
| Zhijiang Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 102,589 |
| Yichang Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 1,573,289 |
| Dangyang Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 123,328 |
| Jingmen Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 272,753 |
| Qianjiang Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 111,193 |
| Tianmen Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 402,718 |
| Xiantao Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 278,585 |
| Xinshi Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 127,046 |
| Zhongxiang Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 157,863 |
| Yingcheng Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 145,101 |
| Yunmeng Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 120,504 |
| Xiaogan Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 812,534 |
| Wuhan Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 9,545,897 |
| Anlu Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 341,145 |
| Hongan Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 122,136 |
| Dawu Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 101,366 |
| Guangshui Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 101,503 |
| Suizhou Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 249,979 |
| Yicheng Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 109,507 |
| Zaoyang Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 155,165 |
| Nanzhang Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 104,919 |
| Xiangyang Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 938,344 |
| Guicheng Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 115,583 |
| Laohekou Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 128,897 |
| Danjiangkou Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 129,251 |
| Shiyan Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 1,129,747 |
| Yunyang Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 130,833 |
| Enshi Metropolitan Area | Hubei | 625,489 |
| Yueyang Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 950,526 |
| Miluo Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 402,574 |
| Xiangyin Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 194,007 |
| Huarong Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 106,915 |
| Nan Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 158,592 |
| Anxiang Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 110,094 |
| Lixian Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 315,625 |
| Shimen Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 103,504 |
| Longshan Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 159,523 |
| Zhangjiajie Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 163,528 |
| Changde Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 603,681 |
| Yuanjiang Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 142,778 |
| Jishou Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 190,543 |
| Yuanling Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 114,031 |
| Yiyang Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 771,016 |
| Taojiang Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 135,408 |
| Ningxiang Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 155,813 |
| Changsha Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 3,380,740 |
| Liuyang Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 456,892 |
| Xiangtan Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 838,270 |
| Zhuzhou Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 1,005,568 |
| Xupu Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 107,896 |
| Huaihua Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 936,823 |
| Lengshuijiang Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 404,868 |
| Lianyuan Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 177,881 |
| Loudi Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 686,965 |
| Xiangxiang Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 149,319 |
| Pukou Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 324,816 |
| Liling Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 622,255 |
| Shaoyang Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 480,290 |
| Shaodong Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 173,054 |
| Wugang Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 142,477 |
| Hengyang Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 929,728 |
| Qidong Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 179,333 |
| Qiyang Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 141,686 |
| Yongzhou Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 416,168 |
| Lingling Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 139,587 |
| Changning Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 124,681 |
| Leiyang Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 882,594 |
| Chaling Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 101,513 |
| Guiyang Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 129,943 |
| Chenzhou Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 617,070 |
| Zixing Metropolitan Area | Hunan | 235,332 |
| Linyi Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 1,555,397 |
| Tancheng Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 131,990 |
| Lanling Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 215,497 |
| Linshu Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 136,833 |
| Shizhong Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 444,791 |
| Zaozhuang Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 200,465 |
| Tengzhou Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 1,465,842 |
| Shanxian Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 236,142 |
| Chengwu Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 101,262 |
| Caoxian Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 209,734 |
| Heze Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 450,572 |
| Yuncheng Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 147,831 |
| Quanpu Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 103,692 |
| Liangshan Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 104,524 |
| Jining Metropolitan Area (Jining + Jiaxiang) | Shandong | 1,040,480 |
| Gulou Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 235,458 |
| Qufu Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 243,583 |
| Ningyang Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 111,143 |
| Zoucheng Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 462,609 |
| Feixian Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 159,717 |
| Pingyi Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 169,009 |
| Junan Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 128,930 |
| Lanshan Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 104,411 |
| Rizhao Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 459,144 |
| Yinan Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 140,795 |
| Juxian Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 192,648 |
| Yishui Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 226,795 |
| Wulian Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 129,400 |
| Zhucheng Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 759,969 |
| Mengyin Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 133,832 |
| Xintai Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 236,800 |
| Gangcheng Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 198,461 |
| Laiwu Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 369,299 |
| Yiyuan Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 151,457 |
| Taian Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 707,595 |
| Feicheng Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 244,686 |
| Shenxian Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 111,749 |
| Yanggu Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 165,380 |
| Liaocheng Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 530,299 |
| Chiping Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 167,049 |
| Gaotang Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 108,889 |
| Xiajin Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 127,923 |
| Linqing Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 282,112 |
| Dezhou Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 459,282 |
| Lingcheng Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 133,590 |
| Laoling Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 139,848 |
| Binzhou Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 696,958 |
| Dongying Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 772,917 |
| Boxing Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 145,414 |
| Yucheng Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 114,562 |
| Qihe Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 121,109 |
| Jinan Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 3,824,875 |
| Zhangqiu Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 310,417 |
| Zouping Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 233,401 |
| Zhoucun Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 235,870 |
| Zibo Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 1,680,283 |
| Huantai Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 127,346 |
| Linzi Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 311,247 |
| Qingzhou Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 338,584 |
| Linqu Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 280,463 |
| Shouguang Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 350,722 |
| Weifang Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 961,428 |
| Anqiu Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 784,572 |
| Changyi Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 400,490 |
| Gaomi Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 599,934 |
| Jiaozhou Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 472,800 |
| Qingdao Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 4,654,400 |
| Pingdu Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 285,946 |
| Laizhou Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 279,120 |
| Laixi Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 206,310 |
| Laiyang Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 265,847 |
| Zhaoyuan Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 149,782 |
| Longgang Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 114,398 |
| Xinjia Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 167,514 |
| Zijingshan Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 110,486 |
| Dongcun Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 129,215 |
| Rushan Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 183,404 |
| Wendeng Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 224,206 |
| Rongcheng Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 174,923 |
| Weihai Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 595,386 |
| Mouping Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 181,201 |
| Yantai Metropolitan Area | Shandong | 861,617 |
| Guanqiaocun Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 171,335 |
| Shengze Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 397,791 |
| Weitang Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 323,164 |
| Yixing Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 507,299 |
| Liyang Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 258,046 |
| Chunxi Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 148,414 |
| Honglan Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 157,094 |
| Jurong Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 212,225 |
| Nanjing Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 8,061,029 |
| Yizheng Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 193,319 |
| Zhenjiang Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 750,237 |
| Danyang Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 327,309 |
| Jintan Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 254,626 |
| Yangzhou Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 1,115,549 |
| Jiepai Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 104,714 |
| Yangzhong Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 248,444 |
| Taixing Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 250,658 |
| Taizhou Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 462,307 |
| Jiangyan Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 253,327 |
| Huangqiao Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 132,148 |
| Haian Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 255,199 |
| Rugao Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 176,577 |
| Nantong Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 3,061,741 |
| Juegang Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 151,848 |
| Lusi Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 112,386 |
| Qidong Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 233,887 |
| Gaoyou Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 205,864 |
| Xinghua Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 231,774 |
| Zhongyaoba Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 134,581 |
| Dongtai Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 272,911 |
| Dafeng Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 151,776 |
| Yancheng Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 1,211,454 |
| Xucheng Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 112,431 |
| Qingyang Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 200,896 |
| Baoying Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 240,818 |
| Jianhu Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 270,944 |
| Honggang Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 108,059 |
| Huaian Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 2,357,132 |
| Hede Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 135,133 |
| Zhuma Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 156,638 |
| Zhongxing Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 158,299 |
| Dongkan Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 209,833 |
| Suqian Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 957,665 |
| Suining Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 240,918 |
| Shuyang Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 363,144 |
| Xinan Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 137,817 |
| Yishan Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 120,584 |
| Lianyungang Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 1,188,320 |
| Qingkou Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 199,916 |
| Donghai Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 168,297 |
| Xinyi Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 182,063 |
| Pizhou Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 898,642 |
| Xuzhou Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 1,552,140 |
| Datun Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 280,967 |
| Fengcheng Metropolitan Area | Jiangsu | 114,259 |
| Yangtze Delta Conurbation (Shanghai + Suzhou + Changshu + Zhangjiagang + Jiangyin + Jingjiang + Changzhou + Wuxi) | Shanghai + Jiangsu | 50,578,473 |
| Chongming Metropolitan Area | Shanghai | 135,058 |
| Huangshan Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 372,354 |
| Anqing Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 469,919 |
| Chizhou Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 332,925 |
| Tongling Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 363,353 |
| Tongcheng Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 117,455 |
| Lujiang Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 140,133 |
| Shucheng Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 124,894 |
| Ningguo Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 374,587 |
| Xuancheng Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 427,032 |
| Wuhu Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 2,294,096 |
| Wuwei Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 100,155 |
| Chaohu Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 243,724 |
| Maanshan Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 1,290,864 |
| Hefei Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 5,646,049 |
| Luan Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 891,648 |
| Chuzhou Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 295,742 |
| Quanjiao Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 126,047 |
| Dingyuan Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 131,594 |
| Huainan Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 1,478,620 |
| Bengbu Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 806,345 |
| Fuyang Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 1,026,179 |
| Funan Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 128,555 |
| Linquan Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 173,397 |
| Jieshou Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 124,500 |
| Taihe Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 161,000 |
| Lixin Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 114,673 |
| Xiangcheng Metropolitan Area | Henan | 231,203 |
| Shengqiu Metropolitan Area | Henan | 131,352 |
| Dancheng Metropolitan Area | Henan | 116,974 |
| Bozhou Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 627,970 |
| Guoyang Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 131,978 |
| Mengcheng Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 120,365 |
| Yongcheng Metropolitan Area | Henan | 334,148 |
| Huaibei Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 886,634 |
| Suzhou Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 956,856 |
| Lingbi Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 122,748 |
| Xiaoxian Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 136,757 |
| Dangshan Metropolitan Area | Anhui | 117,452 |
| Longnan Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 123,692 |
| Xinfeng Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 134,711 |
| Ganzhou Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 2,015,325 |
| Yudu Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 223,353 |
| Ruijin Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 211,192 |
| Xingguo Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 168,176 |
| Ningdu Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 159,642 |
| Suichuan Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 113,297 |
| Chengjiang Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 121,340 |
| Jian Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 473,227 |
| Nanfeng Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 110,006 |
| Nancheng Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 137,937 |
| Fuzhou Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 880,318 |
| Dongxiang Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 151,447 |
| Jiangbian Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 199,842 |
| Huayuan Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 133,365 |
| Jinxian Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 152,824 |
| Nanchang Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 3,705,530 |
| Fengcheng Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 282,030 |
| Zhangshu Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 243,160 |
| Xinyu Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 851,536 |
| Fenyi Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 102,339 |
| Yichun Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 1,043,123 |
| Pingxiang Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 651,470 |
| Wanzai Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 112,366 |
| Shanggao Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 101,698 |
| Gaoan Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 353,080 |
| Chian Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 118,307 |
| Yugan Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 177,288 |
| Shangrao Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 894,516 |
| Yushan Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 175,567 |
| Poyang Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 188,396 |
| Leping Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 293,644 |
| Jiangdezhen Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 460,993 |
| Nankang Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 143,448 |
| Jiujiang Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 779,301 |
| Ruichang Metropolitan Area | Jiangxi | 113,745 |
| Changxing Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 229,339 |
| Huzhou Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 454,276 |
| Pinghu Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 237,857 |
| Haiyan Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 171,909 |
| Jiaxing Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 1,019,544 |
| Haining Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 242,761 |
| Deqing Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 141,039 |
| Dipu Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 178,292 |
| Northern Zhejiang Conurbation (Hangzhou + Shaoxing + Cixi + Yuyao + Ningbo) | Zhejiang | 13,189,786 |
| Linan Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 202,844 |
| Fuyang Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 397,545 |
| Tonglu Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 137,680 |
| Jiande Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 119,497 |
| Daping Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 106,638 |
| Jiangshan Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 137,838 |
| Quzhou Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 376,285 |
| Lanxi Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 234,286 |
| Jinhua Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 630,207 |
| Yiwu Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 1,629,407 |
| Zhuji Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 447,567 |
| Yongkang Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 597,957 |
| Lishui Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 266,877 |
| Shengzhou Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 443,232 |
| Shangyu Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 282,360 |
| Fenghua Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 202,964 |
| Zhoushan Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 467,378 |
| Dancheng Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 170,259 |
| Ninghai Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 264,584 |
| Tiantai Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 145,705 |
| Chengguan Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 143,074 |
| Linhai Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 343,696 |
| Taizhou Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 2,544,455 |
| Yuhuan Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 475,380 |
| Shuitou Metropolitan Area | Zhejiang | 104,545 |
| Wenzhou Conurbation (Wenzhou + Longgang + Ruian + Yueqing) | Zhejiang | 7,555,974 |
| Fuding Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 165,129 |
| Fuan Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 160,484 |
| Songcheng Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 129,786 |
| Ningde Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 208,964 |
| Nanping Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 162,435 |
| Sanming Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 253,422 |
| Fengcheng Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 139,051 |
| Fuzhou Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 3,746,678 |
| Yongan Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 138,080 |
| Tingzhou Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 111,177 |
| Fuqing Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 379,236 |
| Jiangjing Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 162,937 |
| Tangcheng Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 197,497 |
| Putian Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 1,106,639 |
| Fengting Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 169,488 |
| Wangchuan Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 218,196 |
| Luocheng [zh] Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 401,701 |
| Taocheng Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 145,782 |
| Bangtou Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 339,181 |
| Longxun Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 158,318 |
| Longyan Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 410,404 |
| Quanzhou Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 4,009,700 |
| Meishan Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 120,112 |
| Nanan Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 118,623 |
| Guanqiao Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 179,347 |
| Xiamen Metropolitan Area (Xiamen + Zhangzhou) | Fujian | 5,333,178 |
| Xiaoxi Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 102,593 |
| Nanzhao Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 132,124 |
| Yunling Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 124,307 |
| Suian Metropolitan Area | Fujian | 106,629 |
| Xucheng Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 174,341 |
| Leizhou Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 334,786 |
| Zhanjiang Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 1,275,720 |
| Lianjiang Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 233,624 |
| Huazhou Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 149,680 |
| Changqichun Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 108,208 |
| Wuchuan Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 320,298 |
| Maoming Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 777,456 |
| Dianbai Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 144,053 |
| Liantou Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 112,955 |
| Gaozhou Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 245,670 |
| Xinyi Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 188,044 |
| Yangxi Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 106,092 |
| Yangjiang Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 445,968 |
| Yangchun Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 207,591 |
| Enping Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 186,156 |
| Luoding Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 224,474 |
| Yunfu Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 218,851 |
| Xinxing Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 142,366 |
| Zhaoqing Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 635,016 |
| Huaiji Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 106,623 |
| Qingyuan Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 587,780 |
| Kaiping Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 308,791 |
| Danshuikou Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 124,054 |
| Taishan Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 257,286 |
| Doumen Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 186,767 |
| Lianzhou Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 107,248 |
| Shaoguan Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 622,686 |
| Yingde Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 147,103 |
| Shijiao Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 100,425 |
| Conghua Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 189,903 |
| Heyuan Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 377,911 |
| Laolong Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 152,260 |
| Zijin Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 178,960 |
| Huidong Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 381,618 |
| Haifeng Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 327,326 |
| Shanwei Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 399,595 |
| Lufeng Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 281,116 |
| Jieshi Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 171,584 |
| Jiazi Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 161,983 |
| Huilai Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 515,710 |
| Jiexi Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 111,583 |
| Xingning Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 299,117 |
| Shuizhai Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 194,721 |
| Meizhou Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 451,530 |
| Raoping Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 116,954 |
| Qiandong Metropolitan Area | Guangdong | 360,868 |
| Chaoshan conurbation (Shantou + Chaozhou + Jieyang) | Guangdong | 12,663,882 |
| Zhuijiang conurbation (Hong Kong + Shenzhen + Dongguan + Huizhou + Guangzhou + Foshan + Jiangmen + Zhongshan + Zhuhai + Macau) | Guangdong + Hong Kong + Macau | 58,822,480 |
| Haikou Metropolitan Area | Hainan | 1,591,695 |
| Danzhou Metropolitan Area | Hainan | 205,199 |
| Qionghai Metropolitan Area | Hainan | 129,381 |
| Sanya Metropolitan Area | Hainan | 452,525 |
| Ruili Metropolitan Area | Yunnan | 163,239 |
| Baoshan Metropolitan Area | Yunnan | 372,209 |
| Dali Metropolitan Area | Yunnan | 350,945 |
| Lijiang Metropolitan Area | Yunnan | 148,632 |
| Lincang Metropolitan Area | Yunnan | 125,501 |
| Jinghong Metropolitan Area | Yunnan | 110,737 |
| Puer Metropolitan Area | Yunnan | 171,436 |
| Chuxiong Metropolitan Area | Yunnan | 282,550 |
| Gejiu Metropolitan Area | Yunnan | 200,494 |
| Linan Metropolitan Area | Yunnan | 131,545 |
| Kaiyuan Metropolitan Area | Yunnan | 133,048 |
| Wenlan Metropolitan Area | Yunnan | 134,657 |
| Panzhihua Metropolitan Area | Yunnan | 199,981 |
| Yangguang Metropolitan Area | Yunnan | 122,171 |
| Yuxi Metropolitan Area | Yunnan | 370,446 |
| Miyang Metropolitan Area | Yunnan | 111,670 |
| Jinzhong Metropolitan Area | Yunnan | 129,679 |
| Xuanwei Metropolitan Area | Yunnan | 242,147 |
| Qujing Metropolitan Area | Yunnan | 423,122 |
| Kunming Metropolitan Area | Yunnan | 3,416,600 |
| Xichang Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 281,791 |
| Panzhihua Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 564,730 |
| Yibin Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 453,683 |
| Naxi Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 131,691 |
| Luzhou Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 446,058 |
| Hejiang Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 108,127 |
| Longchang Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 311,632 |
| Fushun Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 134,380 |
| Zigong Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 414,628 |
| Weiyuan Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 106,979 |
| Rongxian Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 115,131 |
| Neijiang Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 316,065 |
| Zizhong Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 133,695 |
| Leshan Metropolitan Area (Leshan + Emeishan) | Sichuan | 1,320,323 |
| Meishan Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 661,443 |
| Yaan Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 376,578 |
| Renshou Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 142,543 |
| Ziyang Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 516,028 |
| Anyue Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 110,263 |
| Suining Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 688,125 |
| Daying Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 104,125 |
| Shehong Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 237,362 |
| Santai Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 126,749 |
| Zhongjiang Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 147,271 |
| Mianyang Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 538,166 |
| Jiangyou Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 233,403 |
| Jianyang Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 381,281 |
| Chengdu Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 9,011,452 |
| Shunqing Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 1,244,035 |
| Nanbu Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 163,685 |
| Langzhong Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 153,417 |
| Yingshan Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 135,900 |
| Guangan Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 523,802 |
| Yuechi Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 129,392 |
| Linshui Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 144,401 |
| Dazhu Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 154,612 |
| Qu Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 132,602 |
| Dazhou Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 771,803 |
| Xuanhan Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 109,020 |
| Pingchan Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 135,267 |
| Tongjiang Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 101,743 |
| Bazhong Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 848,389 |
| Guangyuan Metropolitan Area | Sichuan | 441,909 |
| Qijiang Metropolitan Area | Chongqing | 181,826 |
| Nanchuan Metropolitan Area | Chongqing | 335,471 |
| Baisha Metropolitan Area | Chongqing | 171,732 |
| Rongchang Metropolitan Area | Chongqing | 161,431 |
| Yongchuan Metropolitan Area | Chongqing | 694,286 |
| Dazu Metropolitan Area | Chongqing | 111,767 |
| Tongnan Metropolitan Area | Chongqing | 115,520 |
| Chongqing Metropolitan Area | Chongqing | 11,042,531 |
| Changshou Metropolitan Area | Chongqing | 164,070 |
| Shuanglong Metropolitan Area | Chongqing | 157,283 |
| Longqiao Metropolitan Area | Chongqing | 110,177 |
| Dunren Metropolitan Area | Chongqing | 508,301 |
| Fengdu Metropolitan Area | Chongqing | 114,070 |
| Zhong Metropolitan Area | Chongqing | 127,220 |
| Dianjiang Metropolitan Area | Chongqing | 144,892 |
| Wanzhou Metropolitan Area | Chongqing | 537,372 |
| Yunyang Metropolitan Area | Chongqing | 143,644 |
| Kaizhou Metropolitan Area | Chongqing | 105,588 |
| Xingyi Metropolitan Area | Guizhou | 212,962 |
| Liuzhi Metropolitan Area | Guizhou | 104,556 |
| Anshun Metropolitan Area | Guizhou | 635,886 |
| Liupanshui Metropolitan Area | Guizhou | 1,115,228 |
| Weining Metropolitan Area | Guizhou | 101,307 |
| Zhijin Metropolitan Area | Guizhou | 111,791 |
| Qianxi Metropolitan Area | Guizhou | 199,427 |
| Bijie Metropolitan Area | Guizhou | 610,538 |
| Guiyang Metropolitan Area | Guizhou | 3,056,829 |
| Duyun Metropolitan Area | Guizhou | 180,494 |
| Kaili Metropolitan Area | Guizhou | 386,453 |
| Zunyi Metropolitan Area | Guizhou | 1,297,883 |
| Renhuai Metropolitan Area | Guizhou | 106,167 |
| Tongzi Metropolitan Area | Guizhou | 116,111 |
| Tongren Metropolitan Area | Guizhou | 255,612 |
| Beihai Metropolitan Area | Guangxi | 566,475 |
| Qinzhou Metropolitan Area | Guangxi | 205,408 |
| Fangchenggang Metropolitan Area | Guangxi | 107,515 |
| Dongxing Metropolitan Area | Guangxi | 125,104 |
| Luchuan Metropolitan Area | Guangxi | 135,065 |
| Bobai Metropolitan Area | Guangxi | 174,688 |
| Yulin Metropolitan Area | Guangxi | 814,022 |
| Rongxian Metropolitan Area | Guangxi | 113,855 |
| Cenxi Metropolitan Area | Guangxi | 220,053 |
| Wuzhou Metropolitan Area | Guangxi | 460,722 |
| Pingnan Metropolitan Area | Guangxi | 152,783 |
| Guiping Metropolitan Area | Guangxi | 193,500 |
| Laibin Metropolitan Area | Guangxi | 139,836 |
| Guigang Metropolitan Area | Guangxi | 324,439 |
| Binyang Metropolitan Area | Guangxi | 214,555 |
| Fucheng Metropolitan Area | Guangxi | 141,192 |
| Lingshan Metropolitan Area | Guangxi | 186,486 |
| Nanning Metropolitan Area | Guangxi | 2,591,094 |
| Hezhou Metropolitan Area | Guangxi | 167,042 |
| Guilin Metropolitan Area | Guangxi | 1,069,415 |
| Liuzhou Metropolitan Area | Guangxi | 1,451,939 |
| Hechi Metropolitan Area | Guangxi | 129,833 |
| Baise Metropolitan Area | Guangxi | 124,358 |
| Yinchuan Metropolitan Area | Ningxia | 1,440,105 |
| Dawukou Metropolitan Area | Ningxia | 141,933 |
| Wuzhong Metropolitan Area | Ningxia | 240,247 |
| Chengguan Metropolitan Area | Qinghai | 164,456 |
| Xining Metropolitan Area | Qinghai | 1,303,058 |
| Hetian Metropolitan Area | Xinjiang | 216,546 |
| Kargilik Metropolitan Area | Xinjiang | 134,157 |
| Kashgar Metropolitan Area | Xinjiang | 498,252 |
| Kizilsu Metropolitan Area | Xinjiang | 129,556 |
| Aksu Metropolitan Area | Xinjiang | 288,264 |
| Kuqa Metropolitan Area | Xinjiang | 111,846 |
| Bayingolin Metropolitan Area | Xinjiang | 392,233 |
| Hami Metropolitan Area | Xinjiang | 218,398 |
| Shihezi Metropolitan Area | Xinjiang | 379,563 |
| Huiyuan Metropolitan Area | Xinjiang | 401,027 |
| Karamay Metropolitan Area | Xinjiang | 245,077 |
| Tacheng Metropolitan Area | Xinjiang | 101,155 |
| Urumqi Metropolitan Area | Xinjiang | 4,539,265 |
| Lhasa Metropolitan Area | Xizang (Tibet) | 273,179 |
Cyprus
[edit]Data are referred to pre-1974 Turkish Army occupation boundaries.
Urban population rate: 62% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
Georgia
[edit]Data are referret to pre-2008 Russo-Georgian War.
Urban population rate: 60% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Tbilisi Metropolitan Area: 988,278
- Batumi Metropolitan Area: 168,438
- Kutaisi Metropolitan Area: 132,035
India
[edit]In India, a metropolitan city is defined as one with a population more than one million.[30] In policing jurisdiction, state governments can declare any city or town with a population exceeding one million as a metropolitan area as per the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.[31]
Urban population rate: 38% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Delhi Metropolitan Area: 31,422,508
- Kolkata Metropolitan Area: 23,314,585
- Mumbai Metropolitan Area: 20,453,270
- Bengaluru Metropolitan Area: 15,178,533
- Chennai Metropolitan Area: 11,466,400
- Hajipur Metropolitan Area: 9,755,303
- Hyderabad Metropolitan Area: 9,455,230
- Ahmedabad Metropolitan Area: 7,898,650
- Kozhikode Metropolitan Area: 7,612,130
- Surat Metropolitan Area: 7,100,723
- Pune Metropolitan Area: 6,674,127
- Lucknow Metropolitan Area: 5,214,964
- Kochi Metropolitan Area: 5,069,022
- Kanpur Metropolitan Area: 4,413,625
- Jaipur Metropolitan Area: 4,229,050
- Varanasi Metropolitan Area: 3,812,496
- Indore Metropolitan Area: 3,598,874
- Nagpur Metropolitan Area: 3,399,891
- Maharajganj Metropolitan Area: 2,840,919
- Bhopal Metropolitan Area: 2,599,311
- Chandigarh Metropolitan Area: 2,417,872
- Coimbatore Metropolitan Area: 2,360,322
- Madurai Metropolitan Area: 2,184,066
Indonesia
[edit]In Indonesia, the government of Indonesia defines a metropolitan area as an urban agglomeration where its spatial planning is prioritised due to its highly important influence on the country. Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Semarang, Medan, Makassar, Palembang are important metropolitan area in the country. Currently, there are 10 metropolitan cities in Indonesia that have been recognized by the government.[32]
Urban population rate: 52% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Jakarta Metropolitan Area: 40,545,126
- Bandung Metropolitan Area: 8,691,181
- Surabaya Metropolitan Area: 6,856,993
- Medan Metropolitan Area: 4,350,624
- Semarang Metropolitan Area: 3,274,360
- Tasikmalaya Metropolitan Area: 2,973,169
- Yogyakarta Metropolitan Area: 2,742,763
- Makassar Metropolitan Area: 2,241,888
- Palembang Metropolitan Area: 2,203,124
- Denpasar Metropolitan Area: 2,005,950
- Malang Metropolitan Area: 1,888,200
- Cirebon Metropolitan Area: 1,634,253
- Surakarta Metropolitan Area: 1,497,108
- Tegal Metropolitan Area: 1,482,144
- Garut Metropolitan Area: 1,473,082
- Pekalongan Metropolitan Area: 1,279,644
- Purwokerto Metropolitan Area: 1,273,365
- Bandar Lampung Metropolitan Area: 1,257,828
- Pekanbaru Metropolitan Area: 1,226,041
- Samarinda Metropolitan Area: 1,225,373
- Padang Metropolitan Area: 1,210,988
- Mataram Metropolitan Area: 1,009,677
Iran
[edit]Urban population rate: 76% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Tehran Metropolitan Area: 9,363,124
- Mashhad Metropolitan Area: 5,377,005
- Isfahan Metropolitan Area: 3'883,555
- Karaj Metropolitan Area: 3,108,455
- Tabriz Metropolitan Area: 2,700,367
Iraq
[edit]Urban population rate: 72% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Baghdad Metropolitan Area: 6,891,722
- Basra Metropolitan Area: 2,131,556
- Mosul Metropolitan Area: 1,678,253
- Erbil Metropolitan Area: 1,514,144
- Al Najaf Metropolitan Area: 1,361,936
- Kirkuk Metropolitan Area: 1,238,662
- Duhok Metropolitan Area: 1,142,889
- Karbala Metropolitan Area: 1,078,646
- Al Hillah Metropolitan Area: 1,030,978
Israel
[edit]Data are referred to 1949 Armistice boundaries, after 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
Urban population rate: 58% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area: 2,628,335
- Jerusalem Metropolitan Area (both Israeli and Palestinian part): 1,022,929
- Haifa Metropolitan Area: 449,588
- Ashdod Metropolitan Area: 282,181
- Be'er Sheva Metropolitan Area: 205,400
Japan
[edit]Urban population rate: 72% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Population |
|---|---|
| Tokyo Conurbation (Tokyo + Kawasaki + Yokohama + Saitama + Chiba + Takasaki + Isezaki + Ota) | 34,835,218 |
| Keihanshin Conurbation (Osaka + Kobe + Kyoto + Nara + Sakai + Himeji + Wakayama) | 15,165,176 |
| Chukyo Conurbation (Nagoya + Gifu + Toyota + Okazaki + Yokkaichi) | 7,890,477 |
| Fukuoka Metropolitan Area | 2,213,305 |
| Sapporo Metropolitan Area | 1,931,424 |
| Sendai Metropolitan Area | 1,269,675 |
| Kitakyushu Metropolitan Area | 1,208,935 |
| Hiroshima Metropolitan Area | 1,150,148 |
| Okinawa Metropolitan Area (Naha + Okinawa) | 1,065,339 |
| Okayama Metropolitan Area (Okayama + Kurashiki) | 847,111 |
| Kumamoto Metropolitan Area | 624,648 |
| Kanazawa Metropolitan Area | 527,097 |
| Otsu Metropolitan Area | 514,884 |
| Toyohashi Metropolitan Area | 500,228 |
| Kagoshima Metropolitan Area | 453,833 |
| Niigata Metropolitan Area | 437,871 |
| Matsuyama Metropolitan Area | 421,736 |
| Numazu Metropolitan Area | 374,197 |
| Oita Metropolitan Area | 363,332 |
| Kofu Metropolitan Area | 335,934 |
| Fukuyama Metropolitan Area | 355,566 |
| Utsunomiya Metropolitan Area | 337,161 |
| Fujieda Metropolitan Area | 318,978 |
| Takamatsu Metropolitan Area | 314,296 |
| Nagasaki Metropolitan Area | 297,631 |
| Asahikawa Metropolitan Area | 288,867 |
| Mito Metropolitan Area (Mito + Hitachinaka) | 284,338 |
| Hamamatsu Metropolitan Area | 267,033 |
| Nagano Metropolitan Area | 264,480 |
| Hakodate Metropolitan Area | 263,045 |
| Miyazaki Metropolitan Area | 247,744 |
| Tokushima Metropolitan Area | 242,829 |
| Toyama Metropolitan Area | 239,820 |
| Shizuoka Metropolitan Area | 233,904 |
| Morioka Metropolitan Area | 217,880 |
| Koriyama Metropolitan Area | 215,513 |
| Kochi Metropolitan Area | 213,691 |
| Akita Metropolitan Area | 211,383 |
| Yamagata Metropolitan Area | 206,358 |
| Tsuchiura Metropolitan Area | 195,325 |
| Aomori Metropolitan Area | 179,937 |
| Marugame Metropolitan Area | 171,220 |
| Fukushima Metropolitan Area | 170,143 |
| Fuji Metropolitan Area | 167,426 |
| Kisarazu Metropolitan Area | 165,839 |
| Sanda Metropolitan Area | 164,419 |
| Hitachi Metropolitan Area | 162,932 |
| Fukui Metropolitan Area | 161,762 |
| Ube Metropolitan Area | 152,722 |
| Takaoka Metropolitan Area | 144,427 |
| Kushiro Metropolitan Area | 143,420 |
| Obihiro Metropolitan Area | 140,962 |
| Shūnan Metropolitan Area | 137,818 |
| Niihama Metropolitan Area | 134,067 |
| Kurume Metropolitan Area | 133,391 |
| Matsumoto Metropolitan Area | 125,858 |
| Hachinohe Metropolitan Area | 124,493 |
| Omuta Metropolitan Area | 122,197 |
| Tomakomai Metropolitan Area | 117,181 |
| Beppu Metropolitan Area | 113,901 |
| Hikone Metropolitan Area | 113,437 |
| Yonago Metropolitan Area | 112,806 |
| Sasebo Metropolitan Area | 104,105 |
| Iwaki Metropolitan Area | 103,547 |
| Hirosaki Metropolitan Area | 100,073 |
| Muroran Metropolitan Area | 100,039 |
Jordan
[edit]Urban population rate: 83% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Amman Metropolitan Area: 6,425,246
- Irbid Metropolitan Area: 704,577
- Madaba Metropolitan Area: 104,759
Kazakhstan
[edit]Urban population rate: 66% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Population |
|---|---|
| Almaty Metropolitan Area | 2,315,538 |
| Shymkent Metropolitan Area | 1,239,663 |
| Astana Metropolitan Area | 1,128,140 |
| Aktobe Metropolitan Area | 420,695 |
| Semey Metropolitan Area | 291,783 |
| Aktau Metropolitan Area | 259,510 |
| Kyzylorda Metropolitan Area | 237,992 |
| Pavlodar Metropolitan Area | 235,889 |
| Atyrau Metropolitan Area | 231,440 |
| Turkestan Metropolitan Area | 215,873 |
| Ural Metropolitan Area | 208,766 |
| Ust-Kamenogorsk Metropolitan Area | 197,281 |
| Taraz Metropolitan Area | 192,656 |
| Karaganda Metropolitan Area | 191,772 |
| Temirtau Metropolitan Area | 154,580 |
| Petropavlosk Metropolitan Area | 153,560 |
| Kostanay Metropolitan Area | 136,333 |
| Taldikorgan Metropolitan Area | 131,397 |
| Zhanaozen Metropolitan Area | 109,850 |
| Kokshetav Metropolitan Area | 100,846 |
Kuwait
[edit]Urban population rate: 98% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Al Kuwait Metropolitan Area: 3,703,486
Kyrgyzstan
[edit]Urban population rate: 42% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
Laos
[edit]Urban population rate: 43% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Vientiane Metropolitan Area (Vientiane + Si Chiang Mai): 166,271
Lebanon
[edit]Urban population rate: 90% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Beirut Metropolitan Area: 1,538,386
Malaysia + Singapore
[edit]
Urban population rate: 77% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Population |
|---|---|
| Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan Area | 8,851,535 |
| Singapore Metropolitan Area (including Johor Bahru) | 7,934,034 |
| Georgetown Metropolitan Area (Georgetown + Kulim) | 1,513,764 |
| Ipoh Metropolitan Area | 861,933 |
| Kota Kinabalu Metropolitan Area | 810,843 |
| Kuching Metropolitan Area | 587,986 |
| Melaka Metropolitan Area | 544,035 |
| Seremban Metropolitan Area | 390,884 |
| Tawau Metropolitan Area | 354,494 |
| Sandakan Metropolitan Area | 337,268 |
| Kota Bharu Metropolitan Area | 326,948 |
| Sungai Petani Metropolitan Area | 269,176 |
| Kuantan Metropolitan Area | 217,879 |
| Alor Star Metropolitan Area | 203,262 |
| Taiping Metropolitan Area | 198,018 |
| Miri Metropolitan Area | 187,443 |
| Sibu Metropolitan Area | 185,385 |
| Kuala Terengganu Metropolitan Area | 147,996 |
| Lahad Datu Metropolitan Area | 133,110 |
| Kluang Metropolitan Area | 109,597 |
| Muar Metropolitan Area | 106,024 |
| Bintulu Metropolitan Area | 101,436 |
| Semporna Metropolitan Area | 101,230 |
Maldives
[edit]Mongolia
[edit]Urban population rate: 69% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Ulaanbataar Metropolitan Area: 1,634,097
Myanmar
[edit]Urban population rate: 42% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
Nepal
[edit]Urban population rate: 25% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Kathmandu Metropolitan Area: 3,862,697
- Biratnagar Metropolitan Area (Biratnagar + Jogbani + Inaruwa + Laukhi): 1,385,038
- Pokhara Metropolitan Area: 151,399
- Bharatpur Metropolitan Area: 153,049
- Tulsipur Metropolitan Area: 101,378
North Korea
[edit]Boundaries are referred to the Third inter-Korean summit agreement (2018).
Urban population rate: 67% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Population |
|---|---|
| Kaeseong Metropolitan Area | 280,963 |
| Haeju Metropolitan Area | 263,992 |
| Sariwon Metropolitan Area | 401,117 |
| Songnim Metropolitan Area | 256,211 |
| Nampo Metropolitan Area | 144,643 |
| Kangseo Metropolitan Area | 260,531 |
| Pyeongyang Metropolitan Area | 2,868,313 |
| Wonsan Metropolitan Area | 370,729 |
| Muncheon Metropolitan Area | 117,274 |
| Pyeongseong Metropolitan Area | 300,843 |
| Suncheon Metropolitan Area | 154,047 |
| Sukcheon Metropolitan Area | 106,846 |
| Anju Metropolitan Area | 256,943 |
| Kaecheon Metropolitan Area | 164,966 |
| Deokcheon Metropolitan Area | 152,025 |
| Cheongju Metropolitan Area | 170,999 |
| Seoncheon Metropolitan Area | 112,903 |
| Kuseong Metropolitan Area | 108,791 |
| Ryeongcheon Metropolitan Area | 125,259 |
| Huicheon Metropolitan Area | 117,534 |
| Kanggye Metropolitan Area | 314,915 |
| Jeongpyeong Metropolitan Area | 108,488 |
| Hamju Metropolitan Area | 105,812 |
| Hamheung Metropolitan Area | 745,725 |
| Hongwon Metropolitan Area | 116,941 |
| Dancheon Metropolitan Area | 114,551 |
| Kimchaek Metropolitan Area | 196,760 |
| Gilju Metropolitan Area | 108,885 |
| Musan Metropolitan Area | 106,601 |
| Cheongjin Metropolitan Area | 683,870 |
| Raseon Metropolitan Area | 106,938 |
Oman
[edit]Urban population rate: 78% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Muscat Metropolitan Area (Muscat + Al Seeb + Ruwi): 1,339,009
- Salahah Metropolitan Area: 247,073
- Suhar Metropolitan Area: 139,036
Pakistan
[edit]Pakistan has nine metropolitan areas with populations greater than a million. Five of these are entirely in Punjab including Lahore, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Multan; one (Islamabad-Rawalpindi is split between Punjab and the Islamabad Capital Territory; two are located in Sindh, including Karachi, the largest metropolitan area in the country, and Hyderabad; one in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Peshawar; and the final in Balochistan: Quetta.
Data are referred to 1972 Shimla Agreement borders, after 1971 Indo-Pakistani war.
Urban population rate: 39% (2015)
| Name | Population | Year | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Karachi Metropolitan Area | 13,150,694 | 2015 | |
| Lahore Metropolitan Area | 10,114,718 | ||
| Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area (Rawalpindi + Islamabad) | 3,738,564 | ||
| Faisalabad Metropolitan Area | 3,563,007 | ||
| Gujranwala Metropolitan Area | 2,788,655 | ||
| Peshawar Metropolitan Area | 2,764,734 | ||
| Multan Metropolitan Area | 2,422,577 | ||
| Sialkot Metropolitan Area | 1,885,761 | ||
| Hyderabad Metropolitan Area | 1,835,126 | ||
| Mingaora Metropolitan Area | 1,057,542 | ||
| Mardan Metropolitan Area | 1,026,217 | ||
| Abbottabad Metropolitan Area | 960,783 | ||
| Quetta Metropolitan Area | 749,960 | ||
| Sargodha Metropolitan Area | 657,394 | ||
| Gujrat Metropolitan Area | 622,644 | ||
| Wah Metropolitan Area | 521,616 | ||
| Bannu Metropolitan Area | 494,277 | ||
| Haripur Metropolitan Area | 474,638 | ||
| Larkana Metropolitan Area | 466,569 | ||
| Mansehra Metropolitan Area | 465,955 | ||
| Shahkot Metropolitan Area | 460,340 | ||
| Charsadda Metropolitan Area | 421,797 | ||
| Sukkur Metropolitan Area | 419,044 | ||
| Bahawalpur Metropolitan Area | 412,812 | ||
| Jehangira Metropolitan Area | 392,541 | ||
| Dera Ghazi Khan Metropolitan Area | 386,996 | ||
| Chakwal Metropolitan Area | 380,689 | ||
| Okara Metropolitan Area | 377,333 | ||
| Nowshera Metropolitan Area | 376,682 | ||
| Kasur Metropolitan Area | 368,064 | ||
| Shakargarh Metropolitan Area | 366,175 | ||
| Swabi Metropolitan Area | 350,349 | ||
| Kohat Metropolitan Area | 349,873 | ||
| Jhelum Metropolitan Area | 335,764 | ||
| Muridike Metropolitan Area | 332,238 | ||
| Sahiwal Metropolitan Area | 331,522 | ||
| Muzaffarabad Metropolitan Area | 329,099 | ||
| Hazro Metropolitan Area | 325,085 | ||
| Chakdarra Metropolitan Area | 312,554 | ||
| Shabqadar Metropolitan Area | 306,185 | ||
| Jhang Sada Metropolitan Area | 303,289 | ||
| Jacobabad Metropolitan Area | 301,179 | ||
| Narowal Metropolitan Area | 279,768 | ||
| Rahim Yar Khan Metropolitan Area | 274,839 | ||
| Takhat Bhai Metropolitan Area | 270,145 | ||
| Tangi Metropolitan Area | 254,085 | ||
| Hafizabad Metropolitan Area | 252,160 | ||
| Muzaffargarh Metropolitan Area | 245,691 | ||
| Mandi Bahauddin Metropolitan Area | 240,604 | ||
| Wazirabad Metropolitan Area | 232,325 | ||
| Qila Khudabadan Metropolitan Area | 221,239 | ||
| Shikarpur Metropolitan Area | 221,057 | ||
| Mandi Metropolitan Area | 209,396 | ||
| Jampur Metropolitan Area | 208,805 | ||
| Pattoki Metropolitan Area | 208,708 | ||
| Kharian Metropolitan Area | 191,229 | ||
| Chunian Metropolitan Area | 178,925 | ||
| Tando Muhammad Khan Metropolitan Area | 173,445 | ||
| Lala Mosa Metropolitan Area | 171,681 | ||
| Khairpur Metropolitan Area | 167,568 | ||
| Khandhkot Metropolitan Area | 167,179 | ||
| Charman Metropolitan Area | 165,834 | ||
| Zangun Metropolitan Area | 164,498 | ||
| Dadu Metropolitan Area | 162,534 | ||
| Sherpur Metropolitan Area | 160,249 | ||
| Sadiqabad Metropolitan Area | 158,903 | ||
| Bhara Khao Metropolitan Area | 155,834 | ||
| Pakpattan Metropolitan Area | 155,767 | ||
| Ghotki Metropolitan Area | 154,294 | ||
| Fatehjang Metropolitan Area | 153,965 | ||
| Burewala Metropolitan Area | 151,529 | ||
| Pindi Gheb Metropolitan Area | 147,718 | ||
| Bat Khela Metropolitan Area | 147,435 | ||
| Chiniot Metropolitan Area | 146,702 | ||
| Chuchar Metropolitan Area | 143,388 | ||
| Pasrur Metropolitan Area | 142,975 | ||
| Usta Muhammad Metropolitan Area | 137,181 | ||
| Khanewal Metropolitan Area | 135,503 | ||
| Gojra Metropolitan Area | 134,727 | ||
| Shaikh Jana Metropolitan Area | 131,956 | ||
| Thul Metropolitan Area | 130,017 | ||
| Kahuta Metropolitan Area | 129,479 | ||
| Gali Bagh Metropolitan Area | 126,721 | ||
| Shujaabad Metropolitan Area | 125,952 | ||
| Topi Metropolitan Area | 123,669 | ||
| Daroli Metropolitan Area | 116,619 | ||
| Attock Metropolitan Area | 113,767 | ||
| Sangla Metropolitan Area | 112,475 | ||
| Mithankot Metropolitan Area | 111,038 | ||
| Thatta Metropolitan Area | 110,185 | ||
| Jambar Kalan Metropolitan Area | 109,682 | ||
| Dera Ismail Khan Metropolitan Area | 109,448 | ||
| Kabirwala Metropolitan Area | 108,910 | ||
| Lodhran Metropolitan Area | 108,590 | ||
| Moro Metropolitan Area | 108,243 | ||
| Havelian Metropolitan Area | 106,307 | ||
| Shal Bandai Metropolitan Area | 106,132 | ||
| Mehar Metropolitan Area | 106,034 | ||
| Arifwala Metropolitan Area | 105,263 | ||
| Khanpur Metropolitan Area | 104,403 | ||
| Alipur Metropolitan Area | 101,977 | ||
| Khot Kakka Shah Metropolitan Area | 100,884 |
Palestine
[edit]Data are referred to 1949 Armistice boundaries, after 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
Urban population rate: 78% (2023).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2023,[18] before the Israeli Army invasion.
- Gaza Strip Conurbation (Gaza + Rafah): 1,922,681
- Ramallah Metropolitan Area: 1,054,623
- Hebron Metropolitan Area: 414,422
- Nablus Metropolitan Area: 209,246
- Tulkarm Metropolitan Area (Tulkarm + Tayibe): 158,781
Philippines
[edit]The Philippines currently has three metropolitan areas defined by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). These metropolitan areas are separated into three main geographical areas; Metro Manila (which is located in Luzon), Metro Cebu (which is located in Visayas), Metro Davao (which is located in Mindanao), and Greater Manila Area (which is the largest metropolitan area of Manila). The official definition of each area does not necessarily follow the actual extent of continuous urbanization. For example, the built-up area of Metro Manila has long spilled out of its officially defined borders into the adjacent provinces of Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, and Cavite known as Greater Manila Area. The number of metropolitan areas in the Philippines was reduced from 13 in 2007 to the current three based from the 2017–2022 Philippine Development Plan by NEDA. The other 10 metropolitan areas were Metro Angeles, Metro Bacolod, Metro Baguio, Metro Batangas, Metro Cagayan de Oro, Metro Dagupan, Metro Iloilo–Guimaras, Metro Butuan, Metro Naga, and Metro Olongapo.
Urban population rate: 59% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Population |
|---|---|
| Manila Metropolitan Area (Manila + Angeles + Lipa + Batangas) | 30,565,371 |
| Cebu Metropolitan Area | 3,191,585 |
| Davao Metropolitan Area | 1,651,086 |
| Dagupan Metropolitan Area | 973,316 |
| Cagayan de Oro Metropolitan Area | 950,102 |
| Bacolod Metropolitan Area | 690,717 |
| Zamboanga Metropolitan Area | 498,587 |
| Iloilo Metropolitan Area | 489,034 |
| General Santos Metropolitan Area | 452,060 |
| Baguio Metropolitan Area | 451,844 |
| Batangas Metropolitan Area | 326,496 |
| Naga Metropolitan Area | 291,374 |
| Iligan Metropolitan Area | 279,731 |
| Cotabato Metropolitan Area | 274,670 |
| Tagum Metropolitan Area | 252,700 |
| Tacloban Metropolitan Area | 244,458 |
| Lipa Metropolitan Area | 235,919 |
| Legaspi Metropolitan Area | 221,694 |
| Marawi Metropolitan Area | 207,205 |
| Cabanatuan Metropolitan Area | 198,568 |
| Butuan Metropolitan Area | 185,655 |
| Olongapo Metropolitan Area | 182,832 |
| Tarlac Metropolitan Area | 181,691 |
| San Pablo Metropolitan Area | 174,317 |
| San Pedro Metropolitan Area | 172,148 |
| Dumaguete Metropolitan Area | 166,127 |
| Guagua Metropolitan Area | 160,448 |
| Puerto Princesa Metropolitan Area | 156,713 |
| Pagadian Metropolitan Area | 145,146 |
| San Fernando Metropolitan Area | 134,798 |
| Malolos Metropolitan Area | 123,101 |
| Tuguegarao Metropolitan Area | 122,965 |
| Tagbilaran Metropolitan Area | 120,097 |
| Ozamiz Metropolitan Area | 117,388 |
| Roxas Metropolitan Area | 108,370 |
| Dipolog Metropolitan Area | 108,335 |
| Balanga Metropolitan Area | 108,162 |
| Gapan Metropolitan Area | 103,963 |
Qatar
[edit]Urban population rate: 46% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Doha Metropolitan Area: 2,076,720
Saudi Arabia
[edit]Urban population rate: 86% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Riyadh Metropolitan Area: 7,970,319
- Jeddah Metropolitan Area: 4,842,257
- Dammam Metropolitan Area: 2,634,829
- Mecca Metropolitan Area: 1,876,451
- Medina Metropolitan Area: 1,565,146
South Korea
[edit]Boundaries are referred to the Third inter-Korean summit agreement (2018).
Urban population rate: 86% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Population |
|---|---|
| Sudokwon Conurbation (Seoul + Incheon + nearby cities in Gyeonggi Province) | 23,366,117 |
| South Gyeongsang Conurbation (Busan + Gimhae + Yangsan + Changwon) | 4,494,463 |
| Daegu Metropolitan Area | 2,300,085 |
| Daejeon Metropolitan Area | 1,504,229 |
| Gwangju Metropolitan Area | 1,428,492 |
| Ulsan Metropolitan Area | 941,217 |
| Jeonju Metropolitan Area (Jeonju + Iksan) | 786,341 |
| Cheongju Metropolitan Area | 691,161 |
| Cheonan Metropolitan Area (Cheonan + Asan) | 504,349 |
| Pohang Metropolitan Area | 373,323 |
| Gumi Metropolitan Area | 286,529 |
| Suncheon Metropolitan Area (Suncheon + Gwangyang + Yeosu) | 265,434 |
| Jinju Metropolitan Area | 238,454 |
| Chuncheon Metropolitan Area | 229,165 |
| Mokpo Metropolitan Area | 228,462 |
| Wonju Metropolitan Area | 218,041 |
| Gunsan Metropolitan Area | 177,647 |
| Gangneung Metropolitan Area | 118,784 |
Sri Lanka
[edit]Urban population rate: 20% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Colombo Metropolitan Area: 4,881,182
- Kandy Metropolitan Area: 850,450
- Matara Metropolitan Area: 225,584
- Jaffna Metropolitan Area: 214,344
- Galle Metropolitan Area: 197,578
- Kalmunai Metropolitan Area: 134,013
- Batticaloa Metropolitan Area: 125,685
Syria
[edit]Urban population rate: 63% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Damascus Metropolitan Area: 3,771,638
Taiwan
[edit]Boundaries are referred to the territories administrated by the Republic of China, after Cross-Strait Act (1992).
Urban population rate: 80% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Population |
|---|---|
| Northern Conurbation (Taipei + Taoyuan + Zhubei + Hsinshu + Toufen) | 10,687,535 |
| Southern Conurbation (Tainan + Kaohsiung + Pingtung) | 3,595,567 |
| Central Conurbation (Taichung + Changhua + Nantou + Yunlin) | 3,447,544 |
| Chiayi Metropolitan Area | 460,979 |
| Hualien Metropolitan Area | 137,533 |
Tajikistan
[edit]Urban population rate: 34% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Dushanbe Metropolitan Area (Dushanbe + Hisor + Kofarnihon): 1,759,769
- Khujand Metropolitan Area (Khujand + Ckalovsk + Qistaquz): 454,273
- Kulob Metropolitan Area: 177,692
Thailand
[edit]Urban population rate: 42% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Population |
|---|---|
| Krung Thep Conurbation (Bangkok and nearby cities) | 19,378,454 |
| Phuket Metropolitan Area | 742,871 |
| Chiang Mai Metropolitan Area | 692,242 |
| Hat Yai Metropolitan Area | 436,777 |
| Chonburi Metropolitan Area | 263,106 |
| Pattaya Metropolitan Area | 253,538 |
| Nakhon Pathom Metropolitan Area | 185,771 |
| Si Racha Metropolitan Area | 168,554 |
| Phitsanulok Metropolitan Area | 165,001 |
| Songkhla Metropolitan Area | 162,380 |
| Nakhon Ratchasima Metropolitan Area | 159,579 |
| Khonkaen Metropolitan Area | 154,057 |
| Surat Thani Metropolitan Area | 150,127 |
| Udon Thani Metropolitan Area | 149,983 |
| Nakhon Si Thammarat Metropolitan Area | 146,307 |
| Rayong Metropolitan Area | 138,423 |
| Lopburi Metropolitan Area | 128,924 |
| Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Metropolitan Area | 126,849 |
| Ubon Ratchathani Metropolitan Area | 126,488 |
| Ranong Metropolitan Area | 118,553 |
| Yala Metropolitan Area | 111,221 |
| Ban Chang Metropolitan Area | 110,390 |
| Kanchanaburi Metropolitan Area | 102,628 |
Timor Leste
[edit]Urban population rate: 36% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Dili Metropolitan Area: 381,794
Turkey
[edit]The word metropolitan describes the central municipality governing local services in a province with more than 750.000 residents in Turkey, like Istanbul and its metropolitan municipality, the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. There are 30 officially defined "metropolitan municipalities" in Turkey.[33] This classification, however, is only used for administrative purposes, and sometimes contradicts the colloquial use of the term "metro area". As an example, Gebze, a district in Kocaeli province and thus in the jurisdiction of the Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality, is arguably within the metro area of Istanbul with many of its residents commuting to Istanbul for work and the Marmaray, a commuter rail line, extending into the district. The district however, as previously mentioned, is not a part of Istanbul's provincial limits, and thus not subject to the jurisdiction of its metropolitan municipality. The word metropolitan (municipality) is generally only used as an administrative distinction in Turkey.
Urban population rate: 73% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Population |
|---|---|
| Istanbul Metropolitan Area | 14,210,222 |
| Ankara Metropolitan Area | 5,402,165 |
| Izmir Metropolitan Area | 2,457,529 |
| Bursa Metropolitan Area | 2,366,448 |
| Gaziantep Metropolitan Area | 1,681,270 |
| Antalya Metropolitan Area | 1,372,672 |
| Konya Metropolitan Area | 1,017,329 |
| Mersin Metropolitan Area | 800,548 |
| Izmit Metropolitan Area | 784,331 |
| Kayseri Metropolitan Area | 772,654 |
| Adana Metropolitan Area | 737,574 |
| Samsun Metropolitan Area | 559,413 |
| Denizli Metropolitan Area | 537,507 |
| Diyarbakir Metropolitan Area | 536,794 |
| Eskisehir Metropolitan Area | 528,380 |
| Kahramanmaras Metropolitan Area | 464,945 |
| Van Metropolitan Area | 451,519 |
| Malatya Metropolitan Area | 447,745 |
| Sanliurfa Metropolitan Area | 431,505 |
| Antakya Metropolitan Area | 397,544 |
| Trabzon Metropolitan Area | 364,103 |
| Batman Metropolitan Area | 363,642 |
| Elazig Metropolitan Area | 324,305 |
| Sivas Metropolitan Area | 303,202 |
| Sakarya Metropolitan Area | 269,660 |
| Manisa Metropolitan Area | 294,069 |
| Iskenderun Metropolitan Area | 256,743 |
| Cerkezkoy Metropolitan Area | 242,264 |
| Isparta Metropolitan Area | 234,121 |
| Osmaniye Metropolitan Area | 225,567 |
| Aydin Metropolitan Area | 210,247 |
| Adiyaman Metropolitan Area | 203,680 |
| Yenice Metropolitan Area | 181,480 |
| Corum Metropolitan Area | 181,012 |
| Ordu Metropolitan Area | 180,011 |
| Siverek Metropolitan Area | 160,312 |
| Tarsus Metropolitan Area | 159,692 |
| Zonguldak Metropolitan Area | 158,521 |
| Inegol Metropolitan Area | 155,697 |
| Giresun Metropolitan Area | 147,434 |
| Usak Metropolitan Area | 141,288 |
| Duzce Metropolitan Area | 139,560 |
| Yumurtalik Metropolitan Area | 139,104 |
| Siirt Metropolitan Area | 136,101 |
| Tokat Metropolitan Area | 134,631 |
| Karabuk Metropolitan Area | 130,402 |
| Kutahya Metropolitan Area | 129,641 |
| Erzurum Metropolitan Area | 129,246 |
| Karaman Metropolitan Area | 127,506 |
| Aksaray Metropolitan Area | 126,210 |
| Turgutlu Metropolitan Area | 125,953 |
| Rize Metropolitan Area | 123,482 |
| Agri Metropolitan Area | 121,725 |
| Yalova Metropolitan Area | 120,828 |
| Afyonkarahisar Metropolitan Area | 120,660 |
| Fethiye Metropolitan Area | 117,452 |
| Keskin Metropolitan Area | 114,207 |
| Viransehir Metropolitan Area | 113,091 |
| Kadirli Metropolitan Area | 111,158 |
| Silopi Metropolitan Area | 105,037 |
| Eregli Metropolitan Area | 104,760 |
| Cizre Metropolitan Area | 104,061 |
| Ceyhan Metropolitan Area | 103,840 |
| Elbistan Metropolitan Area | 100,020 |
Turkmenistan
[edit]Urban population rate: 57% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Asgabat Metropolitan Area: 1,144,222
- Mary Metropolitan Area: 243,436
- Turkmenabat Metropolitan Area: 215,520
- Dasoguz Metropolitan Area: 182,056
United Arab Emirates
[edit]Dubai-Sharjah-Ajman (DSA) is a metropolitan area in the United Arab Emirates. It consists of the combined, greater urban areas of Dubai, Ajman, and Sharjah. The urban areas at the northeast end of Dubai flow into those of Sharjah, which in turn are contiguous with those of Ajman. The total population is about 5.9 million people as of 2023[34][35][36]
Urban population rate: 87% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Dubai Metropolitan Area (Dubai + Sharjah): 4,565,478
- Abu Dhabi Metropolitan Area: 1,052,835
- Al-Ain Metropolitan Area (Al-Ain + Al-Buraymi): 854,940
- Ras al-Haymah Metropolitan Area: 259,127
Uzbekistan
[edit]Urban population rate: 44% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Population |
|---|---|
| Tashkent Metropolitan Area | 3,874,653 |
| Namangan Metropolitan Area | 927,908 |
| Samarqand Metropolitan Area | 892,554 |
| Andijon Metropolitan Area | 792,858 |
| Fargona Metropolitan Area | 759,423 |
| Qarshi Metropolitan Area | 512,027 |
| Jizzax Metropolitan Area | 357,127 |
| Shahrisabz Metropolitan Area | 334,628 |
| Qoqon Metropolitan Area | 303,759 |
| Nokis Metropolitan Area | 288,240 |
| Tortkul Metropolitan Area | 252,614 |
| Termiz Metropolitan Area | 242,044 |
| Urganch Metropolitan Area | 215,566 |
| Kattaqorgon Metropolitan Area | 153,433 |
| Denov Metropolitan Area | 146,220 |
| Buxoro Metropolitan Area | 137,440 |
| Xiva Metropolitan Area | 136,679 |
| Oltiariq Metropolitan Area | 120,162 |
| Kosonsoy Metropolitan Area | 115,631 |
| Quva Metropolitan Area | 113,493 |
| Gijduvon Metropolitan Area | 110,910 |
| Navoiy Metropolitan Area | 110,554 |
| Ibrat Metropolitan Area | 101,566 |
| Asaka Metropolitan Area | 101,170 |
| Shahrixon Metropolitan Area | 100,375 |
Vietnam
[edit]Urban population rate: 38% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Population |
|---|---|
| Ho Chi Minh (Sai Gon) Metropolitan Area | 15,430,069 |
| Ha Noi Metropolitan Area | 7,265,805 |
| Can Tho Metropolitan Area | 1,652,649 |
| Da Nang Metropolitan Area | 1,265,560 |
| Hai Phong Metropolitan Area | 1,003,753 |
| My Tho Metropolitan Area | 461,520 |
| Long Xuyen Metropolitan Area | 550,869 |
| Vinh Long Metropolitan Area | 484,198 |
| Vung Tau Metropolitan Area | 476,737 |
| Nha Trang Metropolitan Area | 443,626 |
| Tay Ninh Metropolitan Area | 436,732 |
| Hue Metropolitan Area | 383,941 |
| Thai Nguyen Metropolitan Area | 363,000 |
| Vinh Metropolitan Area | 349,192 |
| Thanh Hoa Metropolitan Area | 343,001 |
| Quang Ngai Metropolitan Area | 340,820 |
| Buon Ma Thuot Metropolitan Area | 316,655 |
| Nam Dinh Metropolitan Area | 292,782 |
| Qui Nhon Metropolitan Area | 282,795 |
| Rach Gia Metropolitan Area | 276,783 |
| Thai Binh Metropolitan Area | 268,330 |
| Phan Thiet Metropolitan Area | 243,919 |
| Play Cu Metropolitan Area | 199,908 |
| Bac Lieu Metropolitan Area | 199,141 |
| Phan Rang Metropolitan Area | 198,679 |
| Da Lat Metropolitan Area | 195,370 |
| Ca Mau Metropolitan Area | 193,377 |
| Ha Long Metropolitan Area | 178,597 |
| Lac Thanh Metropolitan Area | 177,136 |
| Cao Lanh Metropolitan Area | 173,133 |
| Cai Lay Metropolitan Area | 172,776 |
| Tra Vinh Metropolitan Area | 159,016 |
| Tuy Hoa Metropolitan Area | 158,744 |
| Binh Phuoc Metropolitan Area | 155,011 |
| Cao Mat Metropolitan Area | 149,729 |
| Kon Tum Metropolitan Area | 144,425 |
| Son Tay (Ha Noi) Metropolitan Area | 139,803 |
| Vinh Yen Metropolitan Area | 139,418 |
| Soc Trang Metropolitan Area | 133,858 |
| Viet Tri Metropolitan Area | 129,341 |
| Long Le Metropolitan Area | 125,920 |
| Mong Cai Metropolitan Area (Mong Cai + Dongxing) | 125,104 |
| Cam Pha Metropolitan Area | 122,988 |
| Ninh Binh Metropolitan Area | 122,236 |
| Cai Be Metropolitan Area | 120,234 |
| Tuyen Quang Metropolitan Area | 114,216 |
| Phu Ly Metropolitan Area | 112,705 |
| Tien Thanh Metropolitan Area | 112,508 |
| Tân Phú Metropolitan Area | 111,991 |
| Lang Son Metropolitan Area | 110,770 |
| Ho Kou Metropolitan Area (Ho Kou + Hekou) | 105,453 |
| Xuan Loc Metropolitan Area | 103,836 |
| Gia Rai Metropolitan Area | 102,299 |
| Yen Bai Metropolitan Area | 102,149 |
| Tam Ky Metropolitan Area | 100,935 |
| Vinh Tuy Metropolitan Area | 100,364 |
Central America and Caribbeans
[edit]Bahamas
[edit]Urban population rate: 87% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Nassau Conurbation: 261,235
Barbados
[edit]Urban population rate: 53% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Bridgetown Conurbation: 152,912
Costa Rica
[edit]Urban population rate: 70% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- San Jose Conurbation: 2,461,955
Cuba
[edit]Urban population rate: 80% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Havana Metropolitan Area: 1,632,772
Dominican Republic
[edit]Urban population rate: 75% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Santo Domingo Metropolitan Area: 4,593,164
El Salvador
[edit]Urban population rate: 70% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- San Salvador Conurbation: 1,615,741
- Santa Ana Metropolitan Area: 205,665
- Sonsonate Metropolitan Area: 181,726
- San Miguel Metropolitan Area: 165,222
- Lourdes Metropolitan Area: 134,316
Guatemala
[edit]Urban population rate: 57% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Guatemala Metropolitan Area: 2,900,619
Haiti
[edit]Urban population rate: 63% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Port au Prince Metropolitan Area: 1,733,378
Honduras
[edit]Urban population rate: 59% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Tegucigalpa Conurbation: 1,653,509
- San Pedro Sula Conurbation: 1,547,548
- La Ceiba Metropolitan Area: 300,948
- El Progreso Metropolitan Area: 138,954
- Choluteca Metropolitan Area: 128,127
- Comayagua Metropolitan Area: 113,060
Jamaica
[edit]Urban population rate: 60% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Kingston Conurbation: 936,134
- Montego Bay Metropolitan Area: 116,517
Nicaragua
[edit]Urban population rate: 64% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Managua Conurbation: 1,690,329
- León Metropolitan Area: 155,985
- Matagalpa Metropolitan Area: 134,380
- Estelí Metropolitan Area: 113,538
- Puerto Cabezas Metropolitan Area: 107,012
- Chinandega Metropolitan Area: 104,366
Panama
[edit]Urban population rate: 80% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Ciudad del Panama Conurbation: 2,043,187
- Colon Metropolitan Area: 187,546
- David Metropolitan Area: 126,995
Trinidad and Tobago
[edit]Urban population rate: 19% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Port of Spain Conurbation: 474,070
- Chaguanas Metropolitan Area: 131,058
- San Fernando Metropolitan Area: 119,286
Europe
[edit]
The European Union's statistical agency Eurostat, in partnership with OECD, has created a concept named functional urban area (FUA). The FUA represents an attempt at a harmonised definition of the metropolitan area, and the goal was to have an area from which a significant share of the residents commute into the city.[37] The FUA consists of a city and its commuting zone,[38] which is a contiguous area of spatial units that have at least 15% of their employed residents working in the city.[39]
A further, derived concept is the typology of metropolitan regions. A NUTS 3 region (or a group thereof) is considered to be metropolitan, if at least 50% of its residents live inside a FUA with a population of 250,000 or more. NUTS 3 regions not meeting these criteria are considered to be non-metropolitan regions.[40]
Albania
[edit]Urban population rate: 61% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
Austria
[edit]Urban population rate: 72% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Vienna Metropolitan Area: 2,056,565
- Graz Metropolitan Area: 306,742
- Linz Metropolitan Area: 243,243
- Innsbruck Metropolitan Area: 144,226
- Salzburg Metropolitan Area: 143,452
Belarus
[edit]Urban population rate: 79% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Population |
|---|---|
| Minsk Metropolitan Area | 2,093,512 |
| Gomel Metropolitan Area | 571,257 |
| Vitebsk Metropolitan Area | 382,195 |
| Mogilev Metropolitan Area | 334,165 |
| Brest Metropolitan Area (Brest + Terespol) | 326,182 |
| Grodno Metropolitan Area | 309,064 |
| Bobruisk Metropolitan Area | 197,539 |
| Baranavici Metropolitan Area | 162,854 |
| Pinsk Metropolitan Area | 132,029 |
| Borisov Metropolitan Area | 112,218 |
Belgium
[edit]Urban population rate: 98% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Bruxelles Metropolitan Area: 1,468,754
- Antwerp Metropolitan Area: 767,652
- Liege Metropolitan Area: 373,662
- Gent Metropolitan Area: 250,379
- Charleroi Metropolitan Area: 222,465
Bosnia and Herzegovina
[edit]Urban population rate: 56% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Sarajevo Metropolitan Area: 235,734
Bulgaria
[edit]Urban population rate: 76% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Sofia Metropolitan Area: 1,068,057
- Plovdiv Metropolitan Area: 331,578
- Varna Metropolitan Area: 286,140
- Burgas Metropolitan Area: 102,154
Croatia
[edit]Urban population rate: 65% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Zagreb Metropolitan Area: 643,962
- Split Metropolitan Area: 215,968
- Rijeka Metropolitan Area: 115,636
Czechia
[edit]Urban population rate: 78% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Prague Metropolitan Area: 1,201,278
- Brno Metropolitan Area: 313,582
- Ostrava Metropolitan Area: 150,766
- Plzen Metropolitan Area: 146,255
Denmark
[edit]Urban population rate: 89% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Copenhagen Metropolitan Area: 1,338,887
- Aarhus Metropolitan Area: 252,649
- Odense Metropolitan Area: 147,088
- Aalborg Metropolitan Area: 101,029
Estonia
[edit]Urban population rate: 74% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Tallinn Metropolitan Area: 449,861
Finland
[edit]Urban population rate: 88% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Helsinki Metropolitan Area (Helsinki + Espoo): 1,001,125
- Tampere Metropolitan Area: 153,567
- Turku Metropolitan Area: 104,248
France
[edit]France's national statistics office, INSEE, names an urban core and its surrounding area of commuter influence an aire d'attraction d'une ville (AAV, literally meaning "catchment area of a city"), plural: aires d'attraction des villes.[41] The official translation of this statistical area in English (as used by INSEE) is "functional area".[42] The AAV follows the same definition as the Functional Urban Area (FUA) used by Eurostat and the OECD, and the AAVs are thus strictly comparable to the FUAs.[42]
The AAV replaced in 2020 the metropolitan statistical area called aire urbaine (AU).[41] The AU, which was defined differently than the AAV, has now been discarded by INSEE and replaced with the AAV in order to facilitate international comparisons.[42]
Urban population rate: 88% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Population |
|---|---|
| Ile-de-France Conurbation | 10,242,434 |
| Lyon Metropolitan Area | 1,194,741 |
| Marseille Metropolitan Area | 911,934 |
| Lille Metropolitan Area (Lille + Mouscron) | 907,123 |
| Toulouse Metropolitan Area | 712,882 |
| Bordeaux Metropolitan Area | 642,756 |
| Cote-d'Azur Conurbation (Nice + Cannes) | 606,433 |
| Nantes Metropolitan Area | 472,262 |
| Strasbourg Metropolitan Area (Strasbourg + Kehl) | 419,245 |
| Toulon Metropolitan Area | 368,851 |
| Grenoble Metropolitan Area | 338,199 |
| Rouen Metropolitan Area | 320,960 |
| Montpellier Metropolitan Area | 293,865 |
| Rennes Metropolitan Area | 227,572 |
| Nancy Metropolitan Area | 213,797 |
| Tours Metropolitan Area | 211,591 |
| Dijon Metropolitan Area | 208,040 |
| Cambrin Metropolitan Area | 207,779 |
| Clermont-Ferrand Metropolitan Area | 191,311 |
| Saint Denis Metropolitan Area (Reunion) | 189,854 |
| Reims Metropolitan Area | 189,743 |
| Mulhouse Metropolitan Area | 189,297 |
| Le Havre Metropolitan Area | 187,643 |
| Orleans Metropolitan Area | 179,869 |
| Angers Metropolitan Area | 176,839 |
| Saint-Etienne Metropolitan Area | 172,766 |
| Caen Metropolitan Area | 164,788 |
| Noumea Metropolitan Area (New Caleidonia) | 153,190 |
| Metz Metropolitan Area | 151,221 |
| Le Mans Metropolitan Area | 147,383 |
| Brest Metropolitan Area | 142,527 |
| Amiens Metropolitan Area | 136,532 |
| Limoges Metropolitan Area | 129,255 |
| Dunkerque Metropolitan Area | 127,529 |
| Mamoudzou Metropolitan Area (Mayotte) | 127,511 |
| Perpignan Metropolitan Area | 115,845 |
| Pau Metropolitan Area | 112,672 |
| Troyes Metropolitan Area | 109,941 |
| Papeete Metropolitan Area (French Polynesia) | 109,747 |
| Besançon Metropolitan Area | 108,712 |
| Le Port Metropolitan Area (Reunion) | 105,572 |
| Annecy Metropolitan Area | 102,728 |
| Nîmes Metropolitan Area | 101,743 |
| Valenciennes Metropolitan Area | 101,583 |
Germany
[edit]Metropolitan regions in Germany by definition, are the eleven urban areas that are the most densely populated areas in the Federal Republic of Germany. They comprise the major German cities and their surrounding catchment areas and form the political, commercial and cultural centers of the country. For urban centers outside metropolitan areas, that generate a similar attraction at smaller scale for their region, the concept of the Regiopolis and respectively regiopolitan area or region was introduced by German professors in 2006.
Urban population rate: 79% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Population |
|---|---|
| Ruhr Conurbation (Bonn + Köln + Düsseldorf + Wuppertal + Dortmund + Hagen) | 7,822,542 |
| Berlin Conurbation | 3,775,954 |
| Hamburg Metropolitan Area | 1,841,656 |
| Munich Metropolitan Area | 1,827,704 |
| Frankfurt am Main Conurbation | 1,505,111 |
| Stuttgart Conurbation | 1,117,893 |
| Nuremberg Metropolitan Area | 759,135 |
| Hannover Metropolitan Area | 663,997 |
| Leipzig Metropolitan Area | 585,335 |
| Dresden Metropolitan Area | 566,233 |
| Bremen Metropolitan Area | 559,521 |
| Mannheim Metropolitan Area | 456,549 |
| Augsburg Metropolitan Area | 312,094 |
| Karlsruhe Metropolitan Area | 286,982 |
| Aachen Metropolitan Area (Aachen + Kerkrade) | 226,264 |
| Kassel Metropolitan Area | 222,869 |
| Bielefeld Metropolitan Area | 214,193 |
| Kiel Metropolitan Area | 209,786 |
| Münster Metropolitan Area | 207,455 |
| Heidelberg Metropolitan Area | 196,429 |
| Magdeburg Metropolitan Area | 193,706 |
| Halle Metropolitan Area | 185,076 |
| Braunschweig Metropolitan Area | 180,612 |
| Freiburg im Breisgau Metropolitan Area | 179,912 |
| Rostock Metropolitan Area | 168,453 |
| Chemnitz Metropolitan Area | 168,021 |
| Lübeck Metropolitan Area | 150,413 |
| Saarbrücken Metropolitan Area | 146,109 |
| Oldenburg Metropolitan Area | 144,961 |
| Erfurt Metropolitan Area | 141,749 |
| Koblenz Metropolitan Area | 138,095 |
| Regensburg Metropolitan Area | 133,794 |
| Würzburg Metropolitan Area | 121,062 |
| Heilbronn Metropolitan Area | 121,015 |
| Bremerhaven Metropolitan Area | 116,975 |
| Darmstadt Metropolitan Area | 116,051 |
| Osnabrück Metropolitan Area | 105,944 |
| Ulm Metropolitan Area | 103,439 |
Greece
[edit]Urban population rate: 68% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Athens Metropolitan Area: 3,166,757
- Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area: 783,450
- Heraklion Metropolitan Area: 159,049
- Patras Metropolitan Area: 146,128
- Larisa Metropolitan Area: 118,892
Hungary
[edit]Urban population rate: 72% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Budapest Metropolitan Area: 1,743,875
- Debrecen Metropolitan Area: 139,471
- Pecs Metropolitan Area: 123,329
- Szeged Metropolitan Area: 122,060
- Miskolc Metropolitan Area: 115,425
Iceland
[edit]Urban population rate: 73% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Reykjavik Metropolitan Area: 206,895
Ireland
[edit]Urban population rate: 69% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
Italy
[edit]In 2001 Italy transformed 14 provinces of some of the country's largest cities into Metropolitan Cities. Therefore, the territory of the Metropolitan City corresponds to that of a standard Italian province.
Urban population rate: 73% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Population |
|---|---|
| Milano conurbation (Milano + Monza and nearby cities) | 3,579,039 |
| Napoli conurbation (Napoli + Caserta + Salerno and nearby cities) | 3,415,763 |
| Roma conurbation | 2,799,884 |
| Torino conurbation | 1,243,448 |
| Palermo conurbation | 720,937 |
| Firenze conurbation (Firenze + Prato + Pistoia and nearby cities) | 711,105 |
| Catania Metropolitan Area | 529,493 |
| Genova Metropolitan Area | 523,194 |
| Bologna Metropolitan Area | 456,780 |
| Bergamo Metropolitan Area | 448,364 |
| Bari Metropolitan Area | 311,280 |
| Cagliari Metropolitan Area | 257,468 |
| Padova Metropolitan Area | 244,498 |
| Brescia Metropolitan Area | 243,287 |
| Venezia Metropolitan Area | 222,475 |
| Verona Metropolitan Area | 216,582 |
| Pescara Metropolitan Area | 212,590 |
| Messina Metropolitan Area | 178,836 |
| Trieste Metropolitan Area | 178,655 |
| Modena Metropolitan Area | 155,015 |
| Como Metropolitan Area | 151,878 |
| Livorno Metropolitan Area | 149,983 |
| Parma Metropolitan Area | 148,518 |
| Taranto Metropolitan Area | 136,105 |
| Reggio Calabria Metropolitan Area | 128,270 |
| Foggia Metropolitan Area | 126,645 |
| Rimini Metropolitan Area | 126,273 |
| Vicenza Metropolitan Area | 121,637 |
| Reggio Emilia Metropolitan Area | 119,756 |
| Bolzano Metropolitan Area | 107,197 |
| Massa Metropolitan Area | 101,572 |
| Udine Metropolitan Area | 101,454 |
Kosovo
[edit]Urban population rate: 42% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Pristina Metropolitan Area: 218,971
Latvia
[edit]Urban population rate: 72% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Riga Metropolitan Area: 516,897
Lithuania
[edit]Urban population rate: 72% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Vilnius Metropolitan Area: 339,420
- Kaunas Metropolitan Area: 236,910
- Klaipeda Metropolitan Area: 103,210
Luxembourg
[edit]Urban population rate: 88% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Luxembourg Metropolitan Area: 161,303
Malta
[edit]Urban population rate: 89% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Birkirkara Metropolitan Area (Valletta and nearby cities): 366,066
Moldova
[edit]Urban population rate: 55% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Chisinau Metropolitan Area: 450,581
Montenegro
[edit]Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Podgorica Metropolitan Area: 152,731
Netherlands
[edit]Urban population rate: 86% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Population |
|---|---|
| Rotterdam Conurbation (Rotterdam + Delft + Den Haag + Zoetermeer) | 2,173,754 |
| Amsterdam Conurbation | 1,223,407 |
| Utrecht Metropolitan Area | 519,237 |
| Eindhoven Metropolitan Area | 293,438 |
| Leiden Metropolitan Area | 268,631 |
| Dordrecht Metropolitan Area | 252,512 |
| Haarlem Metropolitan Area | 207,592 |
| Tilburg Metropolitan Area | 206,798 |
| Arnhem Metropolitan Area | 194,293 |
| Nijmegen Metropolitan Area | 190,473 |
| Amersfoort Metropolitan Area | 186,756 |
| Almere Metropolitan Area | 185,506 |
| Breda Metropolitan Area | 177,734 |
| Alkmaar Metropolitan Area | 171,003 |
| Groningen Metropolitan Area | 167,782 |
| Willemstad (Curacao) Metropolitan Area | 162,059 |
| Heerlen Metropolitan Area | 160,135 |
| 's-Hertongenbosch Metropolitan Area | 144,486 |
| Apeldoorn Metropolitan Area | 133,570 |
| Enschede Metropolitan Area | 129,372 |
| Maastricht Metropolitan Area | 124,921 |
| Zwolle Metropolitan Area | 120,061 |
North Macedonia
[edit]Urban population rate: 67% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Skopje Metropolitan Area: 402,733
Norway
[edit]Urban population rate: 84% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Oslo Metropolitan Area: 889,573
- Stavanger Metropolitan Area: 205,533
- Bergen Metropolitan Area: 148,237
- Trondheim Metropolitan Area: 142,104
Poland
[edit]Urban population rate: 68% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Population |
|---|---|
| Warsaw Metropolitan Area | 3,189,533 |
| Katowice conurbation | 2,521,341 |
| Gdansk Metropolitan Area | 1,615,013 |
| Krakow Metropolitan Area | 1,423,151 |
| Poznań Metropolitan Area | 996,285 |
| Lodz Metropolitan Area | 907,154 |
| Wroclaw Metropolitan Area | 890,236 |
| Lublin Metropolitan Area | 320,313 |
| Bialystok Metropolitan Area | 289,226 |
| Szczecin Metropolitan Area | 269,836 |
| Walbrzych Metropolitan Area | 182,732 |
| Rzeszow Metropolitan Area | 180,696 |
| Bielsko-Biala Metropolitan Area | 136,717 |
Portugal
[edit]Urban population rate: 68% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Lisbon Metropolitan Area: 2,443,987
- Porto Metropolitan Area: 1,060,250
- Funchal Metropolitan Area: 135,362
Romania
[edit]Urban population rate: 65% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Population |
|---|---|
| Bucharest Metropolitan Area | 1,971,350 |
| Cluj-Napoca Metropolitan Area | 321,095 |
| Iasi Metropolitan Area | 304,851 |
| Timisoara Metropolitan Area | 288,523 |
| Constanta Metropolitan Area | 273,012 |
| Craiova Metropolitan Area | 260,150 |
| Galati Metropolitan Area | 232,217 |
| Brasov Metropolitan Area | 230,438 |
| Ploiesti Metropolitan Area | 187,350 |
| Oradea Metropolitan Area | 156,341 |
| Giurgiu Metropolitan Area | 141,675 |
| Braila Metropolitan Area | 138,888 |
| Pitesti Metropolitan Area | 132,100 |
| Targu-Mures Metropolitan Area | 118,255 |
| Sibiu Metropolitan Area | 117,695 |
| Bacau Metropolitan Area | 117,407 |
| Arad Metropolitan Area | 112,052 |
| Oltenita Metropolitan Area | 108,928 |
Russia
[edit]Urban population rate: 78% (2024).[43] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[44]
- Moskva Metropolitan Area: 14,384,082
Serbia
[edit]Urban population rate: 63% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Beograd Metropolitan Area: 1,200,547
- Novi Sad Metropolitan Area: 286,753
- Nis Metropolitan Area: 219,095
- Kragujevac Metropolitan Area: 140,856
Slovakia
[edit]Urban population rate: 62% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Bratislava Metropolitan Area: 310,204
- Košice Metropolitan Area: 223,173
Slovenia
[edit]Urban population rate: 57% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Ljubljana Metropolitan Area: 252,736
Spain
[edit]Urban population rate: 82% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Population |
|---|---|
| Madrid conurbation | 5,680,137 |
| Barcelona conurbation | 3,908,362 |
| Valencia Metropolitan Area | 1,404,208 |
| Bilbao Metropolitan Area | 729,222 |
| Sevilla Metropolitan Area | 696,193 |
| Zaragoza Metropolitan Area | 624,271 |
| Málaga Metropolitan Area | 522,827 |
| Palma de Mallorca Metropolitan Area | 467,468 |
| Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Metropolitan Area | 378,494 |
| Granada Metropolitan Area | 362,800 |
| Murcia Metropolitan Area | 341,431 |
| Alicante Metropolitan Area | 331,089 |
| Santa Cruz de Tenerife Metropolitan Area | 324,645 |
| Pamplona Metropolitan Area | 296,609 |
| Valladolid Metropolitan Area | 290,636 |
| Vigo Metropolitan Area | 265,407 |
| A Coruña Metropolitan Area | 249,861 |
| Gijón Metropolitan Area | 229,261 |
| Algeciras Metropolitan Area | 215,007 |
| San Sebastián Metropolitan Area | 214,645 |
| Santander Metropolitan Area | 206,816 |
| Vitoria Metropolitan Area | 203,909 |
| Alcalá de Henares Metropolitan Area | 184,497 |
| Oviedo Metropolitan Area | 170,846 |
| Almería Metropolitan Area | 169,121 |
| Castellón de la Plana Metropolitan Area | 158,875 |
| Salamanca Metropolitan Area | 143,857 |
| Logroño Metropolitan Area | 142,370 |
| Ceuta Metropolitan Area | 137,945 |
| Girona Metropolitan Area | 132,100 |
| Tarragona Metropolitan Area | 131,944 |
| Jerez de la Frontera Metropolitan Area | 130,424 |
| Cádiz Metropolitan Area | 130,037 |
| Melilla Metropolitan Area | 126,133 |
| Mataró Metropolitan Area | 123,418 |
| Marbella Metropolitan Area | 119,627 |
| Burgos Metropolitan Area | 117,187 |
| Huelva Metropolitan Area | 113,533 |
| Torrevieja Metropolitan Area | 105,360 |
Sweden
[edit]The list of metropolitan areas in Sweden is collated based on statistics of commuting between central municipalities and surrounding municipalities and taking into account existing planning cooperation in the country's three geographic regions.[45] They were defined around 1965. In 2005, a number of further municipalities were added to the defined areas.
Urban population rate: 88% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Stockholm Metropolitan Area: 1,543,892
- Gothenburg Metropolitan Area: 599,675
- Malmo Metropolitan Area: 339,007
- Uppsala Metropolitan Area: 133,611
- Helsingborg Metropolitan Area: 106,339
- Vasteras Metropolitan Area: 104,147
Switzerland
[edit]Urban population rate: 77% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Zurich Metropolitan Area: 689,208
- Geneve Metropolitan Area (Geneve + Annemasse): 433,727
- Lausanne Metropolitan Area: 288,888
- Basel Metropolitan Area (Basel + Lorrach + Buschwiller): 285,823
- Bern Metropolitan Area: 193,474
- Luzern Metropolitan Area: 146,604
Ukraine
[edit]Boundaries are referred to the Treaty on the Russian–Ukrainian border signed in 2003.
Urban population rate: 73% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Population |
|---|---|
| Kyiv Metropolitan Area | 2,575,199 |
| Kharkiv Metropolitan Area | 1,284,380 |
| Odesa Metropolitan Area | 977,813 |
| Dnipro Metropolitan Area | 761,540 |
| Donetsk Metropolitan Area | 690,522 |
| Zaporizhzhia Metropolitan Area | 624,951 |
| Lviv Metropolitan Area | 604,320 |
| Krivyy Rih Metropolitan Area | 471,275 |
| Mikolaiv Metropolitan Area | 412,070 |
| Vinnitsa Metropolitan Area | 383,836 |
| Mariupol Metropolitan Area | 363,415 |
| Luhansk Metropolitan Area | 342,311 |
| Simferopol Metropolitan Area | 338,634 |
| Chernihiv Metropolitan Area | 278,668 |
| Cherkasy Metropolitan Area | 278,510 |
| Poltava Metropolitan Area | 275,189 |
| Khmelnitskyy Metropolitan Area | 259,104 |
| Kherson Metropolitan Area | 246,357 |
| Zhytomir Metropolitan Area | 242,883 |
| Chernivtsi Metropolitan Area | 240,725 |
| Ivano-Frankivsk Metropolitan Area | 237,552 |
| Rivne Metropolitan Area | 228,212 |
| Kropivnitskyy Metropolitan Area | 225,913 |
| Kamianske Metropolitan Area | 223,589 |
| Lutsk Metropolitan Area | 218,316 |
| Sumy Metropolitan Area | 214,376 |
| Kremenchuk Metropolitan Area | 213,125 |
| Bialitserkva Metropolitan Area | 207,328 |
| Horlivka Metropolitan Area | 195,806 |
| Sevastopol Metropolitan Area | 189,598 |
| Ternopil Metropolitan Area | 187,740 |
| Melitopol Metropolitan Area | 166,662 |
| Kramatorsk Metropolitan Area | 150,246 |
| Alchevsk Metropolitan Area | 139,091 |
| Nikopol Metropolitan Area | 132,379 |
| Sloviansk Metropolitan Area | 132,301 |
| Uzhhorod Metropolitan Area | 124,809 |
United Kingdom
[edit]The United Kingdom's Office for National Statistics defines "travel to work areas" as areas where "at least 75% of an area's resident workforce work in the area and at least 75% of the people who work in the area also live in the area".[46] The European Union's ESPON group has compiled a separate list of metropolitan areas which covers the UK. Industrial and housing growth in the United Kingdom during the 19th and early 20th centuries produced many conurbations. Greater London is by far the largest urban area and is usually counted as a conurbation in statistical terms, but differs from the others in the degree to which it is focused on a single central area. In the mid-1950s the Green Belt was introduced to stem the further urbanisation of the countryside in South East England. The list below shows the most populous urban areas in the UK as defined by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). Different organisations define conurbations in the UK differently for example, the Liverpool–Manchester or the Manchester–Liverpool conurbation is defined as one conurbation by AESOP in a comparison report published by the University of Manchester in 2005 found here. The Liverpool–Manchester Conurbation has a population of 5.68 million.
Urban population rate: 89% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
| Name | Population |
|---|---|
| London Conurbation | 11,360,327 |
| Manchester-Liverpool Conurbation | 4,876,538 |
| Birmingham Conurbation | 2,617,211 |
| Leeds Conurbation | 1,776,717 |
| Glasgow Conurbation | 1,360,653 |
| Sheffield Conurbation | 1,071,442 |
| Newcastle upon Tyne Conurbation | 1,037,509 |
| Bristol Metropolitan Area | 680,809 |
| Nottingham Metropolitan Area | 650,703 |
| Cardiff Metropolitan Area | 558,406 |
| Edinburgh Metropolitan Area | 530,165 |
| Leicester Metropolitan Area | 527,124 |
| Portsmouth Metropolitan Area | 480,317 |
| Brighton Metropolitan Area | 456,337 |
| Coventry Metropolitan Area | 437,237 |
| Belfast Metropolitan Area | 437,125 |
| Bournemouth Metropolitan Area | 382,597 |
| Southampton Metropolitan Area | 374,413 |
| Middlesbrough Metropolitan Area | 351,680 |
| Stoke on Trent Metropolitan Area | 329,688 |
| Kingston upon Hull Metropolitan Area | 321,006 |
| Reading Metropolitan Area | 273,287 |
| Derby Metropolitan Area | 271,899 |
| Luton Metropolitan Area | 268,353 |
| Southend on Sea Metropolitan Area | 265,744 |
| Plymouth Metropolitan Area | 252,928 |
| Gillingham Metropolitan Area | 247,682 |
| Northampton Metropolitan Area | 219,781 |
| Milton Keynes Metropolitan Area | 205,060 |
| Aberdeen Metropolitan Area | 193,155 |
| Swindon Metropolitan Area | 192,422 |
| Peterborough Metropolitan Area | 189,937 |
| Blackpool Metropolitan Area | 189,730 |
| Norwich Metropolitan Area | 188,535 |
| Ipswich Metropolitan Area | 171,226 |
| Oxford Metropolitan Area | 168,021 |
| Dundee Metropolitan Area | 158,327 |
| York Metropolitan Area | 151,629 |
| Swansea Metropolitan Area | 150,621 |
| Gloucester Metropolitan Area | 145,718 |
| Cambridge Metropolitan Area | 136,064 |
| Telford Metropolitan Area | 135,270 |
| Margate Metropolitan Area | 128,756 |
| Grimsby Metropolitan Area | 126,609 |
| Colchester Metropolitan Area | 120,251 |
| Polegate Metropolitan Area | 117,257 |
| Cheltenham Metropolitan Area | 116,046 |
| Lincoln Metropolitan Area | 115,775 |
| Torquay Metropolitan Area | 111,323 |
| Exeter Metropolitan Area | 110,292 |
| Basingstoke Metropolitan Area | 109,911 |
| Camberley Metropolitan Area | 108,988 |
| High Wycombe Metropolitan Area | 108,858 |
| Bedford Metropolitan Area | 107,556 |
| Crawley Metropolitan Area | 106,964 |
| Chelmsford Metropolitan Area | 106,499 |
| Maidstone Metropolitan Area | 105,233 |
| Basildon Metropolitan Area | 104,556 |
| Worcester Metropolitan Area | 101,123 |
North America
[edit]Canada
[edit]In Canada, a census metropolitan area (CMA) or census agglomeration (CA) consists of one or more neighboring municipalities centered around a core population. A CMA requires a total population of at least 100,000, with 50,000 or more residing in the core, while a CA requires a core population of at least 10,000. Both are determined using data from Canada's Census of Population Program, and surrounding municipalities must demonstrate strong economic integration with the core, measured by commuting patterns.[47]
Urban population rate: 85% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Toronto Metropolitan Area: 5,566,382
- Montreal Metropolitan Area: 3,221,844
- Vancouver Metropolitan Area: 2,198,107
- Calgary Metropolitan Area: 1,524,649
- Edmonton Metropolitan Area: 1,144,486
United States
[edit]As of February 28, 2013, the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB) defined 1,098 statistical areas for the metropolitan areas of the United States and Puerto Rico.[48] These 1,098 statistical areas comprise 929 Core-Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) and 169 Combined Statistical Areas (CSAs). The 929 Core-Based Statistical Areas are divided into 388 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs – 381 for the U.S. and seven for Puerto Rico) and 541 Micropolitan Statistical Areas (μSAs – 536 for the U.S. and five for Puerto Rico). The 169 Combined Statistical Areas (166 for the U.S. and three for Puerto Rico) each comprise two or more adjacent Core Based Statistical Areas.[citation needed]
The OMB defines a Metropolitan Statistical Area as one or more adjacent counties or county equivalents that have at least one urban area of at least 50,000 population, plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of economic and social integration with the core as measured by commuting ties. The OMB then defines a Combined Statistical Area as consisting of various combinations of adjacent metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas with economic ties measured by commuting patterns. The Office of Management and Budget further defines a core-based statistical area (CBSA) to be a geographical area that consists of one or more counties (or equivalents) anchored by an urban center of at least 10,000 people plus adjacent counties that are socioeconomically tied to the urban center by commuting.
Urban population rate: 86% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- New York metropolitan area (including Newark and Jersey): 14,197,659
- Los Angeles metropolitan area: 13,474,333
- Miami metropolitan area: 5,733,042
- Chicago metropolitan area: 5,318,735
- Houston metropolitan area: 4,301,461
- San Francisco metropolitan area: 4,178,349
- Washington metropolitan area: 3,471,725
- Phoenix metropolitan area: 2,608,874
- Dallas metropolitan area: 2,577,308
- Denver metropolitan area: 2,425,086
- Las Vegas metropolitan area: 2,371,780
- Philadelphia metropolitan area: 2,286,396
- Seattle metropolitan area: 2,099,643
- San Diego metropolitan area: 1,977,279
- Detroit metropolitan area: 1,918,653
- Portland metropolitan area: 1,839,776
- Mesa metropolitan area: 1,724,503 (a subregion of the Phoenix metropolitan area)
- Sacramento metropolitan area: 1,697,184
- Boston metropolitan area: 1,669,310
- Austin metropolitan area: 1,580,153
- San Antonio metropolitan area: 1,513,874
- Orlando metropolitan area: 1,231,650
- Minneapolis metropolitan area: 1,217,972
- Baltimore metropolitan area: 1,127,338
- Salt Lake City metropolitan area: 1,108,953
Mexico
[edit]Metropolitan areas are known as zonas metropolitanas in Mexico. The National Population Council (CONAPO) defines them as:[49]
- a set of two or more municipalities where a city with a population of at least 100,000 is located, and whose urban area, functions and activities exceed the limits of the municipality.
- municipalities with a city of more than 500,000 inhabitants, or a city of more than 200,000 inhabitants located in the northern and southern border areas and in the coastal zone.
- municipalities where state capitals are located, if they are not already included in a metropolitan zone.
Urban population rate: 82% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Ciudad del Mexico Metropolitan Area: 17,639,164
- Guadalajara Metropolitan Area: 4,138,350
- Monterrey Metropolitan Area: 4,001,151
- Puebla Metropolitan Area: 1,949,860
- Toluca Metropolitan Area: 1,594,046
- Tijuana Metropolitan Area: 1,538,301
- Leon Metropolitan Area: 1,384,014
- Torreon Metropolitan Area: 1,363,776
- Ciudad Juarez Metropolitan Area: 1,214,949
- San Luis Potosi Metropolitan Area: 1,005,068
Oceania
[edit]Australia
[edit]
The Australian Bureau of Statistics uses Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (GCCSAs), which are geographical areas designed to represent the functional extent of each of the eight state and territory capital cities. They were designed to reflect labor markets, using the 2011 Census "travel to work" data. Labor markets are sometimes used as proxy measures of the functional extent of a city as it contains the majority of the commuting population. GCCSAs replaced "Statistical Divisions" used until 2011.[50]
Other metropolitan areas in Australia include cross border cities or continuous built-up areas between two or more cities that are connected by an extensive public transport network that allows for commuting for work or services.[citation needed]
- Albury-Wodonga
- Canberra-Queanbeyan
- Newcastle-Sydney-Wollongong
- Perth-Mandurah
- South East Queensland
- Melbourne-Geelong
Urban population rate: 91% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Sydney Metropolitan Area: 4,375,394
- Melbourne Metropolitan Area: 4,010,658
- Brisbane Metropolitan Area: 1,359,105
- Perth Metropolitan Area: 1,357,382
- Adelaide Metropolitan Area: 938,328
- Point Cook Metropolitan Area: 501,408
- Gold Coast Metropolitan Area: 279,191
- Newcastle Metropolitan Area: 205,366
- North Lakes Metropolitan Area: 179,797
- Geelong Metropolitan Area: 165,825
- Wollongong Metropolitan Area: 149,057
- Langwarrin Metropolitan Area: 122,179
- Thuringowa Metropolitan Area: 107,619
- Butler Metropolitan Area: 106,621
- Campbelltown Metropolitan Area: 104,044
- Huntfield Heights Metropolitan Area: 103,948
Fiji
[edit]Urban population rate: 58% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Suva Metropolitan Area: 242,910
New Zealand
[edit]Urban population rate: 89% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Auckland Metropolitan Area: 1,673,898
- Christchurch Metropolitan Area: 278,356
- Hamilton Metropolitan Area: 176,223
- Wellington Metropolitan Area: 154,120
- Tauranga Metropolitan Area: 122,546
Papua New Guinea
[edit]Urban population rate: 12% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Port Moresby Metropolitan Area: 442,165
- Mendi Metropolitan Area: 125,843
- Lae Metropolitan Area: 116,212
- Madang Metropolitan Area: 110,610
- Mount Hagen Metropolitan Area: 100,524
Solomon Islands
[edit]Urban population rate: 25% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Honiara Metropolitan Area: 137,201
South America
[edit]Argentina
[edit]Urban population rate: 95% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area: 14,179,912
- Cordoba Metropolitan Area: 1,468,197
- Rosario Metropolitan Area: 1,187,382
- Mendoza Metropolitan Area: 1,063,217
Bolivia
[edit]Urban population rate: 71% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- La Paz Metropolitan Area: 2,063,633
- Santa Cruz de la Sierra Metropolitan Area: 2,016,833
- Cochabamba Metropolitan Area: 1,357,548
Brazil
[edit]
In Brazil, the terms metropolitan area (Portuguese: região metropolitana) and urban agglomeration (aglomeração urbana) have specific meanings. They are defined by federal and state legislation as collections of municipalities focused on "integrating the organization, planning and execution of public functions of common interest".[51] An integrated development area (região integrada de desenvolvimento) is one of the two above structures that crosses state (or Federal District) boundaries.
The IBGE defines also "Immediate Geographic Areas" (formerly termed microregions) which capture the region "surrounding urban centers for the supply of immediate needs of the population".[52] Intended for policy planning purposes, as of March 2021 census data is not tabulated on the level of these Areas, but instead at the municipality or state level.[53]
Urban population rate: 89% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area: 19,485,158
- Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area: 9,853,693
- Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Area: 4,376,747
- Recife Metropolitan Area: 3,847,558
- Salvador Metropolitan Area: 3,305,396
- Fortaleza Metropolitan Area: 3,324,149
- Porto Alegre Metropolitan Area: 2,763,350
- Curitiba Metropolitan Area: 2,512,877
- Goiania Metropolitan Area: 2,457,483
- Manaus Metropolitan Area: 2,368,805
- Belem Metropolitan Area: 2,192,375
- Brasilia Metropolitan Area: 1,799,121
- Niteroi Metropolitan Area: 1,734,951
- Vitoria Metropolitan Area: 1,291,834
- Sao Luis Metropolitan Area: 1,272,247
- Natal Metropolitan Area: 1,133,224
- Santos Metropolitan Area: 1,128,178
- Joao Pessoa Metropolitan Area: 1,120,243
- Maceio Metropolitan Area: 1,046,071
Chile
[edit]There are three metropolitan areas in Chile, the biggest and most important one is the Gran Santiago in the Santiago Metropolitan Region. The other two metro areas are Gran Valparaiso in the Valparaiso Region with almost a million inhabitants, and Gran Concepción in the Bio Bio Region, with a population of about a million people living in it. Smaller "metropolitan" areas are known as conurbations. Conurbaciones tend to have a bit over 200.000 inhabitants to be considered as such. An example is the Conurbacion de Rancagua, which considers the area shared by the city of Rancagua, and the adjacent smaller towns of Machalí, Gultro and Graneros.
Urban population rate: 92% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Santiago Metropolitan Area: 6,633,767
Colombia
[edit]Urban population rate: 80% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Bogota Metropolitan Area: 10,419,361
- Medellin Metropolitan Area: 3,215,457
- Cali Metropolitan Area: 2,691,616
- Barranquilla Metropolitan Area: 2,166,638
- Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area: 1,304,288
Ecuador
[edit]Urban population rate: 72% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
Guyana
[edit]Urban population rate: 33% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Georgetown Metropolitan Area: 130,680
Paraguay
[edit]Urban population rate: 68% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Asuncion Metropolitan Area: 1,175,482
Peru
[edit]Urban population rate: 79% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
Suriname
[edit]Urban population rate: 75% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Paramaribo Metropolitan Area: 253,626
Uruguay
[edit]Urban population rate: 94% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
- Montevideo Metropolitan Area: 2,619,222
Venezuela
[edit]Urban population rate: 96% (2024).[17] Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2024.[18]
See also
[edit]
Lists of metropolitan areas[edit]
Metropolitan planning theories[edit] |
Terms[edit] |
References
[edit]- ^ Loibl, Wolfgang; Etminan, Ghazal; Gebetsroither-Geringer, Ernst; Neumann, Hans-Martin; Sanchez-Guzman, Santiago (2018). "Characteristics of Urban Agglomerations in Different Continents: History, Patterns, Dynamics, Drivers and Trends". Urban Agglomeration. doi:10.5772/intechopen.73524. ISBN 978-953-51-3897-6.
- ^ Squires, G. Ed. Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences, & Policy Responses. (The urban Institute Press (2002)
- ^ Mark, M.; Katz, B; Rahman, S.; Warren, D. (2008). "MetroPolicy: Shaping A New Federal Partnership for a Metropolitan Nation" (PDF). Brookings Institution. pp. 4–103.
- ^ "Federal Register" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
- ^ "Urban cores, Core cities and Principal cites". new geography.com. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
- ^ "Definition of Urban Terms" (PDF). demographia.com. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
- ^ "List 2. Principal cities of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas, march 2020". Archived from the original on 2022-03-31.
- ^ Iris Reuther (FG Stadt- und Regionalplanung, Universität Kassel): Presentation "Regiopole Rostock". 11 December 2001, retrieved 13 June 2009 (pdf).
- ^ European Union/FAO/UN-Habitat/OECD/The World Bank (2021). Applying the Degree of Urbanisation — A methodological manual to define cities, towns and rural areas for international comparisons — 2021 edition. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. p. 51. doi:10.2785/706535. ISBN 978-92-76-20306-3.
- ^ European Union/FAO/UN-Habitat/OECD/The World Bank (2021). Applying the Degree of Urbanisation — A methodological manual to define cities, towns and rural areas for international comparisons — 2021 edition. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. p. 52. doi:10.2785/706535. ISBN 978-92-76-20306-3.
- ^ "About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas". U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Archived from the original on Sep 25, 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
- ^ "Alternative Approaches to Defining Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan". Federal Register. 63 (244). OMB. December 21, 1998. Archived from the original on July 23, 2009.
- ^ Lopez-Cermeño, Alexandra (Jul 14, 2015). "How services increased the economic gap between the rural and urban US". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
- ^ Gras, N. S. B. (1922). "The Development of Metropolitan Economy in Europe and America". The American Historical Review. 27 (4): 695–708. doi:10.2307/1837536. JSTOR 1837536.
- ^ Olberding, Julie Cencula (Aug 2002). "Diving into the "Third Waves" of Regional Governance and Economic Development Strategies: A Study of Regional Partnerships for Economic Development in U.S. Metropolitan Areas". Economic Development Quarterly. 16 (3). SAGE Journals: 251–272. doi:10.1177/089124240201600305. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
- ^ Tellier, Luc-Normand; Quesnel, Frédéric; Bur, Justin (November 2024). "Estimating urban sprawl standards by means of the Urban Metric System". Regional Science Policy and Planning.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl Ritchie, Hannah; Samborska, Veronika; Roser, Max (2024-02-21). "Urbanization". Our World in Data.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo "Global Human Settlement - Stats in the city visualisation - European Commission". human-settlement.emergency.copernicus.eu. Retrieved 2025-04-25.
- ^ "MONOGRAPHIE". Consulat Général d'Algérie à Paris (in French). Retrieved 2023-12-31.
- ^ Tramway d'Alger : début des travaux
- ^ "ACTIVITÉS :: Entreprise Métro d'Alger". metroalger-dz.com.
- ^ La mise en service prévue pour le premier trimestre 2013, Ratiba.B, El Watan, 2 mai 2012
- ^ "Tlemcen: Le LGV se rapproche de Maghnia à petite vitesse". infotraficalgerie.dz. 23 July 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ Algérie : Réalisation de la première ligne du tramway d’Oran
- ^ "Inauguration du tramway de Sidi Bel Abbés". 25 July 2017.
- ^ ALSTOM (18 February 2023). "Le tramway de la ligne de Mostaganem en Algérie est entré en service commercial". Alstom (in French). Retrieved 2023-02-18.
- ^ Lancement prochain de 14 projets de tramways, S.H., S.H., 29 mai 2010
- ^ Muzzini, Elisa; Aparicio, Gabriela (2013). Bangladesh: The Path to Middle-Income Status from an Urban Perspective. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Publications. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-8213-9865-4.
- ^ "关于培育发展现代化都市圈的指导意见(发改规划〔2019〕328号)" (in Chinese (China)). 国家发展改革委. 2019-02-19.
- ^ "Metropolitan Cities of India" (PDF). Central Pollution Control Board. National Informatics Centre. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ "The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973". Indian Kanoon. 25 January 1974. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- ^ "Kategori Topik Utama". Archived from the original on 2019-09-18. Retrieved 2021-06-15.
- ^ Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey
- ^ Al Qassemi, Sooud (June 19, 2012). "Infinite possibilities for Dubai-Sharjah-Ajman conurbation". Gulf News. Archived from the original on Nov 20, 2023.
- ^ Bardsley, Daniel (2022-08-02). "Dubai population to surge to nearly 6m in 20 years amid urban transformation". The National. Archived from the original on Apr 2, 2024.
- ^ Quest, Richard; Minihane, Joe (March 10, 2021). "What Dubai looked like before it boomed". CNN. Archived from the original on Apr 2, 2024.
- ^ "What is the Urban Audit?". Urban Audit. Archived from the original on 2009-02-12.
- ^ "European cities – the EU-OECD functional urban area definition". Eurostat.
- ^ European Union/FAO/UN-Habitat/OECD/The World Bank (2021). Applying the Degree of Urbanisation — A methodological manual to define cities, towns and rural areas for international comparisons — 2021 edition. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. p. 52. doi:10.2785/706535. ISBN 978-92-76-20306-3.
- ^ "Glossary:Metro regions". Eurostat.
- ^ a b "Le nouveau zonage en aires d'attraction des villes". INSEE. Retrieved 2022-04-09.
- ^ a b c "Functional areas". INSEE. Retrieved 2022-04-09.
- ^ Ritchie, Hannah; Samborska, Veronika; Roser, Max (2024-02-21). "Urbanization". Our World in Data.
- ^ "Global Human Settlement - Stats in the city visualisation - European Commission". human-settlement.emergency.copernicus.eu. Retrieved 2025-04-25.
- ^ "Geografin i statistiken – regionala indelningar i Sverigelanguage=sv" (PDF). Statistics Sweden.
- ^ Beginners' guide to UK geography - Travel to Work Areas (TTWAs) Office for National Statistics
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2017-11-15). "Illustrated Glossary - Census metropolitan area (CMA) and census agglomeration (CA)". www150.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-08-13.
- ^ "OMB Bulletin No. 13-01: Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas" (PDF). United States Office of Management and Budget. February 28, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
- ^ "Delimitation of Mexico's Metropolitan Areas 2015" (in Spanish). CONAPO. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
- ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (12 July 2016). "GREATER CAPITAL CITY STATISTICAL AREA (GCCSA)". Australian Statistical Geography Standard. 1 (1270.0.55.001). Canberra, ACT. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
- ^ "Metropolitan Areas, Urban Agglomerations and Integrated Development Areas | IBGE". www.ibge.gov.br. Archived from the original on 2021-04-02. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
- ^ "Regional Divisions of Brazil". IBGE. Archived from the original on 2021-04-02. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
- ^ "Population Census | IBGE". www.ibge.gov.br. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
External links
[edit]- "The World's Cities in 2016" (PDF). United Nations. October 2016. (page 1 illustrates metropolitan area versus city proper and urban agglomeration)
- Geopolis: research group, university of Paris-Diderot, France — Urbanization of the world
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
Metropolitan area
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
Definitions and Terminology
Core Definition
A metropolitan area is a functional urban region comprising a large population nucleus—typically a central city or urban core—and adjacent communities that exhibit strong economic and social integration with that core. According to the United Nations, this integration is characterized by shared labor markets, infrastructure, and daily interactions, often encompassing suburban, peri-urban, and even rural territories linked to the central city.[10] The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) similarly defines metropolitan areas as functional urban areas (FUAs), which include a densely populated city and its surrounding commuting zone, capturing connections beyond administrative boundaries to reflect real economic and social ties.[11] In the United States, the Census Bureau operationalizes this with a threshold of a central city having at least 50,000 residents, plus contiguous or adjacent counties with significant commuting flows.[1] The boundaries of a metropolitan area are determined primarily by functional criteria rather than strict administrative or geographic contiguity. Key indicators include daily commuting patterns, where a substantial portion of the workforce travels to the central city—such as at least 15% of employed residents in surrounding areas, per OECD standards—and integrated labor markets that demonstrate economic interdependence.[12] Shared infrastructure, including transportation networks, utilities, and public services, further delineates these boundaries by highlighting the region's cohesive operational dynamics.[10] Unlike urban areas, which the U.S. Census Bureau defines as contiguous territories of densely developed land with high residential and non-residential density (encompassing at least 2,000 housing units or 5,000 people), metropolitan areas extend to non-contiguous suburbs and exurbs connected through functionality rather than physical adjacency.[13] This broader scope allows metropolitan definitions to account for dispersed patterns of suburbanization and regional economic linkages. The term "metropolitan area" originated in the early 20th century through the U.S. Census Bureau, which first introduced "Metropolitan Districts" in the 1910 census to capture growing urban-suburban integration for regional planning purposes.[14] These initial definitions focused on large cities with at least 200,000 residents and adjacent high-density areas within a 10-mile radius, marking the shift toward recognizing urban regions beyond city limits.Variations and Related Concepts
Metropolitan areas exhibit significant variations in definition across different regions, reflecting adaptations to local administrative, economic, and spatial contexts. In the United States, Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) are delineated by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) as geographic entities comprising at least one urbanized area with a population of 50,000 or more, along with adjacent counties exhibiting high degrees of social and economic integration, typically measured by commuting patterns.[15] In contrast, European Functional Urban Areas (FUAs), as defined by the European Commission and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), consist of a densely inhabited city core and its surrounding commuting zone, where at least 15% of the employed residents in the zone commute to the city, emphasizing functional linkages over strict population thresholds.[16][17] Related concepts extend or refine the metropolitan framework to capture smaller or differently structured urban systems. Micropolitan statistical areas, also defined by the U.S. OMB, identify smaller regions centered on an urban cluster with a population of at least 10,000 but fewer than 50,000 residents, serving as a statistical counterpart to MSAs for areas with emerging economic integration.[15] Urban agglomerations, as conceptualized by the United Nations, refer to the de facto population within contiguous territories of urban density levels, irrespective of administrative boundaries, focusing on built-up continuity rather than commuting flows.[10] Polycentric metropolitan regions, such as the Randstad in the Netherlands, feature multiple interconnected urban cores— including Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht—forming a cohesive economic and spatial network without a single dominant center, as highlighted in OECD territorial reviews. International discrepancies arise from differing national approaches compared to global standards, complicating cross-border comparisons. The United Nations' urban agglomeration metric prioritizes physical contiguity and density for worldwide consistency, whereas national definitions vary widely; for instance, some countries use administrative boundaries, while others rely on travel-to-work areas to capture daily commuting patterns.[18][19] Boundaries in such delineations may also incorporate satellite-based nighttime lights data to identify urban extents through luminosity thresholds, particularly in regions with limited census data, as demonstrated in global functional urban area mappings by the OECD.[20] These methodological differences can lead to substantial variations in reported metropolitan populations, with national figures sometimes under- or overestimating urban extents relative to UN estimates. Emerging concepts address the scale and form of rapid urbanization, particularly in populous regions. Megacities are defined by the United Nations as metropolitan areas encompassing urban agglomerations with populations exceeding 10 million inhabitants, a threshold that captures 33 such entities as of 2025, predominantly in the Global South. In developing countries, extended metropolitan regions represent expansive patterns of regional urbanization around primate cities, characterized by dispersed economic activities blending urban and rural elements—a phenomenon first systematically described in Pacific Asia contexts like Jakarta and Bangkok. These regions often extend beyond traditional boundaries, incorporating peri-urban zones influenced by industrialization and migration.[21][22]History and Development
Origins in Urban Planning
The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century spurred rapid urbanization and sprawl across Europe and North America, as factories drew rural migrants to cities, expanding settlements beyond traditional boundaries and fostering early interdependence between urban cores and emerging suburbs. In Europe, particularly in Britain, this manifested in the explosive growth of cities like London, where the population surged from about 1 million in 1800 to over 6.5 million by 1900, driven by industrial expansion and the need for worker housing that blurred lines between city centers and peripheral areas.[23][24] Similarly, North American cities such as New York and Chicago experienced comparable booms, with urban populations tripling between 1870 and 1910 due to manufacturing hubs that integrated surrounding farmlands into functional economic zones.[25] Pioneering urban thinkers began formalizing these dynamics in the early 20th century, with Scottish biologist and planner Patrick Geddes introducing the term "conurbation" in his 1915 book Cities in Evolution to describe the coalescence of multiple urban centers into larger, interconnected regions around industrial hubs in Britain, Europe, and America.[26] Geddes emphasized regional planning as a holistic approach, viewing cities as evolving ecosystems influenced by geography, economics, and social needs, which laid foundational ideas for addressing sprawl through coordinated development. In the United States, regional planning movements gained traction in the 1920s, spurred by post-World War I urbanization pressures and the adoption of zoning laws, such as the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act of 1921, which empowered local governments to regulate land use and mitigate chaotic growth by separating residential, commercial, and industrial areas.[27][28] Official recognition of metropolitan areas emerged concurrently, with the 1910 U.S. Census introducing "metropolitan districts" to delineate urban clusters including central cities and adjacent suburbs with populations over 200,000, capturing a total of about 22 million people across 25 such districts and highlighting the shift toward measuring functional urban regions rather than isolated municipalities.[29] In Europe, parallel efforts included France's 1919 urban planning law, which facilitated coordinated development in the Paris region during the 1920s, establishing intercommunal frameworks to manage expansion in the "Greater Paris" area amid population growth to over 5 million by 1930.[30] These initiatives were profoundly shaped by transportation innovations, as expanding rail networks in the late 19th and early 20th centuries connected suburbs to city centers, while the rising adoption of automobiles from the 1910s onward further extended functional boundaries, enabling decentralized living and commerce up to 20-30 miles from urban cores.[31][32]20th and 21st Century Evolution
Following World War II, the United States experienced significant metropolitan expansion driven by federal policies that encouraged suburban development. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA), established in 1934 and expanded post-war, insured mortgages for single-family homes in suburban areas, making homeownership accessible to millions and fueling outward migration from urban cores during the 1940s and 1950s.[33] This suburban boom, supported by highway construction under the Interstate Highway Act of 1956, led to the formal standardization of metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the 1950 U.S. Census, which defined urbanized regions with a central city of at least 50,000 residents and adjacent areas showing high economic integration.[14] By the 1960s, these policies had transformed many American cities into sprawling metropolitan landscapes, with suburbs accounting for much of the population growth.[34] Internationally, the concept of metropolitan areas gained formal recognition through United Nations reports in the 1960s, which analyzed global urbanization trends and provided frameworks for measuring urban growth in agglomerations and metropolitan areas using standardized size classes, such as populations exceeding 100,000 inhabitants in some contexts.[35] These UN efforts, including the 1969 study on world urban and rural population growth, provided a framework for measuring metropolitanization as a key driver of economic development in developing nations. In Europe, the European Union's Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS), initially developed in the 1970s and refined in the 1990s, established hierarchical regional classifications to support statistical analysis of metropolitan and sub-metropolitan areas, enabling coordinated policies on cohesion and urban growth.[36] By the late 1990s, NUTS level 2 and 3 delineations were widely used to track metropolitan economic indicators across member states.[37] The 1970s oil crises marked a pivotal shift, prompting urban planners to advocate for compact city policies that emphasized denser, transit-oriented development to reduce energy dependence and curb sprawl.[38] In response to the 1973 and 1979 embargoes, which quadrupled oil prices and exposed vulnerabilities in car-centric metropolitan designs, European and North American cities began promoting mixed-use zoning and public transport investments as alternatives to suburban expansion.[39] Entering the 21st century, metropolitan areas evolved toward polycentric structures, with the rise of edge cities—secondary employment hubs outside traditional downtowns—facilitated by information and communications technology (ICT) that enabled decentralized business operations.[40] This shift, observed in U.S. and European metros from the 2000s onward, created multi-nodal regions where economic activity spread across dispersed centers, reducing reliance on single urban cores.[41] Concurrently, climate change has influenced metropolitan planning, with post-2000 strategies focusing on resilience through green infrastructure and flood-resistant designs in vulnerable coastal areas.[42] Metropolitan planning organizations in the U.S., for instance, have integrated adaptation measures like elevated transit systems to mitigate rising sea levels and extreme weather.[43] The COVID-19 pandemic in the 2020s accelerated hybrid work models, blurring traditional metropolitan boundaries by enabling longer commutes and suburban relocations while sustaining polycentric growth.[44] With remote work adoption rising to 13% full-time and 9% hybrid among U.S. private-sector jobs by 2021, metropolitan definitions began incorporating broader functional economic areas to reflect these fluid patterns.[45] This evolution has prompted planners to rethink zoning for flexible workspaces, further embedding ICT-driven decentralization into metropolitan frameworks.[46]Characteristics and Functions
Demographic and Spatial Features
Metropolitan areas exhibit distinctive demographic traits characterized by high population densities in urban cores, often exceeding 1,000 persons per square kilometer, which gradually taper off toward suburban peripheries.[47] This density gradient reflects the concentration of economic and social activities in central zones, with suburban areas typically featuring lower densities due to expanded residential development and green spaces.[47] Demographic profiles vary significantly between mature metropolitan areas in developed regions, where aging populations predominate—often with over 20% of residents aged 65 or older—and emerging ones in developing economies, which experience youth bulges where 50-60% or more of the population is under 25.[48][49] Spatially, metropolitan areas often adopt radial layouts centered on a core with outward-expanding rings or networked configurations linked by transport corridors, incorporating green belts to curb uncontrolled expansion.[50] These structures facilitate connectivity across expansive territories, with mid-sized metropolitan areas typically spanning several thousand to tens of thousands of square kilometers; for example, the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) covers approximately 5,905 km², while the Phoenix Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) spans 37,726 km².[51] Internally, they feature central business districts (CBDs) as focal points for commerce, surrounded by concentric residential rings and industrial peripheries that accommodate manufacturing and logistics.[52] However, these patterns contribute to challenges such as urban heat islands, where core temperatures can rise 2–5°C above rural surroundings due to impervious surfaces, and sprawl, which exacerbates habitat fragmentation and automobile dependency.[53][54] Migration patterns further shape metropolitan demographics, with rural-to-urban inflows serving as a primary driver of growth, contributing around 20–40% to global urban population increases in recent decades alongside natural growth and reclassification.[55] In emerging economies, this influx often accounts for higher shares, fueling youth bulges and straining infrastructure in suburbs.[56] Overall, these dynamics underscore metropolitan areas as integrated systems balancing dense cores with expansive, heterogeneous peripheries.Economic and Social Roles
Metropolitan areas serve as primary engines of economic activity, concentrating a significant portion of global production and fostering specialized industries through agglomeration economies. These economies arise from the clustering of firms and workers, which enhances productivity by facilitating knowledge spillovers, labor market pooling, and efficient supply chains. For instance, metropolitan hubs like New York and London dominate global finance, while Silicon Valley exemplifies innovation-driven clusters in technology. Globally, cities account for over 80% of gross domestic product (GDP), underscoring their role in driving trade, investment, and economic growth.[57] Socially, metropolitan areas promote cultural diversity through high levels of immigration, acting as key gateways where approximately 60% of migrants in OECD countries settle in large urban regions. This influx enriches social fabrics, blending traditions and fostering vibrant multicultural environments that support creative industries and global connectivity. Access to education and healthcare in these areas generally surpasses rural counterparts, with urban residents benefiting from denser networks of universities, hospitals, and specialized services that improve health outcomes and skill development. However, this concentration exacerbates inequalities, as Gini coefficients measuring income disparity are typically higher in large metropolitan areas compared to rural ones, reflecting gaps between affluent cores and peripheral zones.[58][59][60][61] Governance in metropolitan areas involves complex multi-jurisdictional coordination to manage essential services, as urban functions often span multiple municipalities with differing priorities. Challenges arise in aligning policies for water supply and transit systems, where fragmented authorities can lead to inefficiencies in infrastructure maintenance and equitable resource distribution. For example, coordinating flood control or public transportation requires integrated planning to address hydrological and mobility needs across boundaries. Social cohesion is bolstered through shared events, such as festivals and community programs, and local media that highlight common identities and bridge diverse groups.[62][63][64] Sustainability concerns in metropolitan areas stem from intensive resource consumption patterns, with urban zones responsible for about 75% of global energy use due to high population densities and industrial demands.[65] This reliance amplifies environmental pressures, including emissions and waste, necessitating coordinated strategies for efficient utilities and green infrastructure to mitigate impacts.Measurement and Classification
Population and Area Metrics
Population measurement for metropolitan areas primarily relies on national census data, which provide baseline counts of residents within defined urban cores and adjacent territories. These censuses often incorporate commuting patterns to delineate functional boundaries, identifying zones where a significant portion of the workforce—typically at least 15%—travels to the central city for employment, as outlined in the United Nations' Degree of Urbanisation methodology for functional urban areas.[66] In the United States, the Census Bureau uses the American Community Survey to collect commuting flows, enabling the Office of Management and Budget to define metropolitan statistical areas based on at least 25% of employed residents commuting between core and outlying counties.[67] However, census counts frequently undercount populations in informal settlements, particularly in developing countries, where estimates suggest adjustments of 10-20% or more may be necessary to account for unregistered residents in slums and peri-urban areas.[68] Area delineation for metropolitan regions employs geographic information systems (GIS) to map built-up land and integrate functional economic zones, often extending beyond administrative boundaries to capture suburban sprawl. Satellite imagery plays a key role, with tools like Landsat or Sentinel satellites used to identify impervious surfaces and urban expansion patterns. A common metric is continuous urban fabric (CUF), defined by the European Environment Agency's Copernicus program as areas where urban structures and transport networks cover more than 80% of the land surface, derived from multi-temporal satellite data for consistent global mapping.[69] This approach allows for precise quantification of urban extent, typically measured in square kilometers, by classifying pixels based on spectral signatures of built environments.[70] Defining metropolitan boundaries presents several challenges, including fluidity from ongoing urban growth, which can shift commuting patterns and expand functional zones over time. In rapidly urbanizing regions, this leads to outdated delineations that fail to reflect current realities, as seen in global trends where suburban populations grow faster than cores.[20] Additionally, double-counting arises in overlapping regions, such as polycentric or twin-city configurations, where workers commute across multiple potential cores, complicating the assignment of populations to a single metropolitan unit without arbitrary exclusions.[71] A fundamental metric derived from these measurements is population density, calculated as: This simple ratio provides insight into urban intensity and resource demands; for instance, applying it to census population figures and GIS-mapped areas helps assess congestion in high-density metros like those exceeding 5,000 people per km², informing planning without requiring advanced derivations.[72]International Standards and Indices
International organizations have developed standardized frameworks to delineate and compare metropolitan areas, emphasizing functional rather than administrative boundaries. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) defines Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) as economic units comprising a high-density urban core and its commuting zone, where at least 15% of the employed residents in surrounding areas commute to the core city or the core provides at least 15% of jobs in those areas.[11] This threshold enables consistent cross-country analysis of urban labor markets and economic integration. Similarly, UN-Habitat's City Prosperity Index (CPI) assesses metropolitan prosperity through six dimensions: productivity (e.g., economic growth and employment), infrastructure development (e.g., housing and mobility), quality of life (e.g., health and safety), equity and social inclusion (e.g., poverty rates and gender participation), environmental sustainability (e.g., air quality and waste management), and governance (e.g., participation and fiscal capacity).[73] Composite indices extend comparisons to livability and economic performance. The Mercer Quality of Living City Ranking evaluates metropolitan areas on factors including political and social stability, healthcare availability, education standards, infrastructure efficiency, and socio-cultural environment (encompassing recreation, housing, and environmental quality such as air pollution levels).[74] Economic metrics like metropolitan GDP per capita provide insights into productivity and wealth concentration, with global datasets showing variations such as higher values in advanced economy metros (e.g., over $50,000 in Western European hubs) compared to emerging ones.[75] The World Bank supports comparative analysis through urban development indicators, including population shares in large agglomerations (>1 million residents), access to services, and urbanization rates, facilitating benchmarks for policy in developing contexts.[76] However, data harmonization across countries remains challenging due to differing administrative definitions of metropolitan boundaries and economic data collection methods, often requiring purchasing power parity (PPP) adjustments to account for cost-of-living variations and ensure equitable comparisons of metrics like GDP per capita.[77] To quantify economic concentration in metropolitan areas, the agglomeration index is calculated as the ratio of the metropolitan area's GDP share to its population share relative to the national totals: A value greater than 1 indicates higher economic output per capita in the metro area, reflecting agglomeration benefits like specialized labor markets.[78]Global Overview
Largest Metropolitan Areas by Population
The world's largest metropolitan areas, defined as urban agglomerations with populations exceeding 10 million, are predominantly concentrated in Asia, reflecting the region's rapid urbanization and demographic pressures. As of 2025, Tokyo-Yokohama remains the most populous with over 37 million inhabitants, followed closely by Delhi and Shanghai. These megacities house a significant portion of the global urban population, which stands at approximately 4.8 billion people, or 58% of the world's total.[79] The following table lists the top 15 largest metropolitan areas by population in 2025, based on urban agglomeration estimates:| Rank | Metropolitan Area | Country | Population (2025) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tokyo-Yokohama | Japan | 37,036,000 |
| 2 | Delhi | India | 34,666,000 |
| 3 | Shanghai | China | 30,482,000 |
| 4 | Dhaka | Bangladesh | 24,653,000 |
| 5 | Cairo | Egypt | 23,074,000 |
| 6 | São Paulo | Brazil | 22,990,000 |
| 7 | Mexico City | Mexico | 22,752,000 |
| 8 | Beijing | China | 22,597,000 |
| 9 | Mumbai | India | 22,089,000 |
| 10 | Osaka-Kobe | Japan | 18,922,000 |
| 11 | Chongqing | China | 18,171,000 |
| 12 | Karachi | Pakistan | 18,077,000 |
| 13 | Kinshasa | DR Congo | 17,779,000 |
| 14 | Lagos | Nigeria | 17,156,000 |
| 15 | Istanbul | Turkey | 16,237,000 |
Urbanization Trends and Projections
In 2022, approximately 55% of the world's population resided in urban areas, a figure projected to rise to 68% by 2050, driven primarily by metropolitan expansion that is expected to absorb the vast majority of this urban growth.[81] This trend underscores the increasing concentration of human settlement in metropolitan regions, where infrastructure, economic opportunities, and services draw both natural population increases and rural-to-urban migrants.[82] Regional disparities highlight the uneven pace of metropolitan urbanization, with Africa and Asia expected to account for nearly 90% of the global increase of 2.5 billion urban dwellers by 2050, fueling rapid metropolitan expansion in these continents. In contrast, growth rates in Europe and North America are projected to remain below 0.5% annually, reflecting stabilized urban shares of 83% and 89% respectively by mid-century, as population dynamics shift toward maintenance rather than expansion.[83] Future projections indicate that climate-induced migration will further amplify the size of coastal metropolitan areas, as rising sea levels and extreme weather displace populations toward urban centers with adaptive infrastructure. The 2022 IPCC Sixth Assessment Report emphasizes metropolitan vulnerabilities to such shifts, projecting heightened risks for over 1 billion people in low-lying coastal zones by 2050 without enhanced resilience measures. Additionally, technological advancements, particularly the post-2020 surge in remote work, are fostering deconcentration from metropolitan cores, with studies showing reduced densities in central urban areas and a rise in secondary cities as workers relocate for affordability and flexibility.[84]Metropolitan Areas in Africa
North Africa
North Africa's metropolitan areas are predominantly concentrated along the Mediterranean coast and major river systems, driven by historical trade routes, colonial legacies, and natural resource dependencies. The region, encompassing countries like Egypt, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, features urban centers that blend Arab-Berber cultural influences with Mediterranean economic ties, experiencing rapid urbanization rates exceeding 2% annually in the early 2020s. Key metropolitan areas include Cairo, with a population surpassing 22 million in 2023, serving as Egypt's political and economic hub; Alexandria, exceeding 5 million residents and functioning as a major port city; Casablanca in Morocco, home to over 4 million people and a financial powerhouse; Algiers in Algeria, with more than 3 million inhabitants and a central role in oil-dependent industry; and Tunis in Tunisia, accommodating around 2.5 million and acting as the administrative and cultural core. These cities illustrate the region's urban concentration, where over 50% of the population resides in metropolitan settings as of 2024. High population densities characterize North African metros, often exceeding 10,000 people per square kilometer in core zones, largely due to dependencies on the Nile River in Egypt and the Atlas Mountains' fertile valleys in the Maghreb, which support agriculture and settlement patterns. Informal settlements, known locally as bidonvilles or ashwa'iyat, comprise 30-50% of housing stock in these areas, resulting from rural-to-urban migration and limited formal planning, leading to challenges in service provision and infrastructure. For instance, in Cairo's metropolitan region, informal housing expanded significantly between 2010 and 2020, accommodating low-income migrants drawn by employment opportunities. This density fosters vibrant informal economies but exacerbates issues like water scarcity and traffic congestion, with average commute times in Algiers reaching 60 minutes during peak hours. Post-colonial planning legacies, inherited from French and British administrations, have shaped these metros through grid-based layouts and centralized zoning, though implementation has been uneven, prioritizing elite districts over peripheral slums. Unique aspects of North African metropolitan development include the ongoing impacts of the Arab Spring uprisings, which spurred urban growth in secondary cities. In Tripoli, Libya's capital, the metropolitan population grew by approximately 8% from 2011 to 2023, reaching about 1.2 million, fueled by reconstruction efforts and return migration despite political instability. Similarly, Rabat in Morocco saw its metro area expand to over 1.8 million residents by 2024, with a 12% increase post-2011 attributed to administrative decentralization and foreign investment in green urban projects. Coastal metros have benefited from tourism recovery in 2025, with visitor numbers in Alexandria and Tunis approaching pre-pandemic levels, injecting economic vitality through hospitality and heritage sectors.[85][86] These trends align with broader global urbanization patterns, where North Africa's projected urban population will reach 70% by 2050.West Africa
West Africa's metropolitan areas are characterized by rapid urbanization along coastal trade routes, driven by historical port activities and resource extraction, with Lagos emerging as the region's dominant hub. The Lagos metropolitan area, encompassing parts of Lagos and Ogun states in Nigeria, had an estimated population of 17.2 million in 2025, making it one of Africa's largest urban agglomerations and a key center for commerce, finance, and entertainment.[87] Other significant coastal metros include Greater Accra in Ghana, with around 5 million residents, serving as a nexus for regional trade and governance; Abidjan in Côte d'Ivoire, home to approximately 6 million people and the economic powerhouse of French West Africa; and the Dakar metropolitan area in Senegal, with about 4 million inhabitants, functioning as a strategic port for trans-Saharan links. Inland, Kano in northern Nigeria supports over 4.6 million people as a historic trading center for agricultural goods and textiles, while Ibadan, with roughly 4.1 million residents, acts as a cultural and educational anchor in southwestern Nigeria.[88][89][90] These metros exhibit distinct spatial patterns shaped by economic forces, particularly in Nigeria where oil extraction has fueled expansive urban sprawl. In the Niger Delta region, oil revenues have attracted migrants to cities like Port Harcourt and Lagos, leading to uncontrolled peripheral growth, informal settlements, and infrastructure overload, as documented in analyses of Nigeria's urbanization trajectory tied to hydrocarbon booms. Coastal metros face acute environmental vulnerabilities, including flooding exacerbated by climate change and land subsidence; for instance, parts of Lagos are sinking at an average rate of 2 cm per year due to groundwater extraction and coastal erosion, heightening risks for over 80% of the city's low-lying areas during rainy seasons.[91][92][93] Regional integration efforts through the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) have facilitated cross-border metropolitan dynamics, particularly along trade corridors connecting coastal hubs like Abidjan and Accra to inland nodes. The ECOWAS Protocol on Free Movement of Persons, adopted in 1979 and progressively implemented, has boosted informal cross-border commerce and labor mobility, enabling fluid urban economies in twin-city arrangements such as those near the Ghana-Togo border, where shared markets support over 1 million daily commuters. In the 2020s, youth-led initiatives have introduced innovative urban solutions, including tech-driven waste management apps in Lagos and community solar microgrids in Dakar, addressing gaps in public services amid rapid growth; these efforts, often supported by accelerators like CcHUB in Nigeria, have scaled to impact thousands through sustainable transport and green space projects.[94] Recent instability in the Sahel, intensified by military coups and jihadist insurgencies since 2023, has reverberated to southern West African metros, particularly affecting Niamey in Niger and Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso. Niamey's metropolitan population, exceeding 1.5 million, has seen an influx of internally displaced persons, contributing to strains on water and housing resources in informal peri-urban zones amid national displacements exceeding 500,000 by 2025.[95] Similarly, Ouagadougou, with approximately 3.5 million residents as of 2025, has absorbed displacements from northern Burkina Faso, leading to heightened security checkpoints and economic disruptions in markets, as conflict has displaced over 2 million people regionally by 2025.[96][97][98] These pressures underscore the interconnected vulnerabilities of West African urban systems to northern instability.East Africa
East African metropolitan areas are characterized by rapid urbanization driven by port economies along the Indian Ocean and burgeoning technology sectors, serving as vital hubs for regional trade and innovation. Key metropolitan areas include Nairobi, Kenya, with an estimated population of 5.8 million in 2025, which functions as the economic and technological center of the region; Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, projected at 8.5 million residents, acting as the primary gateway for landlocked neighbors; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, home to approximately 6 million people, emphasizing industrial and diplomatic roles; and Mogadishu, Somalia, with around 2.8 million inhabitants, recovering as a coastal trade node despite security challenges.[99][100][101][102] Nairobi's "Silicon Savannah" exemplifies East Africa's emerging tech ecosystem, where startups and innovation hubs like iHub have fostered a vibrant digital economy, attracting investment in fintech and mobile services to address local needs such as financial inclusion. In contrast, Dar es Salaam's port handles about 90% of Tanzania's international trade, but persistent congestion—exacerbated by recent closures and high cargo volumes—strains infrastructure, leading to delays that impact regional supply chains for agricultural exports and imports.[103][104][105] The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), launched in 2021, has enhanced regional connectivity in East Africa by reducing tariffs and promoting intra-African freight demand, projected to rise 28% by 2030, thereby integrating metropolitan ports and tech hubs into broader economic networks; as of mid-2025, implementation has boosted trade volumes in key corridors.[106] In Kampala, Uganda, an influx of refugees—numbering over 1.5 million nationally, with many settling urban peripheries—has shaped development by boosting demand for housing and services, though it intensifies strains on informal economies and infrastructure in the 2.5 million-resident metro area.[107] Looking ahead, Kigali, Rwanda's capital with a metropolitan population nearing 1.5 million, advances green urbanism through its 2025 Urbanisation Policy, which mandates ecological projects like restored green spaces and sustainable housing to accommodate projected growth to 3.8 million residents by mid-century, positioning the city as a model for low-carbon development in the region.[108][109]Southern Africa
Southern Africa's metropolitan areas have undergone significant transformation since the end of apartheid in 1994, with urban centers playing a pivotal role in fostering regional economic integration and addressing historical spatial inequalities. Key metropolitan areas include Johannesburg, with a population exceeding 10 million in its urban agglomeration as of 2025 projections; Cape Town, home to over 5 million residents; Durban (eThekwini), with approximately 4 million inhabitants; and Pretoria (Tshwane), supporting around 3.5 million people. Further north, Harare in Zimbabwe has a metropolitan population of about 1.8 million, while Lusaka in Zambia accommodates roughly 2.5 million. These cities reflect a blend of post-apartheid policies aimed at desegregating urban spaces and promoting inclusive growth, alongside reliance on resource-based economies such as mining and agriculture that drive employment and infrastructure development.[110][111][112][113][114][114] The Gauteng conurbation, encompassing Johannesburg and Pretoria, serves as the economic core of Southern Africa, contributing approximately 34% to South Africa's GDP and underscoring the region's dependence on mineral resources and manufacturing.[115] This area generates significant output within the Southern African Development Community (SADC), where South Africa accounts for over 50% of the bloc's total GDP, amplifying Gauteng's influence on cross-border trade and investment. Post-apartheid reforms have emphasized urban integration, including housing and transport initiatives to bridge racial divides in these resource-driven metros, though challenges like informal settlements persist due to migration from rural mining-dependent areas. Cape Town exemplifies environmental vulnerabilities tied to urban expansion, with the 2018 water crisis—nearly leading to "Day Zero" shutdowns—leaving a lasting legacy of enhanced conservation measures, desalination projects, and stricter usage regulations that continue to shape metropolitan resilience amid ongoing drought risks.[116][117][118] Unique aspects of Southern African metropolitan development include SADC protocols facilitating cross-border connectivity, such as the Maputo Development Corridor, which links Johannesburg's industrial hub to Maputo's port through integrated transport infrastructure, promoting trade and reducing apartheid-era isolation. This corridor exemplifies regional efforts to create transnational urban networks, enhancing economic corridors that support resource exports like coal and metals. However, gaps in stability are evident from the 2024 mining strikes, which resulted in over R133 million in wage losses and exacerbated urban poverty in metros like Johannesburg and Rustenburg through disrupted supply chains, increased unemployment, and humanitarian crises including reported starvation among evicted workers.[119][120][121] These events highlight the fragility of resource-dependent urban economies and the need for diversified growth strategies.Central Africa
Central African metropolitan areas are shaped by the region's equatorial isolation, reliance on natural resource extraction, and ongoing political instability, which influence urban development patterns distinct from denser coastal networks elsewhere on the continent. Major centers include Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), with an estimated metropolitan population of 17.8 million in 2025, making it one of Africa's largest urban agglomerations driven by migration and economic opportunities along the Congo River.[122] Luanda, Angola's capital, hosts around 9 million residents, fueled by oil revenues that concentrate wealth but exacerbate social divides.[123] Smaller yet significant metros like Brazzaville in the Republic of the Congo (approximately 2.15 million people), Yaoundé in Cameroon (over 2.8 million), and Libreville in Gabon (about 700,000) reflect similar dynamics of resource-dependent growth amid infrastructural challenges.[124][125][126] Urban expansion in this region often follows riverine corridors, particularly the Congo River, which serves as a vital commercial artery connecting inland areas to global markets and supporting the growth of twin cities like Kinshasa and Brazzaville on opposite banks. This riverine pattern facilitates trade in minerals, timber, and agricultural goods but also exposes metros to flooding and environmental vulnerabilities. Angola's oil wealth, accounting for over 90% of exports, has propelled Luanda's rapid urbanization, yet it has intensified inequality, with a national Gini coefficient of 51.3 reflecting stark disparities between elite enclaves and informal settlements housing most residents.[127][128] In the DRC, resource extraction in eastern provinces contributes to conflict-fueled displacement, straining urban services in areas like Goma, where M23 advances since early 2025 have intensified humanitarian pressures. Regional integration efforts, led by the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), aim to harness cross-border potential, notably through initiatives promoting Kinshasa and Brazzaville as a "twin city" to boost intercountry trade and infrastructure along the Congo River corridor. Post-2020 Ebola recovery has focused on bolstering urban health systems in affected areas, with the World Health Organization supporting enhanced surveillance and community resilience in DRC metros like Kinshasa to prevent resurgence amid dense populations.[129][130] In 2025, eastern DRC's escalating conflict has severely impacted Goma, a metropolitan area of roughly 2 million that swelled with over 400,000 newly displaced persons fleeing violence in North and South Kivu provinces, overwhelming camps and exacerbating humanitarian pressures on water, shelter, and health services under M23 control since January. This influx, driven by armed group advances, underscores how instability hampers sustainable urban development across Central Africa's resource-rich but volatile metros.[131][132][133]Metropolitan Areas in Asia
Note: Population figures in this section primarily draw from UN urban agglomeration estimates and Demographia built-up urban areas for comparability, reflecting functional metropolitan extents.East Asia
East Asia hosts some of the world's most populous and technologically advanced metropolitan areas, where dense urban populations integrate seamlessly with high-tech infrastructure to drive economic dynamism. Tokyo-Yokohama, the largest globally, encompasses over 37 million residents, serving as a hub for innovation in robotics and finance.[79] Shanghai, with approximately 30.5 million inhabitants, exemplifies state-led urban planning, focusing on finance and manufacturing.[134] Seoul's metro area, home to around 26 million people, thrives on electronics and cultural exports, while Beijing (22.6 million) and Osaka (19 million) anchor political administration and industrial production, respectively.[81] These centers reflect East Asia's urbanization model, blending Confucian influences with modern governance to manage extreme densities exceeding 10,000 people per square kilometer in core districts. A hallmark of these metropolitan areas is their interconnected high-speed rail (HSR) networks, which link urban cores and suburbs to enhance mobility and economic ties. Japan's Shinkansen system, operational since 1964, connects Tokyo to Osaka in under three hours, supporting commuter flows for over 300 million annual passengers. China's extensive HSR grid, exceeding 45,000 kilometers as of 2025, integrates Shanghai with Beijing in about four hours, facilitating intra-regional trade. South Korea's KTX network similarly binds Seoul to surrounding provinces, reducing travel times by up to 70% and bolstering metropolitan cohesion. These systems not only alleviate congestion in densely populated zones but also promote polycentric development, where satellite cities contribute to core economies. Demographic pressures, particularly aging populations, pose unique challenges to these metros' sustainability. In Japan, projections indicate that more than 25% of the population will be aged 65 or older by 2030, straining healthcare and pension systems in Tokyo and Osaka while prompting innovations in eldercare robotics.[135] China's hukou household registration system further complicates urban growth by restricting rural migrants' access to city services, limiting inflows to megacities like Beijing and Shanghai despite labor demands.[136] The termination of zero-COVID policies in late 2022 has accelerated boundary adjustments and migration surges, with urban administrative expansions in areas like the Yangtze River Delta incorporating former rural zones to accommodate over 10 million new residents by 2024. Shenzhen stands out as an emerging AI epicenter within the Pearl River Delta metro cluster, with 2025 initiatives targeting 100 new AI application scenarios in governance and industry, backed by a 10 billion yuan fund to foster startups and hardware innovation.[137] This positions it as a model for high-tech integration amid East Asia's shift toward AI-driven urban management.South Asia
South Asia's metropolitan areas are among the world's most populous and rapidly expanding urban centers, driven by high birth rates, rural-to-urban migration, and economic opportunities in countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and others in the region. Delhi, the largest, has a metropolitan population exceeding 34 million as of 2025, making it the second-most populous urban agglomeration globally after Tokyo. Mumbai follows with approximately 22 million residents, serving as India's financial hub, while Dhaka in Bangladesh reaches about 24.7 million, reflecting intense urbanization pressures. Karachi in Pakistan and Kolkata in India, with around 18 million and 15.8 million inhabitants respectively, exemplify the region's dense coastal and riverine metros that face significant infrastructural strains. A defining trait of South Asian metropolitan areas is the prevalence of informal settlements, where 30-40% of urban populations reside in slums characterized by inadequate housing, limited access to sanitation, and vulnerability to displacement. These conditions are exacerbated by environmental hazards, particularly monsoon flooding, as seen in the 2005 Mumbai deluge that caused over 1,000 deaths, disrupted transportation for millions, and inflicted nearly $2 billion in damages due to extreme rainfall exceeding 900 mm in 24 hours combined with poor drainage systems. Such events highlight the ongoing risks from climate variability and unplanned urban sprawl, affecting low-lying areas across cities like Dhaka and Kolkata. Regional initiatives like the SAARC Regional Multimodal Transport Study have identified key urban corridors to enhance connectivity among metropolitan areas, linking economic hubs in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Nepal through upgraded rail, road, and port infrastructure to foster trade and reduce congestion. In the 2020s, Bangalore has emerged as a pivotal center for the digital economy, contributing to India's projected $1 trillion digital sector by 2030 through IT innovation, startups, and the Karnataka Digital Economy Mission, which supports over 3.5 million jobs in technology and related services. Sustainability challenges in these metros are underscored by river pollution, particularly in the Ganges basin, where 2025 data from the National Mission for Clean Ganga reveal persistent high levels of fecal coliform and industrial effluents in urban stretches near Delhi and Kolkata, prompting integrated action plans for river-sensitive urban development to mitigate health risks and ecological degradation.Southeast Asia
Southeast Asian metropolitan areas are characterized by their roles as vibrant hubs of maritime trade and multicultural integration, shaped by the region's archipelagic geography and riverine networks that facilitate commerce across islands and peninsulas. Major centers like Jakarta, with a metropolitan population exceeding 34 million, serve as economic gateways for Indonesia's spice and commodity exports, blending Javanese, Chinese, and Arab influences in bustling ports. Similarly, Manila, encompassing over 24 million residents in its broader urban agglomeration, thrives on historical galleon trade routes, hosting diverse Filipino, Spanish, and American communities amid its coastal sprawl. These cities exemplify how colonial legacies and modern globalization foster polycentric urban forms, where informal markets and formal trade zones coexist to drive regional GDP contributions.[138][139] Urban expansion in these areas often manifests as archipelagic sprawl, leading to severe traffic congestion that hampers daily mobility and economic productivity. In Jakarta's Jabodetabek region, rapid groundwater extraction has caused land subsidence at rates up to 25 cm per year in northern districts, exacerbating flood risks and straining infrastructure across its fragmented island layout. Bangkok, with approximately 11.4 million inhabitants, faces analogous challenges along the Chao Phraya River, where sprawling suburbs and inadequate public transit result in average commute times exceeding 60 minutes during peak hours. Ho Chi Minh City, home to about 9.8 million people, contends with Mekong Delta overflows and motorcycle-dominated roads, contributing to Southeast Asia's highest congestion indices, where drivers lose over 100 hours annually to gridlock. Such patterns underscore the tension between trade-driven growth and sustainable urban planning in island-nation contexts.[140][141][142][143] To counter these issues, ASEAN-led connectivity initiatives emphasize resilient infrastructure, including high-speed rail projects that link metropolitan cores and promote equitable trade flows. The Jakarta-Bandung high-speed line, operational since 2023, exemplifies this by reducing travel times to 40 minutes over 142 km, while Vietnam's approved north-south rail from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City, slated for completion by 2030, aims to integrate 20 million urban commuters. In Manila, typhoon resilience measures, such as the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration's early warning systems and community-based mangrove restoration, have mitigated impacts from storms like Typhoon Haiyan, protecting coastal populations through adaptive zoning and elevated infrastructure. These efforts highlight a shift toward climate-adaptive urbanism in multicultural trade hubs.[144][145] Ongoing regional instability has amplified urban pressures, particularly in Yangon, where the metropolitan population nears 5.8 million and has swelled due to conflict-driven displacements. The 2024-2025 escalation of Myanmar's civil war displaced over 1.4 million people nationwide in 2024 alone, with tens of thousands relocating to Yangon for safety and economic opportunities, straining its port-based economy and multicultural fabric amid resource shortages. This influx, coupled with ASEAN's humanitarian corridors, underscores the vulnerability of Southeast Asian metros to geopolitical disruptions while reinforcing their roles as inclusive refuge points. Total IDPs reached 3.6 million by mid-2025.[146][147]Central Asia and Middle East
Metropolitan areas in Central Asia and the Middle East face unique challenges shaped by arid climates, seismic activity, and geopolitical dynamics, driving innovations in water management and urban infrastructure. These regions host some of the world's fastest-growing urban centers, where energy-rich economies in the Gulf contrast with the steppe and desert legacies of Central Asian cities. Key metropolitan areas include Tashkent, Uzbekistan's largest city with more than 3 million people; and Almaty, Kazakhstan's former capital and cultural center, populated by around 2 million. Tehran, with a population exceeding 15 million in its urban agglomeration, serves as Iran's political and economic hub; Istanbul, home to over 16 million residents and straddling Europe and Asia as Turkey's commercial powerhouse; and Baghdad, Iraq's capital with approximately 8 million inhabitants amid ongoing reconstruction efforts.[148][149][150][151] Arid adaptations are central to urban sustainability in this region, particularly in Gulf cities where water desalination has become a cornerstone of metropolitan resilience. In the United Arab Emirates, desalinated seawater supplies 42% of drinking water, while in Kuwait it accounts for 90%, enabling population growth in otherwise water-scarce environments like Dubai and Abu Dhabi. These systems, often powered by fossil fuels, support energy economies but raise concerns over brine discharge impacts on marine ecosystems. In contrast, Tehran's metropolitan area grapples with high seismic risks due to its location along the Alpine-Himalayan belt, where faults like the North Tehran Fault pose threats of magnitude 7+ earthquakes, exacerbating vulnerabilities in densely built zones housing millions.[152][153] Central Asian metropolitan areas are experiencing a modern revival of ancient Silk Road connectivity through China's Belt and Road Initiative, which has spurred infrastructure investments enhancing trade and urban development in cities like Tashkent and Almaty. Since 2013, projects such as high-speed rail links and logistics hubs have boosted economic corridors, increasing trade volumes between China and Central Asia by over 20% annually in recent years and fostering urban expansion. In the Middle East, post-2020 refugee flows have significantly impacted cities like Amman, Jordan's capital, where Syrian refugees number over 138,000 in the governorate as of late 2025, straining housing and services in this metropolitan area of about 4 million.[154][155] By 2025, Dubai exemplifies vertical urbanism as an adaptation to land scarcity and climate pressures, with ongoing developments adding supertall structures like the Ciel Tower, recognized for advancing sustainable high-rise design. The city now features over 12 buildings exceeding 300 meters under construction, integrating energy-efficient features such as solar facades to support its 3.5 million residents while minimizing horizontal sprawl in the desert environment. These innovations highlight the region's shift toward resilient, high-density urban forms amid global energy transitions.[156]West Asia
West Asia, encompassing countries such as Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Israel, Jordan, and others, is home to some of the region's most dynamic metropolitan areas, shaped by historical trade routes, resource wealth, and geopolitical influences. These urban centers serve as economic engines, cultural hubs, and migration destinations, with populations concentrated in coastal and inland oases. According to the Demographia World Urban Areas 2025 edition, the largest metropolitan areas include Riyadh in Saudi Arabia (8.6 million), reflecting the blend of ancient cities and modern expansions driven by oil revenues and administrative functions. Other significant examples are Dubai (3.5 million) and Amman (4.0 million).[157] Urbanization in West Asia has accelerated rapidly, with the region achieving a 71.2% urban population share in 2025, up from lower levels in the mid-20th century due to rural-to-urban migration, industrialization, and conflict-induced displacements. This trend aligns with broader Middle East and North Africa (MENA) patterns, where the urban population grew 741% from 44 million to 370 million between 1960 and 2019. Projections indicate that by 2050, urban shares will exceed 80% in high-income Gulf states like the UAE and Qatar, while even lower-income countries like Yemen and Iraq will surpass 50%, straining infrastructure and resources. Metropolitan growth often involves the integration of adjacent urban cores, supported by extensive transport networks.[158][159][157] Key challenges in West Asian metropolitan areas include water scarcity, environmental degradation, and socio-political instability, which exacerbate informal settlements and urban poverty. For instance, Riyadh's expansion into desert areas has heightened dependence on desalination, while cities in Iraq face reconstruction needs amid conflict aftermath, leading to uneven service provision. In the Gulf, cities like Dubai exemplify sustainable initiatives through smart city projects, yet rapid migrant labor inflows contribute to housing shortages. Overall, these areas prioritize resilient infrastructure to balance growth with sustainability, as evidenced by regional efforts to localize UN Sustainable Development Goals in urban planning.[159][157][160]| Metropolitan Area | Country | 2025 Population (millions) |
|---|---|---|
| Riyadh | Saudi Arabia | 8.6 |
| Baghdad | Iraq | 7.2 |
| Amman | Jordan | 4.0 |
| Dubai | UAE | 3.5 |